In the article below, I analyse the role of the Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Ilașcu and others v. Moldova and Russia. This judgment, being pronounced by an international tribunal, benefits from the authority and power of the res judicata. However, this argument was “strategically ignored” by the Moldovan political establishment. I tried to find the answer to the question: Why has Moldovan diplomacy never used this strong argument, provided by the ECHR?
{"title":"Prezența militară rusească în Republica Moldova prin prisma jurisprudenței CEDO / Russian military presence in the Republic of Moldova in the light of ECHR jurisprudence","authors":"Al. Tanase","doi":"10.37710/plural.v9i2_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i2_3","url":null,"abstract":"In the article below, I analyse the role of the Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Ilașcu and others v. Moldova and Russia. This judgment, being pronounced by an international tribunal, benefits from the authority and power of the res judicata. However, this argument was “strategically ignored” by the Moldovan political establishment. I tried to find the answer to the question: Why has Moldovan diplomacy never used this strong argument, provided by the ECHR?","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74386169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Working as a history teacher in two gymnasiums in Orhei District and also as a Ph.D. student, in the field of History at the University “Valahia” of Târgoviște (Romania) I had the opportunity to discover the epic of history textbooks. Recently, the scientific concerns are directly related to the study of history textbooks in the Republic of Moldova and Romania, the concepts of war and peace in the historical educational ensemble, and cultural, national, European, and universal values. Recent personal publications highlight elements of natural, cultural, and ethnocultural heritage emanating from all history textbooks. My research and articles are focused on similarities and differences of history curricula on both banks of the Prut and the reform of historical education in these countries with a special focus on the development, production, and dissemination of history textbooks.
{"title":"Războiul de pe Nistru în programele școlare și manualele de istorie din Republica Moldova (ciclul gimnazial) / The war on the Dniester in the curricula and history textbooks of the Republic of Moldova (secondary school)","authors":"Sergiu Suvac","doi":"10.37710/plural.v9i2_14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i2_14","url":null,"abstract":"Working as a history teacher in two gymnasiums in Orhei District and also as a Ph.D. student, in the field of History at the University “Valahia” of Târgoviște (Romania) I had the opportunity to discover the epic of history textbooks. Recently, the scientific concerns are directly related to the study of history textbooks in the Republic of Moldova and Romania, the concepts of war and peace in the historical educational ensemble, and cultural, national, European, and universal values. Recent personal publications highlight elements of natural, cultural, and ethnocultural heritage emanating from all history textbooks. My\u0000research and articles are focused on similarities and differences of history curricula on both banks of the Prut and the reform of historical education in these countries with a special focus on the development, production, and dissemination of history textbooks.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73545637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is dedicated to the analysis of the premises, causes, content and impact of the 1992 war to defend the independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova, the effect of the Moldovan-Russian Agreement of 21.07.1992 on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of Moldova. The paper presents the chronology of historical and geopolitical events related to Bessarabia, annexed in 1812 by the Russian Empire, occupied by the Red Army of the USSR according to the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of August 1939, was subject to armed rebellion in 1990-1992, period of disintegration. of the Soviet Union and the self-determination of the Republic of Moldova as a sovereign and independent state.
{"title":"Suveranitatea Republicii Moldova între război şi pace / Sovereignty of the Republic of Moldova between war and peace","authors":"Victor Catan","doi":"10.37710/plural.v9i2_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i2_2","url":null,"abstract":"This article is dedicated to the analysis of the premises, causes, content and impact of the 1992 war to defend the independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova, the effect of the Moldovan-Russian Agreement of 21.07.1992 on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of Moldova. The paper presents the chronology of historical and geopolitical events related to Bessarabia, annexed in 1812 by the Russian Empire, occupied by the Red Army of the USSR according to the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of August 1939, was subject to armed rebellion in 1990-1992, period of disintegration. of the Soviet Union and the self-determination of the Republic of\u0000Moldova as a sovereign and independent state.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83217079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of the phenomenon of restructuring and opening of the Soviet society, respectively of the processes of “glasnost” and “perestroika” initiated by Mikhail S. Gorbachev, there will be an intensification of the national reawakening process of Bessarabian Romanians from the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR). The new political realities in the Moldavian space generated a reaction from the conservative forces in the Soviet Union that led to the Dniester War (March 2 - July 21, 1992) which was to give rise to numerous sufferings, involving human and material losses, as well as a “frozen conflict” with implications in the geopolitics of places. Romania supported politically and diplomatically the second Romanian state in its efforts to consolidate the independence and to assert a democratic course in terms of political developments in Chisinau, as well as to resolve the serious insecurity problems at the eastern border of the Euro-Atlantic world.
