M. Stark, Haiou He, R. Booth, Richard Smith, J. McAnulty, S. Stevens, M. Beardsley
{"title":"Correlates and Consequences of Entering Drug Treatment: A Study of the NIDA Cooperative Agreement National Database","authors":"M. Stark, Haiou He, R. Booth, Richard Smith, J. McAnulty, S. Stevens, M. Beardsley","doi":"10.1300/J023V09N01_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V09N01_12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115774671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY The psychosocial domains of emotional well-being, cognitive functioning, and motivation to change can affect AIDS risk behaviors in two ways. First, psychosocial domains can act as causal determinants of risk behaviors. When people feel bad (low emotional well-being), when they are not thinking clearly (low cognitive functioning), and when they fail to recognize the costs of behaviors (low motivation to change), then they are led to choose rewarding yet risky behaviors. Second, once risk behaviors have begun, psychosocial domains can act as resources for behavioral change. When people feel good, they want to improve; they care about risks. When people are thinking clearly, they make good decisions; they can perceive and implement ways to avoid risks. When people perceive the seriousness of risks, they see a profit in change and are motivated to change. The results of this study confirm other studies that suggest that drug users at greatest risk for AIDS are those with the lowest levels of psychoso...
{"title":"The Effect of Psychosocial Domains on AIDS Risk Behaviors","authors":"D. Bell","doi":"10.1300/J023V09N01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V09N01_03","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY The psychosocial domains of emotional well-being, cognitive functioning, and motivation to change can affect AIDS risk behaviors in two ways. First, psychosocial domains can act as causal determinants of risk behaviors. When people feel bad (low emotional well-being), when they are not thinking clearly (low cognitive functioning), and when they fail to recognize the costs of behaviors (low motivation to change), then they are led to choose rewarding yet risky behaviors. Second, once risk behaviors have begun, psychosocial domains can act as resources for behavioral change. When people feel good, they want to improve; they care about risks. When people are thinking clearly, they make good decisions; they can perceive and implement ways to avoid risks. When people perceive the seriousness of risks, they see a profit in change and are motivated to change. The results of this study confirm other studies that suggest that drug users at greatest risk for AIDS are those with the lowest levels of psychoso...","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121407511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AIDS Prevention: Conclusions and Implications","authors":"B. Segal, R. Trotter","doi":"10.1300/J023V09N01_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V09N01_13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116990781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY This paper examines the utility of the stages-of-change model in assessing intervention readiness and measuring the outcome of targeted interventions in modifying eight drug-related and sexual risk behaviors of active drug users. Injection drug and crack cocaine users (N = 560) recruited through street outreach were administered questionnaires measuring intentions, behaviors, and beliefs pertaining to eight drug-related and sexual strategies for reducing personal HIV risk at the time of their enrollment in an HIV risk intervention program. Six-month follow-up data were available for 205 of the 325 individuals who were eligible for follow-up. At baseline, a large percentage of injectors were in the action or maintenance stage with regard to safe injection practices. Men were significantly higher than women in stage of change for not sharing needles. Very few individuals were using condoms with their main partner, but the percentage was much higher with casual partners, especially among sex workers....
{"title":"Using Stages of Change to Assess Intervention Readiness and Outcome in Modifying Drug-Related and Sexual HIV Risk Behaviors of IDUs and Crack Users","authors":"F. Rhodes, C. Malotte","doi":"10.1300/J023V09N01_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V09N01_07","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This paper examines the utility of the stages-of-change model in assessing intervention readiness and measuring the outcome of targeted interventions in modifying eight drug-related and sexual risk behaviors of active drug users. Injection drug and crack cocaine users (N = 560) recruited through street outreach were administered questionnaires measuring intentions, behaviors, and beliefs pertaining to eight drug-related and sexual strategies for reducing personal HIV risk at the time of their enrollment in an HIV risk intervention program. Six-month follow-up data were available for 205 of the 325 individuals who were eligible for follow-up. At baseline, a large percentage of injectors were in the action or maintenance stage with regard to safe injection practices. Men were significantly higher than women in stage of change for not sharing needles. Very few individuals were using condoms with their main partner, but the percentage was much higher with casual partners, especially among sex workers....","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"370 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133020328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sexual Orientation and HIV Risk Behaviors in a National Sample of Injection Drug Users and Crack Smokers","authors":"S. Deren, A. Estrada, M. Stark, M. Goldstein","doi":"10.1300/J023V09N01_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V09N01_06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132110599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John E. Anderson, R. Cheney, S. Faruque, A. Long, K. Toomey, W. Wiebel
SUMMARY Objectives: To examine risk behavior and stages of behavior change for condom and needle behavior measured in surveys of drug using populations; To determine factors associated with stages of change. Data: Two rounds of baseline surveys of injecting drug users in 5 cities conducted as part of the AIDS Evaluation of Street Outreach Projects. Methods: Representative samples of injecting drug users were conducted in 5 cities. Questionnaires obtained information on risk behaviors, exposure to street outreach and stages of change for risk behaviors. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine factors associated with stage of change variables. Results: Respondents interviewed in the street-based samples in the 5 AESOP IDU sites had a very high level of risk for HIV, in terms of sexual and drug risk behavior. Stages of change for condom use was higher for non-steady partners compared to steady or main partners. Having a condom at interview was the most consistent predictor of responde...
