The present paper deals with the problematic of the protection measurements for a UNESCO monument, the Dacian fortress from Căpâlna (Alba District), from a judiciary point of view. The cause of the approach is the recovery of a hoard of golden jewelleries, stolen in 2001 from the Dacian fortress of Căpâlna. After 7 years of illegal trafficking of the artefacts on the black market of antiquities, the Romanian law enforcements recovered the hoard from Germany, with the generous support of an expert from Frankfurt am Main. An important detail is the reconstruction of the ”discovery circumstances” inside the protected area of Căpâlna fortress by the archaeological poachers from Deva (Hunedoara District). The site of the Dacian fortress in Căpâlna was included into the UNESCO list of monuments in 1999, together with 5 other similar fortresses from Hunedoara District. The author describes how he personally saw the archaeological site during the past 12 years, since he has been involved in judicial investigations of the recovery of the gold jewellery stolen from there.
{"title":"Marius-Mihai Ciută, Cetatea dacică de la Căpâlna (com. Săsciori, jud. Alba). După 19 ani… UNESCO / Th e Dacian Fortress Căpâlna (Săsciori Village, Alba County). After 19 years as …UNESCO","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_8","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper deals with the problematic of the protection measurements for a UNESCO monument, the Dacian fortress from Căpâlna (Alba District), from a judiciary point of view. The cause of the approach is the recovery of a hoard of golden jewelleries, stolen in 2001 from the Dacian fortress of Căpâlna. After 7 years of illegal trafficking of the artefacts on the black market of antiquities, the Romanian law enforcements recovered the hoard from Germany, with the generous support of an expert from Frankfurt am Main. An important detail is the reconstruction of the ”discovery circumstances” inside the protected area of Căpâlna fortress by the archaeological poachers from Deva (Hunedoara District). The site of the Dacian fortress in Căpâlna was included into the UNESCO list of monuments in 1999, together with 5 other similar fortresses from Hunedoara District. The author describes how he personally saw the archaeological site during the past 12 years, since he has been involved in judicial investigations of the recovery of the gold jewellery stolen from there.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87118222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The year 1987 represents a key-point in recognizing the universal value of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire, by inscribing Hadrian’s Wall into the UNESCO Heritage List. Followed closely by the Upper German-Raetian Limes (in 2005) and by the Antonine Wall (in 2008), the Frontier today is a single and complex monument of Roman Empire as a world state. The paper discusses the newly published volume – René Ployer, Marinus Polak, Ricarda Schmidt, The Frontiers of the Roman Empire. A Thematic Study and Proposed World Heritage Nomination Strategy (2017) – in the Romanian national context, as the State intends to nominate two segments of the Roman Frontier as UNESCO monuments until 2021. Besides presenting the content of the volume, with the intent of raising awareness upon the subject among different stakeholders, the paper also tries to reach out to the experts involved in the nomination process, by tackling the questions of if and how the study could be used as a tool in communicating nationally with all interested parties.
{"title":"Andrea Chiricescu, Frontiera Imperiului Roman și UNESCO. Observații pe marginea unui studiu recent / The Limes of the Roman Empire and UNESCO. Observations on a recent study","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_13","url":null,"abstract":"The year 1987 represents a key-point in recognizing the universal value of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire, by inscribing Hadrian’s Wall into the UNESCO Heritage List. Followed closely by the Upper German-Raetian Limes (in 2005) and by the Antonine Wall (in 2008), the Frontier today is a single and complex monument of Roman Empire as a world state. The paper discusses the newly published volume – René Ployer, Marinus Polak, Ricarda Schmidt, The Frontiers of the Roman Empire. A Thematic Study and Proposed World Heritage Nomination Strategy (2017) – in the Romanian national context, as the State intends to nominate two segments of the Roman Frontier as UNESCO monuments until\u00002021. Besides presenting the content of the volume, with the intent of raising awareness upon the subject among different stakeholders, the paper also tries to reach out to the experts involved in the nomination process, by tackling the questions of if and how the study could be used as a tool in communicating nationally with all interested parties.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79174075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A country’s cultural heritage is the burden of that country, namely of the legal representation of it, the state. Outstanding cultural heritage, relevant for the entire humanity, should be enlisted under UNESCO heritage. To have a cultural value enlisted by UNESCO is an opportunity, even economical one, whose valuation lies on the state where such cultural value is placed. Without coherent management plans and active valuation actions for the benefit of communities, culture itself becomes a reason for public refusal. Roșia Montana is a good case study on the conflict between cultural and economic value of cultural heritage.
