The importance of the Romanian salt springs for the historical development of the human communities of inland Europe is manifest. Exploited for over eight millennia, and providing world’s earliest evidence for the production of recrystallized salt, the Romanian salt springs also stand out from among other similar sites in Europe on account of their uninterrupted use to this day. These resilient behaviours constitute a reference point for the intangible heritage of mankind. The variegated forms of association between this intangible and the tangible heritage of the Romanian salt springs can offset the often implicit ‘monumental’ criterion for World Heritage inclusion, for which we make a case. In furthering this goal, it is foremost necessary to raise awareness among the local communities and the wider public, as well as the national and international cultural and scientific establishments. We find that for at least the last two decades this direction has been pursued, as evidenced by the increase in interdisciplinary research and highlighting of the role played by the salt springs in the development of the human communities from the respective areas.
{"title":"Marius Alexianu, Roxana-Gabriela Curcă, Ștefan Caliniuc, Izvoarele sărate din România exploatate în neolitic și eneolitic. O propunere pentru Lista Patrimoniului Mondial / The Romanian salt springs exploited in the Neolithic and Eneolithic. A proposal for the World Heritage List","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_14","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of the Romanian salt springs for the historical development of the human communities of inland Europe is manifest. Exploited for over eight millennia, and providing world’s earliest evidence for the production of recrystallized salt, the Romanian salt springs also stand out from among other similar sites in Europe on account of their uninterrupted use to this day. These resilient behaviours constitute a reference point for the intangible heritage of mankind. The variegated forms of association between this intangible and the tangible heritage of the Romanian salt springs can offset the often\u0000implicit ‘monumental’ criterion for World Heritage inclusion, for which we make a case. In furthering this goal, it is foremost necessary to raise awareness among the local communities and the wider public, as well as the national and international cultural and scientific establishments. We find that for at least the last two decades this direction has been pursued, as evidenced by the increase in interdisciplinary research and highlighting of the role played by the salt springs in the development of the human communities from the respective areas.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90062822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 1972, UNESCO has established a frame of protection for cultural and natural heritage (Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage) and the “World Heritage List”, which it considers as having an outstanding universal value. In 1994, at the Nara Conference, the Document of Authenticity was adopted, stating that ”the protection and enhancement of cultural and heritage diversity in our world should be actively promoted as an essential aspect of human development”. Since 1997, States Parties have to provide regular reports on the implementation of the World Heritage Convention and the conservation status of each site listed on the World Heritage List. So far, two periodic reports have been made (2000-2006 and 2008-2015), and the third was recently launched (2017-2022).
{"title":"Sergiu Musteață, Evaluarea și monitorizarea siturilor înscrise în Lista patrimoniului mondial din România / Evaluation and monitoring of the World Heritage Sites in Romania","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_5","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1972, UNESCO has established a frame of protection for cultural and natural heritage (Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage) and the “World Heritage List”, which it considers as having an outstanding universal value. In 1994, at the Nara Conference, the Document of Authenticity was adopted, stating that ”the protection and enhancement of cultural and heritage diversity in our world should be actively promoted as an essential aspect of human development”. Since 1997, States\u0000Parties have to provide regular reports on the implementation of the World Heritage Convention and the conservation status of each site listed on the World Heritage List. So far, two periodic reports have been made (2000-2006 and 2008-2015), and the third was recently launched (2017-2022).","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83730273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Romania has recorded 8 wooden churches, 7 fortified churches, 6 Dacian fortresses, 8 churches with exterior mural painting from Moldova, a medieval city of Sighișoara, an orthodox monastery of Horezu from Oltenia and the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve into the World Heritage List. By their number, value, and expressiveness Romania has been rightly placed amongst the regional powers. The monumentality, the spectacularity and the splendor are found in each item recorded in the list on equal terms with quality, maintenance, community servitudes, active conservation and, respectively, with the subject of protection and prevention of major risk factors.
{"title":"Ioan Opriș, Înscrierea siturilor românești în Lista patrimoniului mondial / Inscription of the Romanian sites in the World Heritage List","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_3","url":null,"abstract":"Romania has recorded 8 wooden churches, 7 fortified churches, 6 Dacian fortresses, 8 churches with exterior mural painting from Moldova, a medieval city of Sighișoara, an orthodox monastery of Horezu from Oltenia and the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve into the World Heritage List. By their number, value, and expressiveness Romania has been rightly placed amongst the regional powers. The monumentality, the spectacularity and the splendor are found in each item recorded in the list on equal terms with quality, maintenance, community servitudes, active conservation and, respectively, with the subject of protection and prevention of major risk factors.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79602492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1990, Romania signed the Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972. Nevertheless, the effective enforcement of the Convention occurred only in 2000, when the government approved measures for the protection of the historical monuments on the World Heritage List. After 2000, various laws on the management, preservation and protection of the monuments on the World Heritage List were issued. Some of the provisions of these laws have not been applied or complied with, which made that some of the Dacian fortresses lacked to have a legal administrator, further resulting in the monuments decay. Presently, there are no management plans for six Dacian fortresses. In addition to this lack of management plans there is the lack of managers for these monuments, but also the lack of management plans and minimal short-term strategies that would solve stringent issues.
