S. Sussman, C. Dent, Thomas R. Simon, A. Stacy, E. Galaif, M. Moss, S. Craig, C. Johnson
SUMMARY This study examines the immediate impact of nine social influence-oriented activities on drug related knowledge and beliefs for students at six traditional and six continuation high schools from the same southern California school districts. The relative effectiveness of two program delivery methods (active versus passive) also was examined. Continuation high school students reported much higher levels of overall drug use. Across school type, the activities showed the most impact on knowledge change. The activities exerted a relatively greater impact on traditional high school students and when the active delivery mode was used. Potential limitations of the effectiveness of social influences-oriented substance abuse prevention programming with continuation high school youth are discussed.
{"title":"Immediate Impact of Social Influence-Oriented Substance Abuse Prevention Curricula in Traditional and Continuation High Schools","authors":"S. Sussman, C. Dent, Thomas R. Simon, A. Stacy, E. Galaif, M. Moss, S. Craig, C. Johnson","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N03_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N03_06","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This study examines the immediate impact of nine social influence-oriented activities on drug related knowledge and beliefs for students at six traditional and six continuation high schools from the same southern California school districts. The relative effectiveness of two program delivery methods (active versus passive) also was examined. Continuation high school students reported much higher levels of overall drug use. Across school type, the activities showed the most impact on knowledge change. The activities exerted a relatively greater impact on traditional high school students and when the active delivery mode was used. Potential limitations of the effectiveness of social influences-oriented substance abuse prevention programming with continuation high school youth are discussed.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124501042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Although prevention programs play a significant role in combating drug-taking behavior, they can become more effective if they reflect the attitudes, beliefs and social and cultural experiences of the population they intended to reach. This paper reviews the relationship between prevention program effectiveness and culturally relevant strategies. It provides an outline of procedures that can be followed to develop culturally relevant programs and discusses implementation strategies.
{"title":"Prevention and Culture: A Theoretical Perspective","authors":"B. Segal","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N03_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N03_12","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Although prevention programs play a significant role in combating drug-taking behavior, they can become more effective if they reflect the attitudes, beliefs and social and cultural experiences of the population they intended to reach. This paper reviews the relationship between prevention program effectiveness and culturally relevant strategies. It provides an outline of procedures that can be followed to develop culturally relevant programs and discusses implementation strategies.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130164703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philip C. Palmgreen, E. Lorch, L. Donohew, N. Harrington, M. D'Silva, David Helm
SUMMARY Sensation seeking, which research indicates is a biologically-based personality variable, is strongly related to both drug use and preferences for highly novel, arousing, and/or unconventional messages and TV programs. This connection was the basis of a targeting strategy in a five-month televised anti-drug PSA campaign in a medium-sized market aimed at high sensation seeking young adults. Data from several sources demonstrate that the campaign, involving messages designed for and placed in programming popular with high sensation seekers, was successful in reaching target audience members with prevention messages and motivating them to call a hotline featuring alternatives to drug abuse.
{"title":"Reaching At-Risk Populations in a Mass Media Drug Abuse Prevention Campaign: Sensation Seeking as a Targeting Variable","authors":"Philip C. Palmgreen, E. Lorch, L. Donohew, N. Harrington, M. D'Silva, David Helm","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N03_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N03_04","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Sensation seeking, which research indicates is a biologically-based personality variable, is strongly related to both drug use and preferences for highly novel, arousing, and/or unconventional messages and TV programs. This connection was the basis of a targeting strategy in a five-month televised anti-drug PSA campaign in a medium-sized market aimed at high sensation seeking young adults. Data from several sources demonstrate that the campaign, involving messages designed for and placed in programming popular with high sensation seekers, was successful in reaching target audience members with prevention messages and motivating them to call a hotline featuring alternatives to drug abuse.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125448534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Berkowitz, A. Begun, Allen Zweben Dsw, James K. Giese Ms, G. Mulry, Cherie Horan MEd, Tracey Wheeler Msw, Jeanette Gimenez Ma, Jeanne Piette Ma
SUMMARY A phenomenological cognitive model of how adolescents think about the socio-moral aspects of substance use is presented. It is argued that the ways in which adolescents make meaning of substance use has been neglected. A four-construct assessment battery is described, including measures of moral judgment stage, social knowledge domain categorization of substance use behaviors, ethical relativism, and interpersonal problem-solving. The methods employed include oral interviews, card sorts, objective questionnaires, and videotaped family conflict resolutions. A second example of the phenomenological approach presented is the study of adolescent risk-taking, derived from a theoretical model posited by Levitt, Selman and Richmond (1991). It is operationalized, assessed, and measured with objective questionnaires, oral interview questions, and videotaped family interactions. This approach offers new insight into the more traditional means of understanding adolescent substance use and a potential source ...
