Pub Date : 2021-02-04DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1871856
A. Ahsan
Abstract When the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor began in 2015, many Pakistanis remain concerned about a possible Chinese overreach in the country’s economic and political spheres. In this paper, I suggest that China can placate these critics by utilizing soft power through football. Under Xi Jinping, China has encouraged and supported significant investments in the sport at home and abroad, especially in Europe. While Pakistan is a minnow in world football, the sport is extremely popular among many working-class groups in different regions of the country like Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. These regions, despite their contentious socio-political environments, are crucial for the success of CPEC’s myriad development projects. Using publicly available information, I explore recent Chinese movements in world football, building a theoretical case for why involvement in Pakistani football can bring benefits of goodwill towards harmonizing CPEC’s acceptance, diversifying Sino-Pak ties, building soft image for China through sports in Pakistani society, and facilitating service-oriented local empowerment through the Beautiful Game.
{"title":"Just for Kicks: Football as a Potential Harmoniser in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor","authors":"A. Ahsan","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1871856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871856","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract When the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor began in 2015, many Pakistanis remain concerned about a possible Chinese overreach in the country’s economic and political spheres. In this paper, I suggest that China can placate these critics by utilizing soft power through football. Under Xi Jinping, China has encouraged and supported significant investments in the sport at home and abroad, especially in Europe. While Pakistan is a minnow in world football, the sport is extremely popular among many working-class groups in different regions of the country like Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. These regions, despite their contentious socio-political environments, are crucial for the success of CPEC’s myriad development projects. Using publicly available information, I explore recent Chinese movements in world football, building a theoretical case for why involvement in Pakistani football can bring benefits of goodwill towards harmonizing CPEC’s acceptance, diversifying Sino-Pak ties, building soft image for China through sports in Pakistani society, and facilitating service-oriented local empowerment through the Beautiful Game.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"7 1","pages":"372 - 390"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871856","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43180427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-02DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1871803
Kate Mori, Haydn Morgan, A. Parker, C. Mackintosh
Abstract In recent years, austerity measures in the UK have placed increasing emphasis on third sector organisations to address gaps in Central Government provision. Reflecting upon community sport services during this period, this paper presents the findings of a qualitative study of the everyday working practices of a group of community sport development workers (CSDWs) in the South of England, outlining how they adopted innovative and entrepreneurial practices as a response to fiscal constraint. We argue that, amidst an intensification of neoliberalism and new public management, the UK community sport development sector has become increasingly fragmented which, in turn, has presented a series of challenges that militate against the (re)establishment of community-based ideals. The paper concludes that there is potential to apply these findings globally to nations where austerity policies have been the primary response to the financial crisis and/or where a similar approach to community sport development exists.
{"title":"Examining the Impact of Austerity on Community Sport Development Workers and Their Professional Environment","authors":"Kate Mori, Haydn Morgan, A. Parker, C. Mackintosh","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1871803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871803","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, austerity measures in the UK have placed increasing emphasis on third sector organisations to address gaps in Central Government provision. Reflecting upon community sport services during this period, this paper presents the findings of a qualitative study of the everyday working practices of a group of community sport development workers (CSDWs) in the South of England, outlining how they adopted innovative and entrepreneurial practices as a response to fiscal constraint. We argue that, amidst an intensification of neoliberalism and new public management, the UK community sport development sector has become increasingly fragmented which, in turn, has presented a series of challenges that militate against the (re)establishment of community-based ideals. The paper concludes that there is potential to apply these findings globally to nations where austerity policies have been the primary response to the financial crisis and/or where a similar approach to community sport development exists.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"557 - 572"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871803","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45640460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-07DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2020.1846908
Charles W. Jones, K. Byon, Antonio S. Williams, P. Pedersen
Abstract The purpose of this study was to propose and empirically test a sport spectator behavioral model. The model presented here is a micro-level perspective of value creation in the context of live sporting events. This study used directional hypotheses to compare the influence of different value dimensions on specific customer behaviors in the setting of North American professional sport. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine path coefficients for the hypothesized relationships in the model. Organization-related value propositions were found to be stronger predictors of perceived economic, hedonic, and social value. One exception to this was customer density, which negatively impacted certain value perceptions. The hedonic value was found to have the strongest influence on customer in-role and extra-role behavior. The behavioral model tested here can be used in future studies to examine how sport organizations and their customers can create value in the live event setting and how the roles performed by each stakeholder influence future behavior. Findings suggest there are several actions marketers and managers can take to increase customer perceived value and prompt spectators to attend future events or act as advocates for the organization.