{"title":"Vitalie Bârcă, Câteva observații privind administrarea cetăților dacice din Munții Orăștiei înscrise în Lista patrimoniului mondial UNESCO / A few notes on the management of the Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains inscribed on the World Heritage List","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_6","url":null,"abstract":"In 1990, Romania signed the Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972. Nevertheless, the effective enforcement of the Convention occurred only in 2000, when the government approved measures for the protection of the historical monuments on the World Heritage List. After 2000, various laws on the management, preservation and protection of the monuments on the World Heritage List were issued. Some of the provisions of these laws have not been applied or complied with, which made that some of the Dacian fortresses lacked to have a\u0000legal administrator, further resulting in the monuments decay. Presently, there are no management plans for six Dacian fortresses. In addition to this lack of management plans there is the lack of managers for these monuments, but also the lack of management plans and minimal short-term strategies that would solve stringent issues.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76158983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A book review, Thomas Gensheimer and Celeste Lovett e Guichard (eds), World Heritage and Sustainable National Registers. Stewardship in Perspectives, Routledge: London and New York, 2014, 224 pages, ISBN 978-1-138-51805-6 done by Sergiu MUSTEAȚĂ
{"title":"Review, Thomas Gensheimer and Celeste Lovett e Guichard (eds), World Heritage and Sustainable National Registers. Stewardship in Perspectives, Routledge: London and New York, 2014, 224 pages, ISBN 978-1-138-51805-6 (Sergiu MUSTEAȚĂ)","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_17","url":null,"abstract":"A book review, Thomas Gensheimer and Celeste Lovett e Guichard (eds), World Heritage and Sustainable National Registers. Stewardship in Perspectives, Routledge: London and New York, 2014, 224 pages, ISBN 978-1-138-51805-6 done by Sergiu MUSTEAȚĂ","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76333392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among the evaluation criteria used by the UNESCO, „authenticity” is among the most important but It is actually almost completely absent in our legislation for built heritage. The most important deficiency in the monument scheduling methodology is ignoring the idea of authenticity, limited only to a relatively vague formula in its 8th article which states that value is influenced by the „the proportion of the component elements resulted from the interventions made after the moment of building”. In this hypothesis, there is a relative contradiction with a thesis of the restoration doctrine, namely the one stating that all stages of a monument are relevant so that they can only be eliminated only in specific situations highlighted by the Venice Charter. In the operational guidelines of World Heritage Committee, there are a few articles dedicated to authenticity and integrity, which are not actually mentioned in the text of the World Heritage Convention. Ideas associated with the preservation of heritage that are resulting from the recent evolution of doctrinaire texts, such as „compromise” or „management of change”, have led to ideological confrontations even within ICOMOS, the international organization responsible for scientifically and professionally assessing the authenticity and integrity of the heritage covered by the international convention.
{"title":"Adrian Crăciunescu, Autenticitatea – un factor neabordat de legislaţia internă, dar determinant în evaluarea UNESCO / Authenticity – untackled issue within domestic legislation while being a crucial one in UNESCO’s assessments","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_4","url":null,"abstract":"Among the evaluation criteria used by the UNESCO, „authenticity” is among the most important but It is actually almost completely absent in our legislation for built heritage. The most important deficiency in the monument scheduling methodology is ignoring the idea of authenticity, limited only to a relatively vague formula in its 8th article which states that value is influenced by the „the proportion of the component elements resulted from the interventions made after the moment of building”. In this hypothesis, there is a relative contradiction with a thesis of the restoration doctrine, namely the one stating that all stages of a monument are relevant so that they can only be eliminated only in specific situations highlighted by the Venice Charter. In the operational guidelines of World Heritage Committee, there are a few articles dedicated to authenticity and integrity, which are not actually mentioned in the text of the World\u0000Heritage Convention. Ideas associated with the preservation of heritage that are\u0000resulting from the recent evolution of doctrinaire texts, such as „compromise” or „management of change”, have led to ideological confrontations even within ICOMOS, the international organization responsible for scientifically and professionally assessing the authenticity and integrity of the heritage covered by the international convention.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"218 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74174938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The notion of the cultural heritage of humanity is relatively recent, but its protection and conservation date back to the Renaissance. Over time, this type of initiatives has been supported legislatively, which provided a legal framework, including the obligation to protect and rescue humanity’s exceptional natural and cultural assets. One form of legislation on the protection and conservation of heritage is the Paris Convention of November 1972 which, for the first time, brought to public attention the idea of World Heritage. Romania adopted the convention by Decree No. 187/1990. Since then, our country has managed to list eight UNESCO cultural and natural sites and with the promulgation of Law No. 410 of December 29, 2005, on the protection of intangible cultural heritage, it registered six other heritage elements, the Romanian culture thus occupying a well-deserved place among the cultures of the world. The 1972 Convention is important due to the impetus was given to the countries of the world to preserve, protect and promote their national values, but also to place them among other world property of exceptional value.