{"title":"Assessing How Adolescents Think About the Morality of Substance Use","authors":"M. Berkowitz, A. Begun, Allen Zweben Dsw, James K. Giese Ms, G. Mulry, Cherie Horan MEd, Tracey Wheeler Msw, Jeanette Gimenez Ma, Jeanne Piette Ma","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N03_09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N03_09","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY A phenomenological cognitive model of how adolescents think about the socio-moral aspects of substance use is presented. It is argued that the ways in which adolescents make meaning of substance use has been neglected. A four-construct assessment battery is described, including measures of moral judgment stage, social knowledge domain categorization of substance use behaviors, ethical relativism, and interpersonal problem-solving. The methods employed include oral interviews, card sorts, objective questionnaires, and videotaped family conflict resolutions. A second example of the phenomenological approach presented is the study of adolescent risk-taking, derived from a theoretical model posited by Levitt, Selman and Richmond (1991). It is operationalized, assessed, and measured with objective questionnaires, oral interview questions, and videotaped family interactions. This approach offers new insight into the more traditional means of understanding adolescent substance use and a potential source ...","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121383086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY This paper describes a prediction approach called Squashing Theory. Squashing Theory, as used in this example to predict drug behavior, incorporates biological, psychological and sociological measures. The Artificial Feed Forward Neural Network -a recently developed computer architecture inspired by the brain's structure (Dayhoff, 1990)-is the framework for Squashing Theory. The Network was computer programmed by the Semeion Research Center in Rome, Italy. The model was able to predict drug behavior at the 92% level on prototypical cases and at the 80% level on uncertain cases based on self reported drug use from two norming samples on the prediction sample.
{"title":"Squashing Theory: A Prediction Approach for Drug Behavior","authors":"M. Buscema","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N03_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N03_08","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This paper describes a prediction approach called Squashing Theory. Squashing Theory, as used in this example to predict drug behavior, incorporates biological, psychological and sociological measures. The Artificial Feed Forward Neural Network -a recently developed computer architecture inspired by the brain's structure (Dayhoff, 1990)-is the framework for Squashing Theory. The Network was computer programmed by the Semeion Research Center in Rome, Italy. The model was able to predict drug behavior at the 92% level on prototypical cases and at the 80% level on uncertain cases based on self reported drug use from two norming samples on the prediction sample.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121892034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of the three main paradigms that guide prevention research: organicism, mechanism, and contextualism. Organicism has prompted us to identify typical developmental sequences and to organize our prevention efforts to reduce the risk factors that contribute to problematic development. Mechanism has encouraged us to search for generalizable models of the interrelationships among behavioral variables and randomized control trials of prevention programs. Contextualism has given us a framework for working with the individual case. When contextualism is focused on the goal of prediction and influence of the phenomenon under study, it is particularly likely to identify interventions that can be used to prevent problems of concern to communities and other social units.
{"title":"Choosing a Paradigm to Guide Prevention Research and Practice","authors":"A. Biglan","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N03_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N03_13","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of the three main paradigms that guide prevention research: organicism, mechanism, and contextualism. Organicism has prompted us to identify typical developmental sequences and to organize our prevention efforts to reduce the risk factors that contribute to problematic development. Mechanism has encouraged us to search for generalizable models of the interrelationships among behavioral variables and randomized control trials of prevention programs. Contextualism has given us a framework for working with the individual case. When contextualism is focused on the goal of prediction and influence of the phenomenon under study, it is particularly likely to identify interventions that can be used to prevent problems of concern to communities and other social units.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133482248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Designed to test the effectiveness of a substance abuse prevention curriculum, this study involved third to sixth-grade students in 11 suburban midwestern elementary schools (N = 2,475). An experimental group received a curriculum that teaches personal, social, decision-making, assertiveness, and environmental skills. Introduced by a robot during an interactive assembly, the curriculum was subsequently emphasized for eight weeks in the classroom. Students in the experimental group and those in a control group were pretested and then posttested twice, immediately after the intervention and six months later. Results of repeated measures analysis provide evidence of the efficacy of this type of prevention strategy with suburban youth. Subjects who received intervention showed less actual and potential substance use than students in the control group over time. Intervention group subjects also reported greater self-respect, responsibility and environmental awareness.