{"title":"Live Events and the Sport Customer: A Sport Spectator Quality-Value-Behavior Model","authors":"Charles W. Jones, K. Byon, Antonio S. Williams, P. Pedersen","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2020.1846908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2020.1846908","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to propose and empirically test a sport spectator behavioral model. The model presented here is a micro-level perspective of value creation in the context of live sporting events. This study used directional hypotheses to compare the influence of different value dimensions on specific customer behaviors in the setting of North American professional sport. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine path coefficients for the hypothesized relationships in the model. Organization-related value propositions were found to be stronger predictors of perceived economic, hedonic, and social value. One exception to this was customer density, which negatively impacted certain value perceptions. The hedonic value was found to have the strongest influence on customer in-role and extra-role behavior. The behavioral model tested here can be used in future studies to examine how sport organizations and their customers can create value in the live event setting and how the roles performed by each stakeholder influence future behavior. Findings suggest there are several actions marketers and managers can take to increase customer perceived value and prompt spectators to attend future events or act as advocates for the organization.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"340 - 360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2020.1846908","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45527411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-02DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2020.1846907
A. Naweed, Sidney V. Irwin, M. Lastella
Abstract Much like traditional sports, esports are susceptible to unsportsmanlike behavior. The first-person shooter (FPS) genre of esports offers proxy views of the world which may promote vicarious gaming with unsportsmanlike conduct impacting spectator experiences. Determining the acceptability of different kinds of player conduct within esports, as well as discerning player actions which violate local norms, may serve to enhance our understanding of sportsmanship in esports. Using a multimethod research design in the context of Counter Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO) esports, this study aimed to develop a taxonomic classification of (un)sportsmanlike player conduct in the FPS genre, recognizing its various forms. Through analysis of data from structured observations of gameplay, spectator reactions, and semi-structured interviews with players, a generic nodal hierarchical classification with broad application to the FPS genre was refined into a multi-level taxonomy of all forms of sportsmanship in CS:GO. The results highlighted a degree of complexity in the interpretation of sportsmanship in local esport gaming contexts that set it far enough apart from traditional sports to potentially paint a specific picture of ‘esportsmanship.’ The classification is envisaged to enhance our understanding of the sportsmanship in the FPS genre of esports, and guide the thinking of researchers, designers, and testers. FPS电子竞技类型中的多种(非)体育道德行为: ‘体育精神’分类
{"title":"Varieties of (Un)sportsmanlike Conduct in the FPS Esports Genre: A Taxonomic Classification of ‘Esportsmanship’","authors":"A. Naweed, Sidney V. Irwin, M. Lastella","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2020.1846907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2020.1846907","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Much like traditional sports, esports are susceptible to unsportsmanlike behavior. The first-person shooter (FPS) genre of esports offers proxy views of the world which may promote vicarious gaming with unsportsmanlike conduct impacting spectator experiences. Determining the acceptability of different kinds of player conduct within esports, as well as discerning player actions which violate local norms, may serve to enhance our understanding of sportsmanship in esports. Using a multimethod research design in the context of Counter Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO) esports, this study aimed to develop a taxonomic classification of (un)sportsmanlike player conduct in the FPS genre, recognizing its various forms. Through analysis of data from structured observations of gameplay, spectator reactions, and semi-structured interviews with players, a generic nodal hierarchical classification with broad application to the FPS genre was refined into a multi-level taxonomy of all forms of sportsmanship in CS:GO. The results highlighted a degree of complexity in the interpretation of sportsmanship in local esport gaming contexts that set it far enough apart from traditional sports to potentially paint a specific picture of ‘esportsmanship.’ The classification is envisaged to enhance our understanding of the sportsmanship in the FPS genre of esports, and guide the thinking of researchers, designers, and testers. FPS电子竞技类型中的多种(非)体育道德行为: ‘体育精神’分类","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"503 - 523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2020.1846907","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48776748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2020.1846910
R. Giulianotti, H. Collison, H. Hognestad
Abstract This paper introduces the journal special issue, which is devoted to managerial and organizational issues in the global field of “Sport for Development and Peace” (SDP). SDP encompasses the large and rapidly growing global domain in which sports, games and physical activities are used to pursue diverse non-sporting social goals. There are now many hundreds of organizations which operate across the SDP sector, including diverse non-governmental organizations, sport clubs and federations, governmental organizations and agencies, and private businesses and donors. This introductory chapter is organized into three main parts. We begin by setting out the defining features and main aspects of SDP. Then we turn to discuss key managerial levels and issues for SDP organizations, noting the importance of social capital and sustainability. Finally, we introduce the five papers that comprise the journal special issue.
