Orheiul Vechi is one of the most attractive cultural sites in the Republic of Moldova and one of the most frequently discussed. The density of sites and the continuity of living in this space has made Orheiul Vechi attractive for the multidisciplinary research since 1946. In the context of preparing the dossier for the inscription of the historic-cultural and natural landscape reserve “Orheiul Vechi” into the World Heritage List, a series of studies have been carried out in the last two decades. Some of these scientific approaches include non-invasive surveys in various areas of the reservation. Thus, in this article, all the results of magnetometric surveys carried out by a Moldovan-Romanian-German team in 2009-2014, have been presented for the first time. The surveys confirmed a number of archaeological situations already known and facilitated new discoveries that should be developed in the coming years.
{"title":"Alexandru Popa, Sergiu Musteata, Orheiul Vechi: results of recent geophysical survey","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v7i2_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v7i2_10","url":null,"abstract":"Orheiul Vechi is one of the most attractive cultural sites in the Republic of Moldova and one of the most frequently discussed. The density of sites and the continuity of living in this space has made Orheiul Vechi attractive for the multidisciplinary research since 1946. In the context of preparing the dossier for the inscription of the historic-cultural and natural landscape reserve “Orheiul Vechi” into the World Heritage List, a series of studies have been carried out in the last two decades. Some of these scientific approaches include non-invasive surveys in various areas of the reservation. Thus, in this article, all the results of magnetometric surveys carried out by a Moldovan-Romanian-German team in 2009-2014, have been presented for the first time. The surveys confirmed a number of archaeological situations already known and facilitated new discoveries that should be developed in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72848181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the present stage of the research, 12 fibulae with canid protome (germ. Tierkopffibeln) were discovered on the territory of Romania. With the exception of one item from Ocniţa (Wallachia), all the other fibulae come from the Eastern Carpathians area (Eastern Romania). These fibulae provide some valuable clues to the local chronology and allow some insight into the phenomena of imports circulation and acculturation in pre-Roman Dacia.
{"title":"Daniel Spânu, Fibulae with Canid Protome (Tierkopffibeln) in Romania","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v7i2_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v7i2_7","url":null,"abstract":"At the present stage of the research, 12 fibulae with canid protome (germ. Tierkopffibeln) were discovered on the territory of Romania. With the exception of one item from Ocniţa (Wallachia), all the other fibulae come from the Eastern Carpathians area (Eastern Romania). These fibulae provide some valuable clues to the local chronology and allow some insight into the phenomena of imports circulation and acculturation in pre-Roman Dacia.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72626334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The archaeological landscape of the Lower Danube was changing with the importance of the Danube itself, which either became, or a cultural water¬shed, or an artery, connecting the ancient communities. In the Early Iron Age, it seems that the Danube did not become an invincible barrier for the spread of offensive weapons of Scythian origin. Moreover, Dobruja itself looks like a ter-ritory mastered by the Scythians, starting from the Archaic period. The Lower Danube group forms a separate “steppe” cultural assemblage together with the Lower Dniester, South Carpathian and South Danube groups, for which the spear became the main type of weapon. However, these preferences were re¬flected in the morphology of the Scythian akinakes. So, for this steppe or Dan-ube enclave, swords are more characteristic than daggers. Daggers are connected mainly with the forest-steppe part of the Carpathian-Dniester region and Transylvania. The warrior graves of the Lower Danube region mainly belong to the Classical Scythian period, while the only exception is related to the right bank of the Lower Danube. However, there are no burials with akinakai and even stray finds in Classical time outside the steppe.