在米哈伊尔·s·戈尔巴乔夫(Mikhail S. Gorbachev)发起的“公开化”(glasnost)和“改革”(perestroika)的苏联社会重构和开放现象的背景下，比萨拉比亚罗马尼亚人从摩尔多瓦苏维埃社会主义共和国(MSSR)中重新觉醒的过程将会加剧。摩尔多瓦空间的新政治现实引起了苏联保守势力的反应，导致了德涅斯特战争(1992年3月2日至7月21日)，这场战争带来了无数苦难，包括人员和物质损失，以及一场“冰冻冲突”，影响了各地的地缘政治。罗马尼亚在政治上和外交上支持第二个罗马尼亚国家在基希讷乌的政治发展方面巩固独立和坚持民主道路的努力，以及解决欧洲-大西洋世界东部边界的严重不安全问题。
{"title":"România, Rusia și geopolitica conflictului transnistrean / Russia and the geopolitics of the Transnistrian conflict","authors":"Constantin Corneanu","doi":"10.37710/plural.v9i2_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i2_10","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the phenomenon of restructuring and opening of the Soviet society, respectively of the processes of “glasnost” and “perestroika” initiated by Mikhail S. Gorbachev, there will be an intensification of the national reawakening process of Bessarabian Romanians from the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR). The new political realities in the Moldavian space generated a reaction from the conservative forces in the Soviet Union that led to the Dniester War (March 2 - July 21, 1992) which was to give rise to numerous sufferings, involving human and material losses, as well as a “frozen\u0000conflict” with implications in the geopolitics of places. Romania supported politically and diplomatically the second Romanian state in its efforts to consolidate the independence and to assert a democratic course in terms of political developments in Chisinau, as well as to resolve the serious insecurity problems at the eastern border of the Euro-Atlantic world.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"1 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72618387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the 1991 separatist region of Transnistria developed its own education system, provided with normative acts, including curriculum and textbooks. History education is part of the official discourse and focuses on Transnistrian interests. In many cases, textbooks are based on Soviet historiography, and Western neighbors are treated as enemies. The author of the present article analyzes, in particular, Chapter IX of the textbook for the ninth grade, which deals with the formation of the separatist republic and the Dniester War of 1992, which is described by the authors of the textbook as “Moldova’s military aggression against the Transnistrian people.” The facts presented in this textbook are unilateral, trying to demonstrate the “aggression of Moldova” on the districts on the left bank of the Dniester. Although, at the end of the topic, the authors consider that this military conflict was “a bloody war”, they insist more on the “sufferings, losses and victims” of the inhabitants of this region. There is a total lack of critical, comparative, and balanced approach to these sensitive events for the recent history of the Republic of Moldova.
{"title":"Evenimentele din 1992 în manualul de istorie din școlile transnistrene / The events of 1992 in the history textbook of Transnistrian schools","authors":"Sergiu Musteaţă","doi":"10.37710/plural.v9i2_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i2_16","url":null,"abstract":"After the 1991 separatist region of Transnistria developed its own education system, provided with normative acts, including curriculum and textbooks. History education is part of the official discourse and focuses on Transnistrian interests. In many cases, textbooks are based on Soviet historiography, and Western neighbors are treated as enemies. The author of the present article analyzes, in particular, Chapter IX of the textbook for the ninth grade, which deals with the formation of the separatist republic and the Dniester War of 1992, which is described by the authors of the textbook as “Moldova’s military aggression against the Transnistrian people.” The facts presented in this textbook are unilateral, trying to demonstrate the “aggression of Moldova” on the districts on the left bank of the Dniester. Although, at the end of the topic, the authors consider that this military conflict was “a bloody war”, they insist more on the “sufferings, losses and victims” of the inhabitants of this region. There is a total lack of critical, comparative, and balanced approach to these sensitive events for the recent history of the Republic of Moldova.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89563243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The last decade of the twentieth century was marked by a geopolitical event with long-lasting effects - the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. One of the „poles” of the bipolar system of international relations has completely disappeared, and its fragments have begun to move in different directions - the independent states of the post-Soviet space have begun to form. Thus, the adaptation of the independent states from the post-Soviet space to the new geopolitical realities and the determination of their own political and external development vector began. At the same time, nationalist forces intensified and political tensions increased, leading to regional conflicts, especially in the vast Black Sea basin.