{"title":"Managing Sport for Development and Peace: An Introduction","authors":"R. Giulianotti, H. Collison, H. Hognestad","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2020.1846910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2020.1846910","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper introduces the journal special issue, which is devoted to managerial and organizational issues in the global field of “Sport for Development and Peace” (SDP). SDP encompasses the large and rapidly growing global domain in which sports, games and physical activities are used to pursue diverse non-sporting social goals. There are now many hundreds of organizations which operate across the SDP sector, including diverse non-governmental organizations, sport clubs and federations, governmental organizations and agencies, and private businesses and donors. This introductory chapter is organized into three main parts. We begin by setting out the defining features and main aspects of SDP. Then we turn to discuss key managerial levels and issues for SDP organizations, noting the importance of social capital and sustainability. Finally, we introduce the five papers that comprise the journal special issue.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"7 1","pages":"243 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2020.1846910","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47289833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-19DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2020.1846906
Marcel Huettermann, Galen T. Trail, Anthony D. Pizzo, V. Stallone
Abstract Traditional sport organizations and their sponsors are beginning to embrace esports, but the effectiveness of non-endemic sponsorships in esports remains uncertain. Esports consumers are notoriously hostile to organizations they perceive as seeking to exploit them – including the growing ranks of non-endemics seeking to capitalize on the youth- and tech-centric esports industry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate esports consumers’ perceptions of non-endemic sponsorships. We adapt a well established sport sponsorship model to the context of esports to test key relationships’ salience to sponsors. We demonstrate that non-endemic sponsors can benefit from esports team sponsorship through enhanced attitudes, perceived goodwill, and product purchase intentions. Moreover, we find that there is only a small effect of esports brand attitude on attitude toward the sponsor, yet a larger effect on perceived goodwill and product purchase intentions. This suggests that firms with limited marketing budgets can benefit from increased goodwill and purchase intentions by sponsoring emerging esports teams who provide low-cost sponsorship opportunities.
{"title":"Esports Sponsorship: An Empirical Examination of Esports Consumers’ Perceptions of Non-Endemic Sponsors","authors":"Marcel Huettermann, Galen T. Trail, Anthony D. Pizzo, V. Stallone","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2020.1846906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2020.1846906","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Traditional sport organizations and their sponsors are beginning to embrace esports, but the effectiveness of non-endemic sponsorships in esports remains uncertain. Esports consumers are notoriously hostile to organizations they perceive as seeking to exploit them – including the growing ranks of non-endemics seeking to capitalize on the youth- and tech-centric esports industry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate esports consumers’ perceptions of non-endemic sponsorships. We adapt a well established sport sponsorship model to the context of esports to test key relationships’ salience to sponsors. We demonstrate that non-endemic sponsors can benefit from esports team sponsorship through enhanced attitudes, perceived goodwill, and product purchase intentions. Moreover, we find that there is only a small effect of esports brand attitude on attitude toward the sponsor, yet a larger effect on perceived goodwill and product purchase intentions. This suggests that firms with limited marketing budgets can benefit from increased goodwill and purchase intentions by sponsoring emerging esports teams who provide low-cost sponsorship opportunities.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"524 - 549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2020.1846906","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46094550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2018.1537680
Wojciech Kulczycki, Benjamin Pfister, Joerg Koenigstorfer
Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of partnership for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the context of the sponsorship of the 2014 men’s FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) World Cup on host city residents’ evaluations of sponsors. One hundred sixty Rio de Janeiro residents participated in the experiment. The results showed that partnerships with FIFA or the Brazilian government, which are both accused of mismanagement and corruption, worsened attitudes toward the sponsor compared to a CSR engagement without a partnership. Thus, adverse effects when partnering for CSR were found. Furthermore, the linkage to FIFA made the sponsor more dependent on the host city residents’ overall evaluation of the sports federation. The dependency on FIFA can be good or bad for sponsor brands: attitude to the sponsor and, hence, behavioral intentions to engage with the sponsor increase (decrease) with better (worse) attitude toward the sports federation.