{"title":"Stages of Change for HIV Risk Behavior: Injecting Drug Users in Five Cities","authors":"John E. Anderson, R. Cheney, S. Faruque, A. Long, K. Toomey, W. Wiebel","doi":"10.1300/J023V09N01_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V09N01_01","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Objectives: To examine risk behavior and stages of behavior change for condom and needle behavior measured in surveys of drug using populations; To determine factors associated with stages of change. Data: Two rounds of baseline surveys of injecting drug users in 5 cities conducted as part of the AIDS Evaluation of Street Outreach Projects. Methods: Representative samples of injecting drug users were conducted in 5 cities. Questionnaires obtained information on risk behaviors, exposure to street outreach and stages of change for risk behaviors. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine factors associated with stage of change variables. Results: Respondents interviewed in the street-based samples in the 5 AESOP IDU sites had a very high level of risk for HIV, in terms of sexual and drug risk behavior. Stages of change for condom use was higher for non-steady partners compared to steady or main partners. Having a condom at interview was the most consistent predictor of responde...","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128589665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Studies have attempted to identify the characteristics of substance-abusing clients that are related to premature termination from alcohol and drug treatment. Few studies, however, have looked at predictors of loss to follow-up among drug users participating in HIV/AIDS prevention projects. This paper develops and tests models of program retention employing data from approximately 250 not-in-treatment drug users enrolled in an outreach based HIV risk reduction program. Logistic regression was used to fit a model which included measures of: (1) demographic characteristics including: age and ethnicity; (2) social environmental factors including: living situation and type of network connection; (3) risk behaviors including: composite scores for drug use in the past 30 days and history of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); and (4) program factors including: outreach workers' knowledge of clients and number of intervention sessions received. Findings suggest that social environmental and program fac...
{"title":"Factors contributing to retention of not-in-treatment drug users in an HIV/AIDS outreach prevention project","authors":"J. Baldwin, A. Bowen, R. Trotter","doi":"10.1300/J023V09N01_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V09N01_02","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Studies have attempted to identify the characteristics of substance-abusing clients that are related to premature termination from alcohol and drug treatment. Few studies, however, have looked at predictors of loss to follow-up among drug users participating in HIV/AIDS prevention projects. This paper develops and tests models of program retention employing data from approximately 250 not-in-treatment drug users enrolled in an outreach based HIV risk reduction program. Logistic regression was used to fit a model which included measures of: (1) demographic characteristics including: age and ethnicity; (2) social environmental factors including: living situation and type of network connection; (3) risk behaviors including: composite scores for drug use in the past 30 days and history of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); and (4) program factors including: outreach workers' knowledge of clients and number of intervention sessions received. Findings suggest that social environmental and program fac...","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116575986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Economic evaluation has become an increasingly important component in determining the effectiveness of HIV prevention programs. One type of intervention that governmental and nongovernmental organizations have supported to prevent the spread of HIV is outreach. We conducted a cost analysis at eight sites that provide outreach services to two populations at high risk for HIV infection: injection drug users and street youth. We assessed the potential benefit of HIV prevention through outreach services by comparing outreach costs with the medical costs of treating an HIV infected individual. The average cost of outreach services was $13.30 per contact. The cost per contact for services to street youth was 78% higher than for drug users. Comparing the cost per contact with HIV treatment costs, if only two in 10,000 contacts reduce their high-risk behavior so as to avoid transmission of HIV, outreach would yield a net benefit. These results provide evidence that outreach programs compare favorably to o...