{"title":"Gherghina Boda, The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 1972) and Romania","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_2","url":null,"abstract":"The notion of the cultural heritage of humanity is relatively recent, but its protection and conservation date back to the Renaissance. Over time, this type of initiatives has been supported legislatively, which provided a legal framework, including the obligation to protect and rescue humanity’s exceptional natural and cultural assets. One form of legislation on the protection and conservation of heritage is the Paris Convention of November 1972 which, for the first time, brought to public attention the idea of World Heritage. Romania adopted the convention by Decree No. 187/1990. Since then, our country has managed to list eight UNESCO cultural and natural sites and with the promulgation of Law No. 410 of December 29, 2005, on the protection of intangible cultural\u0000heritage, it registered six other heritage elements, the Romanian culture thus occupying a well-deserved place among the cultures of the world. The 1972 Convention is important due to the impetus was given to the countries of the world to preserve, protect and promote their national values, but also to place them among other world property of exceptional value.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87918395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Starting from two famous sentences about the relationships between ruins and history and about the meaning of tradition, the article deals with many facets that conservation has in the contemporary world. Through an initial provocative example of recent re-production of a monument, some of the new challenges in – and for – conservation emerge in relation with the consolidate goals of the discipline of restoration. New problems, issues and contradictions are now on the fore in cultural heritage safeguarding, management and enhancement, but also some new possibilities for education and professional activity characterize the field.
{"title":"Stefano Francesco Musso, Challenges, competences, professions for the built heritage conservation in the contemporary world","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_1","url":null,"abstract":"Starting from two famous sentences about the relationships between ruins and history and about the meaning of tradition, the article deals with many facets that conservation has in the contemporary world. Through an initial provocative example of recent re-production of a monument, some of the new challenges in – and for – conservation emerge in relation with the consolidate goals of the discipline of restoration. New problems, issues and contradictions are now on the fore in cultural heritage safeguarding, management and enhancement, but also some new possibilities for education and professional activity characterize the field.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"153 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86133246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Both, the general public and the specialists (archaeologists, historians, etc.) that are concerned with the cultural heritage, are most often informed about their state or about the latest archaeological discoveries in the written or TV press. The present study focuses on articles published in the press and television during 2017 and 2018 ( January–November) on the issue of the cultural and archaeological heritage of Romania included into the UNESCO World Heritage List. For a better follow-up to this study, we will provide you with a table below with each UNESCO heritage objective, along with the LMI code, UNESCO registration code, year of listing and geographic location. Also, the study will contain a brief presentation of the report drawn from the media for each monument.
{"title":"Elena Cozma, Monitorizarea mass-mediei privind patrimoniul mondial din România. Considerații preliminare / Media monitoring of the World Heritage Sites in Romania. Preliminary considerations","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_11","url":null,"abstract":"Both, the general public and the specialists (archaeologists, historians, etc.) that are concerned with the cultural heritage, are most often informed about their state or about the latest archaeological discoveries in the written or TV press. The present study focuses on articles published in the press and television during 2017 and 2018 ( January–November) on the issue of the cultural and archaeological heritage of Romania included into the UNESCO World Heritage List. For a better follow-up to this study, we will provide you with a table below with each UNESCO heritage objective, along with the LMI code, UNESCO registration code, year of listing and geographic location. Also, the study will contain a brief presentation of the report drawn from the media for each monument.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86224304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains are a series of six monuments dating back to the period of the Dacian Kingdom (1st century BC – beginning of the 2nd century AD) and located in Transylvania. They have been included into the World Heritage List since 1999. Unfortunately, at present only one of them has a site manager. The issues that all six are facing are highly difficult: they have a poor state of conservation, they are being affected by vandalism and poaching (even if at a lower level than in the past), and they are not promoted. There is a complex bundle of factors that has brought them into this situation. Some of them will be discussed in this paper, in order to identify the main causes and to provide room for reflection and finding solutions.
{"title":"Aurora Pețan (România), Cetățile dacice din Munții Orăștiei. Probleme actuale și perspective / Th e Dacian fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains. Current issues and perspectives","authors":"","doi":"10.37710/plural.v6i2_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37710/plural.v6i2_7","url":null,"abstract":"The Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains are a series of six monuments dating back to the period of the Dacian Kingdom (1st century BC – beginning of the 2nd century AD) and located in Transylvania. They have been included into the World Heritage List since 1999. Unfortunately, at present only one of them has a site manager. The issues that all six are facing are highly difficult: they have a poor state of conservation, they are being affected by vandalism and poaching (even if at a lower level than in the past), and they are not promoted. There is a complex bundle of factors that has brought them into this situation. Some of them will be discussed in this paper, in order to identify the main causes and to provide room for reflection and finding solutions.","PeriodicalId":36611,"journal":{"name":"Plural. History. Culture. Society","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81485970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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