{"title":"Denis Topal, The specificity of the Scythian panoply of the Lower Danube","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v7i2_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v7i2_6","url":null,"abstract":"The archaeological landscape of the Lower Danube was changing with the importance of the Danube itself, which either became, or a cultural water¬shed, or an artery, connecting the ancient communities. In the Early Iron Age, it seems that the Danube did not become an invincible barrier for the spread of offensive weapons of Scythian origin. Moreover, Dobruja itself looks like a ter-ritory mastered by the Scythians, starting from the Archaic period. The Lower Danube group forms a separate “steppe” cultural assemblage together with the Lower Dniester, South Carpathian and South Danube groups, for which the spear became the main type of weapon. However, these preferences were re¬flected in the morphology of the Scythian akinakes. So, for this steppe or Dan-ube enclave, swords are more characteristic than daggers. Daggers are connected mainly with the forest-steppe part of the Carpathian-Dniester region and Transylvania. The warrior graves of the Lower Danube region mainly belong to the Classical Scythian period, while the only exception is related to the right bank of the Lower Danube. However, there are no burials with akinakai and even stray finds in Classical time outside the steppe.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76472944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Professor Michael Meyer – Doctor Honoris Cauza of the „Ion Creanga” State Pedagogical University done by Octavian Munteanu
Michael Meyer教授-“Ion Creanga”州立师范大学的Honoris Cauza博士，由Octavian Munteanu完成
{"title":"Professor Michael Meyer – Doctor Honoris Cauza of the „Ion Creanga” State Pedagogical University (Octavian Munteanu)","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v7i2_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v7i2_1","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Michael Meyer – Doctor Honoris Cauza of the „Ion Creanga” State Pedagogical University done by Octavian Munteanu","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"90 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72435665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2016, while carrying out a campaign on a Dacian “tower-house” type structure identified in earlier years on the Cetățuie Hill in Ardeu, an atypical material was noticed on the inferior surface of a stone block sitting perpendic¬ular on the revetment. Its appearance, of different colour and texture compared to the stone block it was attached to, led us to immediately assume it could be mortar. Based on this working hypothesis a series of questions were formulat¬ed, with the purpose of extracting as much valuable information as possible from the sample. Powder X-ray diffraction and petrographic investigations were carried out in order to answer these questions.
{"title":"Cristina Montana Pușcaș, Iosif Vasile Ferencz, Ciprian Cosmin Stremțan, Tudor Tămaș, Adrian Căsălean, The amazing architecture of the Dacians. Few thoughts concerning the use of mortars based on new analyses","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v7i2_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v7i2_4","url":null,"abstract":"In 2016, while carrying out a campaign on a Dacian “tower-house” type structure identified in earlier years on the Cetățuie Hill in Ardeu, an atypical material was noticed on the inferior surface of a stone block sitting perpendic¬ular on the revetment. Its appearance, of different colour and texture compared to the stone block it was attached to, led us to immediately assume it could be mortar. Based on this working hypothesis a series of questions were formulat¬ed, with the purpose of extracting as much valuable information as possible from the sample. Powder X-ray diffraction and petrographic investigations were carried out in order to answer these questions.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79717575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Băţ Mihail, Simalcsik Angela, Zanoci Aurel, Niculiţă Ion
Among the numerous vestiges of the Iron Age at Saharna Mare / “Dealul Mănăstirii”, there are 11 finds of human remains, which are of particular in¬terest for the interdisciplinary research of the site. In this article, we propose combining archaeological data with anthropological ones. The analyzed skele¬tal material comes from six types of archaeological contexts: “cultic structure”, “ditch”, “rampart”, “grave”, “dwelling”, and “cultural layer” (Fig. 2; 3). In all the analyzed cases the identified osteological remains come from a single individu¬al. In total, seven individuals were identified, one of whom is female and six are male. Regarding age distribution, most individuals fall within the age range of 30-60 years (maturus). One individual falls within the age range of 20-30 years (adultus), and another one has passed the age of 60 (senilis). As a result of the paleopathological analyses, a wide spectrum of dental pathologies (supragingi¬val calculus, cavities, abscess, antemortem tooth loss) and bone pathologies (os¬teoarthritis, intervertebral disc herniation, porotic hyperostosis) were recorded. The analysis of occupational indicators showed over-demanding physical activities, spatial mobility, and horseback riding. Traces of violent death, such as cra¬nial and postcranial fractures, have been reported in several cases. There were also identified injuries with signs of healing.