{"title":"Cost of Outreach for HIV Prevention Among Drug Users and Youth at Risk","authors":"L. W. Agüero, R. Gorsky, G. Ba","doi":"10.1300/J023V09N01_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V09N01_11","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Economic evaluation has become an increasingly important component in determining the effectiveness of HIV prevention programs. One type of intervention that governmental and nongovernmental organizations have supported to prevent the spread of HIV is outreach. We conducted a cost analysis at eight sites that provide outreach services to two populations at high risk for HIV infection: injection drug users and street youth. We assessed the potential benefit of HIV prevention through outreach services by comparing outreach costs with the medical costs of treating an HIV infected individual. The average cost of outreach services was $13.30 per contact. The cost per contact for services to street youth was 78% higher than for drug users. Comparing the cost per contact with HIV treatment costs, if only two in 10,000 contacts reduce their high-risk behavior so as to avoid transmission of HIV, outreach would yield a net benefit. These results provide evidence that outreach programs compare favorably to o...","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132828235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Although its explanatory value remains questionable, “race/ethnicity” is often offered as an explanation of enhanced risk behavior or enhanced risk of acquiring HIV. The literature is often unclear about the underlying causes of racial differences in seroincidence. By examining the role of intervening factors in the association between race and HIV risk, it was thought that the role attributed to race could be clarified. This document describes the process by which the differential factors affecting HIV risk in a population of out-of-treatment drug users were analyzed. Condom use, number of partners, number of times injecting in the previous 30 days, number of times injecting with a used needle, and number of times injecting with a used needle without cleaning were examined. Besides race, the other factors considered are demographics (gender, age, mobility, job status, education, domestic status) and sexually transmitted disease history. Data for the study were derived from the Risk Behavior Asses...
{"title":"An Analysis of Differential Factors Affecting Risk Behaviors Among Out-of-Treatment Drug Users in Four Cities","authors":"I. Montoya, A. Estrada, Adelbert Jones, R. Robles","doi":"10.1300/J023V09N01_09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V09N01_09","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Although its explanatory value remains questionable, “race/ethnicity” is often offered as an explanation of enhanced risk behavior or enhanced risk of acquiring HIV. The literature is often unclear about the underlying causes of racial differences in seroincidence. By examining the role of intervening factors in the association between race and HIV risk, it was thought that the role attributed to race could be clarified. This document describes the process by which the differential factors affecting HIV risk in a population of out-of-treatment drug users were analyzed. Condom use, number of partners, number of times injecting in the previous 30 days, number of times injecting with a used needle, and number of times injecting with a used needle without cleaning were examined. Besides race, the other factors considered are demographics (gender, age, mobility, job status, education, domestic status) and sexually transmitted disease history. Data for the study were derived from the Risk Behavior Asses...","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133109267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Mccoy, N. Weatherby, L. Metsch, H. Mccoy, J. Rivers, R. Correa
SUMMARY This study is one of the first to concentrate upon chronic crack users in determining the effectiveness of HIV interventions in changing risk behaviors. A population of 185 crack users were randomized into two arms of an experimental design. One received a standard intervention, designed by the National Institute of Drug Abuse and a committee of grantees, and the other arm received a locally designed innovative intervention. Equivalent characteristics in both groups confirmed the effectiveness of randomization. Base line and follow-up measures are compared for both groups indicating significant behavioral changes for each of the two groups. Also, significant differences are noted between the standard and innovative interventions for a specific subgroup. The statistical tests of group differences employing composite variables included a multiplicative interaction term in the regression model. This study suggests the increasing need to develop, implement and evaluate intervention models targeted to ...
{"title":"Effectiveness of HIV Interventions Among Crack Users","authors":"C. Mccoy, N. Weatherby, L. Metsch, H. Mccoy, J. Rivers, R. Correa","doi":"10.1300/J023V09N01_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V09N01_08","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This study is one of the first to concentrate upon chronic crack users in determining the effectiveness of HIV interventions in changing risk behaviors. A population of 185 crack users were randomized into two arms of an experimental design. One received a standard intervention, designed by the National Institute of Drug Abuse and a committee of grantees, and the other arm received a locally designed innovative intervention. Equivalent characteristics in both groups confirmed the effectiveness of randomization. Base line and follow-up measures are compared for both groups indicating significant behavioral changes for each of the two groups. Also, significant differences are noted between the standard and innovative interventions for a specific subgroup. The statistical tests of group differences employing composite variables included a multiplicative interaction term in the regression model. This study suggests the increasing need to develop, implement and evaluate intervention models targeted to ...","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127230734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：