{"title":"Substance Abuse Prevention Among Elementary School Students","authors":"S. Schinke, Lela Tepavac","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N03_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N03_03","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Designed to test the effectiveness of a substance abuse prevention curriculum, this study involved third to sixth-grade students in 11 suburban midwestern elementary schools (N = 2,475). An experimental group received a curriculum that teaches personal, social, decision-making, assertiveness, and environmental skills. Introduced by a robot during an interactive assembly, the curriculum was subsequently emphasized for eight weeks in the classroom. Students in the experimental group and those in a control group were pretested and then posttested twice, immediately after the intervention and six months later. Results of repeated measures analysis provide evidence of the efficacy of this type of prevention strategy with suburban youth. Subjects who received intervention showed less actual and potential substance use than students in the control group over time. Intervention group subjects also reported greater self-respect, responsibility and environmental awareness.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127014243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research to Practice: An Introduction","authors":"Elaine M. Johnson","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N03_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N03_01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123016557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Parents' and children's reports of child and parent alcohol use and parental attitudes/practices were compared. Although the correlations between child/parent and mother/father reports of child alcohol use were significant, they were not high. Parents and children were similar with respect to their reports of overall mean levels of child alcohol use. There were higher correlations between parents' and children's reports of the parents' alcohol use. Comparison of the means of reported parental alcohol use by children and parents showed that children tended to underestimate the alcohol use of both parents.
{"title":"Parents' and Children's Reports of Parenting Practices and Parent and Child Alcohol Use","authors":"T. Dielman, S. L. L. Mph, C. Loveland-Cherry","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N03_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N03_07","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Parents' and children's reports of child and parent alcohol use and parental attitudes/practices were compared. Although the correlations between child/parent and mother/father reports of child alcohol use were significant, they were not high. Parents and children were similar with respect to their reports of overall mean levels of child alcohol use. There were higher correlations between parents' and children's reports of the parents' alcohol use. Comparison of the means of reported parental alcohol use by children and parents showed that children tended to underestimate the alcohol use of both parents.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134123469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Anonymous surveys of alcohol use and associated socialization characteristics of family caring, family sanctions against alcohol use, school adjustment, and peer alcohol associations were administered to Hungarian 8th- and 11th-grade adolescents. Results indicated higher levels of alcohol involvement among older students compared to younger students, and higher levels for males compared to females. However, the frequency of alcohol use among females was equal to or higher than that of males. Path models of alcohol involvement and socialization characteristics were constructed to examine a previously tested model based on peer cluster theory. Models were tested by gender and grade level. Peer alcohol associations was a direct predictor of alcohol involvement among all four models. Family influences or family sanctions against alcohol use and family caring provided both direct and indirect effects on alcohol involvement. School adjustment failed to relate to either peer alcohol associations or alcoh...
{"title":"Alcohol Use and Socialization Characteristics Among Hungarian Adolescents: Path Models","authors":"R. Swaim, Ju Ms., E. Oetting","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N03_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N03_05","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Anonymous surveys of alcohol use and associated socialization characteristics of family caring, family sanctions against alcohol use, school adjustment, and peer alcohol associations were administered to Hungarian 8th- and 11th-grade adolescents. Results indicated higher levels of alcohol involvement among older students compared to younger students, and higher levels for males compared to females. However, the frequency of alcohol use among females was equal to or higher than that of males. Path models of alcohol involvement and socialization characteristics were constructed to examine a previously tested model based on peer cluster theory. Models were tested by gender and grade level. Peer alcohol associations was a direct predictor of alcohol involvement among all four models. Family influences or family sanctions against alcohol use and family caring provided both direct and indirect effects on alcohol involvement. School adjustment failed to relate to either peer alcohol associations or alcoh...","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122013071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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