{"title":"Mihail Băţ, Angela Simalcsik, Aurel Zanoci, A place of Life and Death. Burials and human bone finds in the Iron Age settlement at Saharna Mare / ”Dealul Mănăstirii”: archaeological data and anthropological analysis","authors":"Băţ Mihail, Simalcsik Angela, Zanoci Aurel, Niculiţă Ion","doi":"10.37710/plural.v7i2_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v7i2_2","url":null,"abstract":"Among the numerous vestiges of the Iron Age at Saharna Mare / “Dealul Mănăstirii”, there are 11 finds of human remains, which are of particular in¬terest for the interdisciplinary research of the site. In this article, we propose combining archaeological data with anthropological ones. The analyzed skele¬tal material comes from six types of archaeological contexts: “cultic structure”, “ditch”, “rampart”, “grave”, “dwelling”, and “cultural layer” (Fig. 2; 3). In all the analyzed cases the identified osteological remains come from a single individu¬al. In total, seven individuals were identified, one of whom is female and six are male. Regarding age distribution, most individuals fall within the age range of 30-60 years (maturus). One individual falls within the age range of 20-30 years (adultus), and another one has passed the age of 60 (senilis). As a result of the paleopathological analyses, a wide spectrum of dental pathologies (supragingi¬val calculus, cavities, abscess, antemortem tooth loss) and bone pathologies (os¬teoarthritis, intervertebral disc herniation, porotic hyperostosis) were recorded. The analysis of occupational indicators showed over-demanding physical activities, spatial mobility, and horseback riding. Traces of violent death, such as cra¬nial and postcranial fractures, have been reported in several cases. There were also identified injuries with signs of healing.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85168493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The following article concerns the results of a combined non-invasive and invasive fieldworks in Mirosław, site 37 (Piła county, Wielkopolska voivodeship, Northern Poland). The site is a Wielbark culture barrow cemetery located in a forested area, thus limiting it access to a variety of methods. With the usage of a single-sonde gradientometer it was possible to survey the site by the means of magnetometry. The magnetic map of the site indicated presence of eroded mound (possibly due to ploughing) with associated grave-pit as well as numerous other anomalies, including the position of a burnt structure in between the barrows. Consecutive excavations were aimed to verify the interpretation of the magnetometry survey and confirmed the presence of an denudated barrow with a grave-pit within. In the light of results, the visible anomalies seen as a specific forest type of ploughing should be treated as the main factor of the barrow destruction. Also the earthworks revealed that the anomaly interpreted as a burnt structure appeared to be a hearth. All of the excavated objects were associated with the Wielbark culture, thus indicating the potential of investigating areas between the preserved barrows, which might bear other features of funeral rites and similar activities.