{"title":"Pîrvu Ionică, Patrimoniul UNESCO – himeră, panaceu sau formă de normalitate? / UNESCO heritage – a pipe dream, a panacea or normalcy?","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_10","url":null,"abstract":"A country’s cultural heritage is the burden of that country, namely of the legal representation of it, the state. Outstanding cultural heritage, relevant for the entire humanity, should be enlisted under UNESCO heritage. To have a cultural value enlisted by UNESCO is an opportunity, even economical one, whose valuation lies on the state where such cultural value is placed. Without coherent management plans and active valuation actions for the benefit of communities, culture itself becomes a reason for public refusal. Roșia Montana is a good case study on the conflict between cultural and economic value of cultural heritage.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88439101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A book review, Peter Bille Larsen and William Logan (eds), World Heritage and Sustainable Development. New Directions in World Heritage Management, Routledge: London and New York, 2018, 293 pages, ISBN 978-1-138-09140-5 done by Sergiu MUSTEAȚĂ
书评，彼得·比尔·拉森和威廉·洛根编，《世界遗产与可持续发展》。《世界遗产管理新方向》，Routledge: London and New York, 2018, 293页，ISBN 978-1-138-09140-5, Sergiu MUSTEAȚĂ完成
{"title":"Review, Peter Bille Larsen and William Logan (eds), World Heritage and Sustainable Development. New Directions in World Heritage Management, Routledge: London and New York, 2018, 293 pages, ISBN 978-1-138-09140-5 (Sergiu MUSTEAȚĂ)","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_16","url":null,"abstract":"A book review, Peter Bille Larsen and William Logan (eds), World Heritage and Sustainable Development. New Directions in World Heritage Management, Routledge: London and New York, 2018, 293 pages, ISBN 978-1-138-09140-5 done by Sergiu MUSTEAȚĂ","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79453704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern Lithuania developed consistently in response to external and internal challenges. During the rebirth of the modern nation in the 19th century several vectors emerged that constantly influenced intellectual discourses, politics, and resistance. First, there was the development of national ideology, which aimed at guaranteeing the rights of the Lithuanian nation to establish an independent state. Secondly, the direction of democracy became increasingly evident in the projection and development of the independent state. This article seeks to show the development and overlap of national ideology and democracy, highlighting the main challenges faced in the history of modern Lithuania, discussing the periods of interwar Lithuania, World War II, the Soviet occupation, and contemporary Lithuania, and describing the country’s political and ideological trajectories, including the local politics of history. By taking the concept of the nation as a “category of practice” one notices that nationalism became an important factor not only in the liberation from the occupying empires (Russia and the USSR), but also in justifying the new order in the new state or even when challenging democracy.
{"title":"Vilius Ivanauskas, The Centenary of Lithuania’s Independence: National Mobilization and Democracy Development Throughout Modern Lithuanian History","authors":"Vilius Ivanauskas","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i1_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i1_5","url":null,"abstract":"Modern Lithuania developed consistently in response to external and internal challenges. During the rebirth of the modern nation in the 19th century several vectors emerged that constantly influenced intellectual discourses, politics, and resistance. First, there was the development of national ideology, which aimed at guaranteeing the rights of the Lithuanian nation to establish an independent state. Secondly, the direction of democracy became increasingly evident in the projection and development of the independent state. This article seeks to show the development and overlap of national ideology and democracy, highlighting the main challenges faced in the history of modern Lithuania, discussing the periods of interwar Lithuania, World War II, the Soviet occupation, and contemporary Lithuania, and describing the country’s political and ideological trajectories, including the local politics of history. By taking the concept of the nation as a “category of practice” one notices that nationalism became an important factor not only in the liberation from the occupying empires (Russia and the USSR), but also in justifying the new order in the new state or even when challenging democracy.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"440 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76501937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In memoriam Viorica Nicolenco (1971-2018) by A. Petrencu
纪念维奥丽卡·尼科伦科(1971-2018
{"title":"Viorica Nicolenco (1971-2018) by A. Petrencu","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i1_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i1_10","url":null,"abstract":"In memoriam Viorica Nicolenco (1971-2018) by A. Petrencu","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84600812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ross JOHNSON is a History and Public Policy Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington and Senior Adviser at Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Johnson was a senior executive of RFE/RL from 1988 to 2002, serving as director of Radio Free Europe, director of the RFE/RL Research Institute, acting president, and counselor of RFE/RL. He was a research fellow at the Hoover Institution from 2002 to 2016 and senior staff member of the RAND Corporation from 1969 to 1988, where he specialized in East European and Soviet security issues. He is author of the book Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. The CIA Years and Beyond.