{"title":"Escaladarea conflictelor regionale în spațiul post-sovietic. Cazul conflictului transnistrean / Escalation of regional conflicts in the post-Soviet space. The case of the Transnistrian conflict","authors":"Mihai Melintei","doi":"10.37710/plural.v9i2_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i2_6","url":null,"abstract":"The last decade of the twentieth century was marked by a geopolitical event with long-lasting effects - the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. One of the „poles” of the bipolar system of international relations has completely disappeared, and its fragments have begun to move in different directions - the independent states of the post-Soviet space have begun to form. Thus, the adaptation of the independent states from the\u0000post-Soviet space to the new geopolitical realities and the determination of their own political and external development vector began. At the same time, nationalist forces intensified and political tensions increased, leading to regional conflicts, especially in the vast Black Sea basin.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73633770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The separatist conflict in the eastern districts of the Republic of Moldova – the premises and sources that fueled it, the events it has provoked over the years, the 1992 war, and other various related topics generate diverse and contradictory narratives among interested political actors. The rhetoric of Chisinau, Tiraspol, and the Kremlin denotes opposed visions and positions. While in Chisinau officials talk about the independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova, internationally recognized in 1991, in Moscow and on the left bank of the Nistru they make arguments to justify the actions undertaken by Tiraspol separatists over the past three decades to create and consolidate the so-called Transnistrian „statehood” – existing de facto, but not recognized by anyone internationally
{"title":"Războiul de pe Nistru și separatismul transnistrean: narațiuni contradictorii / The war on the Dniester and Transnistrian separatism: contradictory narratives","authors":"Ludmila Coadă","doi":"10.37710/plural.v9i2_8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i2_8","url":null,"abstract":"The separatist conflict in the eastern districts of the Republic of Moldova – the premises and sources that fueled it, the events it has provoked over the years, the 1992 war, and other various related topics generate diverse and contradictory narratives among interested political actors. The rhetoric of Chisinau, Tiraspol, and the Kremlin denotes opposed visions and positions. While in Chisinau officials talk about the independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova, internationally recognized in 1991, in Moscow and on the left bank of the Nistru they make arguments to justify the actions undertaken by Tiraspol separatists over the past three decades to create and consolidate the so-called Transnistrian „statehood” – existing de facto, but not recognized by\u0000anyone internationally","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"546 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75858343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses the issue of frozen conflicts in the post-Soviet space. According to the author, conflicts are a product of the disintegration of the USSR, the declaration of the independence of the former union republics and the adoption of the direction of foreign policies for European integration. In most cases, the conflicts are artificial, because the ex-Soviet space is considered the sphere of interest of the Russian Federation, and the secessionist regions are interested in maintaining subordination to Moscow. Failure to resolve conflicts leads to the consolidation of the status quo in the territories. Resolving the Transnistrian conflict, but also other conflicts in the ex-Soviet space requires the internationalization of the process by actively attracting G-7 states, UN structures, the EU and the internationalization of peacekeeping missions. An important requirement for the Republic of Moldova is the change of the political class, which will want to solve the problem of territorial integrity.
{"title":"Războiul de pe Nistru versus conflictele înghețate din spațiul post-sovietic / The war on the Dniester versus the frozen conflicts in the post-Soviet space","authors":"Larisa Noroc, Alexandru Noroc","doi":"10.37710/plural.v9i2_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i2_9","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the issue of frozen conflicts in the post-Soviet space. According to the author, conflicts are a product of the disintegration of the USSR, the declaration of the independence of the former union republics and the adoption of the direction of foreign policies for European integration. In most cases, the conflicts are artificial, because the ex-Soviet space is considered the sphere of interest of the Russian Federation, and the secessionist regions are interested in maintaining subordination to Moscow. Failure to resolve conflicts leads to the consolidation of the status quo in the territories. Resolving the Transnistrian conflict, but also other conflicts in the ex-Soviet space requires the internationalization of the process by actively attracting G-7 states, UN structures, the EU and the internationalization of peacekeeping missions. An important requirement for the Republic of Moldova is the change of the political class, which will want to solve the problem of territorial integrity.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86420735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"O idee, o conferință, un volum / An idea, a conference, a volume","authors":"Cosmin Budeancă","doi":"10.37710/plural.v9i2_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i2_1","url":null,"abstract":"An idea, a conference, a volume","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79382193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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