{"title":"Andrzej Michałowski, Jakub Niebieszczański, Milena Teska, Patrycja Kaczmarska, Non-invasive magnetometric prospection in forested area: the case study of Mirosław site 37 in Northwestern Poland","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v7i2_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v7i2_9","url":null,"abstract":"The following article concerns the results of a combined non-invasive and invasive fieldworks in Mirosław, site 37 (Piła county, Wielkopolska voivodeship, Northern Poland). The site is a Wielbark culture barrow cemetery located in a forested area, thus limiting it access to a variety of methods. With the usage of a single-sonde gradientometer it was possible to survey the site by the means of magnetometry. The magnetic map of the site indicated presence of eroded mound (possibly due to ploughing) with associated grave-pit as well as numerous other anomalies, including the position of a burnt structure in between the barrows. Consecutive excavations were aimed to verify the interpretation of the magnetometry survey and confirmed the presence of an denudated barrow with a grave-pit within. In the light of results, the visible anomalies seen as a specific forest type of ploughing should be treated as the main factor of the barrow destruction. Also the earthworks revealed that the anomaly interpreted as a burnt structure appeared to be a hearth. All of the excavated objects were associated with the Wielbark culture, thus indicating the potential of investigating areas between the preserved barrows, which might bear other features of funeral rites and similar activities.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84069884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The beginning of the twentieth century was strongly marked by the First World War. Among the unexpected results of this conflagration we can observe an exponential growth of cultural relations between the states involved in the conflict on the same side. If we explicitly look at the Romanian-French cultural relations from this perspective, it becomes obvious that we are dealing with an exceptional example of cultural collaboration on the European continent. The first concrete step of this process was the signing in Bucharest, on June 15, 1919, of The Poincaré-Angelescu Educational Convention, a document according to which the French state provided its support for the consolidation of Romanian education, especially in the new provinces that entered the Romanian state. Thus, in Bucharest, the French university mission was created as a separate entity, as a result of this convention. Later, in 1924, it was reorganized into the French Institute of Higher Studies. Through these two concrete actions, the French state took the initiative and offered its promised support for its ”Latin sister in Eastern Europe”. In the same period, the actions of the Kingdom of Romania in this sense were much slower and more indecisive, requiring a private initiative of the historian N. Iorga.
{"title":"Vasile-George Ursu, Școala Română din Paris (Fontenay-aux-Roses) – file semnificative din istoria unei instituții românești dispărute în negura timpului","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v7i1_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v7i1_2","url":null,"abstract":"The beginning of the twentieth century was strongly marked by the First World War. Among the unexpected results of this conflagration we can observe an exponential growth of cultural relations between the states involved in the conflict on the same side. If we explicitly look at the Romanian-French cultural relations from this perspective, it becomes obvious that we are dealing with an exceptional example of cultural collaboration on the European continent. The first concrete step of this process was the signing in Bucharest, on June 15, 1919, of The Poincaré-Angelescu Educational Convention, a document according to which the French state provided its support for the consolidation of Romanian education, especially in the new provinces that entered the Romanian state. Thus, in Bucharest, the French university mission was created as a separate entity, as a result of this convention. Later, in 1924, it was reorganized into the\u0000French Institute of Higher Studies. Through these two concrete actions, the French state took the initiative and offered its promised support for its ”Latin sister in Eastern Europe”. In the same period, the actions of the Kingdom of Romania in this sense were much slower and more indecisive, requiring a private initiative of the historian N. Iorga.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72746621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Die Reformation vor 500 Jahren gilt als welthistorisches Ereignis. Sie hat die Staatsbildung vor allem in Europa und in der westlichen Welt beeinflusst und durch Bildungsmobilisierung gesellschaftliche Emanzipationsbewegungen sowie Menschenrechtsentwicklung nachhaltig befördert. Dennoch: Die religiösen Freiheitsideen der Reformatoren waren nicht der Vorläufer des modernen demokratischen Verfassungsstaates und der direkte Auftakt zur europäischen Freiheitsgeschichte. Mit Reformation und Gegenreformation wurden nicht nur religiös-weltanschauliche Pluralisierung möglich, sondern auch ein langer Prozess der Säkularisierung eingeleitet, zumindest in Westeuropa. Die Reformation war eine Revolution des Geistes. Sie gab Anstöße zur Selbstermächtigung des Menschen (self-empowerment of humans) und beförderte die Entstehung eines selbstbewussten Bürgertums. Dies bleibt als reformatorisches Vermächtnis und Aufgabe in der globalisierten Welt der Gegenwart: Die Auseinandersetzung mit Pluralität und kultureller Vielfalt sowie die Erkenntnis, dass der Kampf um die Freiheit nur mit der Übernahme von Verantwortung erfolgreich sein kann.