a .罗斯·约翰逊，华盛顿伍德罗·威尔逊国际学者中心历史与公共政策研究员，自由欧洲电台/自由电台高级顾问。1988年至2002年，约翰逊担任自由欧洲电台(RFE/RL)高级管理人员，曾任自由欧洲电台主任、RFE/RL研究所所长、代理总裁、顾问。2002年至2016年，他是胡佛研究所的研究员，1969年至1988年，他是兰德公司的高级职员，专门研究东欧和苏联安全问题。他是《自由欧洲电台和自由电台》一书的作者。中情局的岁月及以后。
{"title":"RFE/RL Never Had a Separate Broadcast Service in Romanian for Soviet Moldavia… Interview with A. Ross Johnson, Former Director of Radio Free Europe (Sergiu Musteață)","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i1_8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i1_8","url":null,"abstract":"A. Ross JOHNSON is a History and Public Policy Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington and Senior Adviser at Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Johnson was a senior executive of RFE/RL from 1988 to 2002, serving as director of Radio Free Europe, director of the RFE/RL Research Institute, acting president, and counselor of RFE/RL. He was a research fellow at the Hoover Institution from 2002 to 2016 and senior staff member of the RAND Corporation from 1969 to 1988, where he specialized in East European and Soviet security issues. He is author of the book Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. The CIA Years and Beyond.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84027455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The echoes of the events from the spring of 1917 were also felt in Bessarabia, a province annexed by Russia in 1812. Their evolution can be analyzed from multiple points of view, including from the perspective of an official representative of the Romanian state. On the basis of the reports sent by the Romanian consul in Ismail, I examine the political, social and military situation from Southern Bessarabia during a period with profound implications for the Russian Empire, in general, and this province, in particular. Gheorghe Forescu was appointed to Ismail, first as a temporary substitute, in November 1916, and then as consul, one month later. He remained in southern Bessarabia until March 1918, when the consular post was abolished as a result of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania. More often than not, Forescu had to confront and overcome certain difficult moments, having to take rapid and tough decisions. Most significantly, he formulated policy initiatives that were generally taken into account by the Romanian decision-makers.
{"title":"Adrian-Bogdan Ceobanu, A Romanian Consul at the Margins of the Russian Empire: Gheorghe Forescu in Ismail (December 1916 – March 1918)","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i1_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i1_3","url":null,"abstract":"The echoes of the events from the spring of 1917 were also felt in Bessarabia, a province annexed by Russia in 1812. Their evolution can be analyzed from multiple points of view, including from the perspective of an official representative of the Romanian state. On the basis of the reports sent by the Romanian consul in Ismail, I examine the political, social and military situation from Southern Bessarabia during a period with profound implications for the Russian Empire, in general, and this province, in particular. Gheorghe Forescu\u0000was appointed to Ismail, first as a temporary substitute, in November 1916, and then as consul, one month later. He remained in southern Bessarabia until March 1918, when the consular post was abolished as a result of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania. More often than not, Forescu had to confront and overcome certain difficult moments, having to take rapid and tough decisions. Most significantly, he formulated policy initiatives that were generally taken into account by the Romanian decision-makers.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91374171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the initial conjunction and subsequent disentanglement of social and nationalist revolutions in Lithuania by focusing on the impact that war and various mobilizations had on the local population in 1918–19. Despite the explosion of social and nationalist unrest all over the country in late 1918, in a matter of several months the Bolsheviks lost their case. The key reasons for their failure were their military defeat by German, Lithuanian, and Polish troops, but also economic mismanagement, the refusal to distribute land to peasants, and an inability to present their revolution as “native.” Following the Leninist doctrine of “proletarian revolution” that relegated peasantry to a secondary position, the Bolsheviks failed to forge an alliance with the largest population group of Lithuanian society, which resulted in their downfall.
{"title":"Tomas Balkelis, Nation-Building, Revolution, and the Advance of the Red Army into Lithuania, 1918-1919","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i1_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i1_4","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the initial conjunction and subsequent disentanglement of social and nationalist revolutions in Lithuania by focusing on the impact that war and various mobilizations had on the local population in 1918–19. Despite the explosion of social and nationalist unrest all over the country in late 1918, in a matter of several months the Bolsheviks lost their case. The key reasons for their failure were their military defeat by German, Lithuanian, and Polish troops, but also economic mismanagement, the refusal to distribute land to peasants, and an inability to present their revolution as “native.” Following the Leninist doctrine of “proletarian revolution” that relegated peasantry to a\u0000secondary position, the Bolsheviks failed to forge an alliance with the largest population group of Lithuanian society, which resulted in their downfall.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72518287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Book Review, Orlando Figes. A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924 / Revoluţia rusă. 1891-1924. Tragedia unui popor, Iaşi, Polirom, 2016, 814 p. Traducere de Cornelia Marinescu done by Anatol Petrencu
{"title":"Review, Orlando Figes. A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924 / Revoluţia rusă. 1891-1924. Tragedia unui popor, Iaşi, Polirom, 2016, 814 p. Traducere de Cornelia Marinescu (Anatol Petrencu)","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i1_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i1_9","url":null,"abstract":"Book Review, Orlando Figes. A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924 / Revoluţia rusă. 1891-1924. Tragedia unui popor, Iaşi, Polirom, 2016, 814 p. Traducere de Cornelia Marinescu done by Anatol Petrencu","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73970283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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