{"title":"Ulrich Sarcinelli, 500 de ani de la Reforma Protestantă – semnificația pentru societatea și democrația germană / 500 years of the Protestant Reformation – the significance of the Reform for German society and democracy","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v7i1_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v7i1_1","url":null,"abstract":"Die Reformation vor 500 Jahren gilt als welthistorisches Ereignis. Sie hat die Staatsbildung vor allem in Europa und in der westlichen Welt beeinflusst und\u0000durch Bildungsmobilisierung gesellschaftliche Emanzipationsbewegungen\u0000sowie Menschenrechtsentwicklung nachhaltig befördert. Dennoch: Die religiösen Freiheitsideen der Reformatoren waren nicht der Vorläufer des modernen demokratischen Verfassungsstaates und der direkte Auftakt zur europäischen Freiheitsgeschichte. Mit Reformation und Gegenreformation wurden nicht nur religiös-weltanschauliche Pluralisierung möglich, sondern auch ein langer Prozess der Säkularisierung eingeleitet, zumindest in Westeuropa. Die Reformation war eine Revolution des Geistes. Sie gab Anstöße zur Selbstermächtigung des Menschen (self-empowerment of humans) und beförderte die Entstehung eines selbstbewussten Bürgertums. Dies bleibt als reformatorisches Vermächtnis und Aufgabe in der globalisierten Welt der Gegenwart: Die Auseinandersetzung mit Pluralität und kultureller Vielfalt sowie die Erkenntnis, dass der Kampf um die Freiheit nur mit der Übernahme von Verantwortung erfolgreich sein kann.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"351 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72437190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses the issue of loyalty in the Southeast European region of Bessarabia (today Republic of Moldova), which during World War II switched its political status from Romania to the USSR and back several times (1940, 1941, and 1944). This bottom-up analysis, drawing on an anextensive documentary basis from different archives, provides a new bottom-up perspective, which focuses on local public institutions and their employees. It reveals that, despite the fact that both regimes acknowledged the role of the bearers of vernacular knowledge about the society and entrusted them with daily administrative issues, the authorities constantly treated local public employees with mistrust and suspected them of “betrayal”. Whereas questioning their loyalty with regard to their activity during the previous regime, no standard criteria of loyalty assessment were applied; it was fragile and had a situational character. When one regime left and another came, the great majority of high-ranking public officials, such as heads of districts and mayors (heads of local Soviets, in the case of the Soviet Union), left Bessarabia together with the army and administration, in order to avoid repression and annihilation. In contrast, the low-rank employees (secretaries, accountants, as well as priests and teachers) stayed in the region, their decision to remain being guided by personal and family interests rather than by political or other convictions.
{"title":"Svetlana Suveică, Loialitate în perioada extremelor: funcționarii publici din Basarabia în perioada celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial (1939-1945) / Loyalties in the Age of Extremes: Local Officials in Bessarabia during World War II (1939–1945)","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v7i1_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v7i1_5","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the issue of loyalty in the Southeast European region of Bessarabia (today Republic of Moldova), which during World War II switched its political status from Romania to the USSR and back several times (1940, 1941, and 1944). This bottom-up analysis, drawing on an anextensive documentary basis from different archives, provides a new bottom-up perspective, which focuses on local public institutions and their employees. It reveals that, despite the fact that both regimes acknowledged the role of the bearers of vernacular knowledge about the society and entrusted them with daily administrative issues, the authorities constantly treated local public employees with mistrust and suspected them of “betrayal”. Whereas questioning their loyalty with regard to their activity during the previous regime, no standard criteria\u0000of loyalty assessment were applied; it was fragile and had a situational character. When one regime left and another came, the great majority of high-ranking public officials, such as heads of districts and mayors (heads of local Soviets, in the case of the Soviet Union), left Bessarabia together with the army and administration, in order to avoid repression and annihilation. In contrast, the low-rank employees (secretaries, accountants, as well as priests and teachers) stayed in the region, their decision to remain being guided by personal and family interests rather than by political or other convictions.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89035506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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