{"title":"Adverse Effects When Partnering for Corporate Social Responsibility in the Context of FIFA World Cup Sponsorship","authors":"Wojciech Kulczycki, Benjamin Pfister, Joerg Koenigstorfer","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2018.1537680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2018.1537680","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of partnership for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the context of the sponsorship of the 2014 men’s FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) World Cup on host city residents’ evaluations of sponsors. One hundred sixty Rio de Janeiro residents participated in the experiment. The results showed that partnerships with FIFA or the Brazilian government, which are both accused of mismanagement and corruption, worsened attitudes toward the sponsor compared to a CSR engagement without a partnership. Thus, adverse effects when partnering for CSR were found. Furthermore, the linkage to FIFA made the sponsor more dependent on the host city residents’ overall evaluation of the sports federation. The dependency on FIFA can be good or bad for sponsor brands: attitude to the sponsor and, hence, behavioral intentions to engage with the sponsor increase (decrease) with better (worse) attitude toward the sports federation.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"5 1","pages":"367 - 386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2018.1537680","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48710286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-29DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2020.1819652
Heidi Grappendorf, Jason M. Simmons, M. Hancock
Abstract Within the sport management literature, fan-family conflict is defined as the extent of the role of being a sport fan interferes with one’s family role demands. This paper is specifically focused on exploring the dynamics and gender role expectations of highly identified sport fans and their family role. To better understand family dynamics and gender role expectations in navigating fan-family conflict, this study used qualitative approach. Interviews were completed with 21 participants, including 11 men and 10 women ranging in age from 25 to over 65. Data were coded and the content of the responses analyzed for themes, which were then coded into category headings. Results suggested a reliance on traditional gender roles that resulted in both time and strain-based conflict.
{"title":"‘I Will Go to the Game, While You Stay Home with the Kids': Gender Role Expectations and Sport Fan-Family Conflict","authors":"Heidi Grappendorf, Jason M. Simmons, M. Hancock","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2020.1819652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2020.1819652","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Within the sport management literature, fan-family conflict is defined as the extent of the role of being a sport fan interferes with one’s family role demands. This paper is specifically focused on exploring the dynamics and gender role expectations of highly identified sport fans and their family role. To better understand family dynamics and gender role expectations in navigating fan-family conflict, this study used qualitative approach. Interviews were completed with 21 participants, including 11 men and 10 women ranging in age from 25 to over 65. Data were coded and the content of the responses analyzed for themes, which were then coded into category headings. Results suggested a reliance on traditional gender roles that resulted in both time and strain-based conflict.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"322 - 339"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2020.1819652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47182409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-25DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2020.1819616
H. Meier, M. Jetzke, Cosima von Uechtritz
Abstract This study contributes to our understanding of competitive dynamics in international sports by investigating national participation in athletics. Recent scholarship has suggested that national elite sport policies follow strategic rationales when dedicating scarce resources to participation in international sport. Therefore, the study builds on the structure-conduct-performance paradigm of industrial organization and assumes that countries’ participation in international sport responds to competitive opportunities. Contrary to our expectations, countries seem to be attracted to highly concentrated and densely populated disciplines in which success prospects might be rather low. Thus, participation in international sport does not follow strategic considerations about competitive opportunities as suggested by the structure-conduct-performance-paradigm. Rather, national elite sport policies seem to resemble to some extent imitative behavior. Thus, the findings indicate the need to complement the ‘outside-in’ perspective of the structure-conduct-performance paradigm of industrial organization with an ‘inside-out’ perspective in the tradition of the resource based view. What we need is a more thorough investigation of how national elite sport systems and their distinctive capabilities evolve.
{"title":"Competitive Intensity and National Participation in Elite Sports: Understanding Competitive Dynamics in International Athletics","authors":"H. Meier, M. Jetzke, Cosima von Uechtritz","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2020.1819616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2020.1819616","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study contributes to our understanding of competitive dynamics in international sports by investigating national participation in athletics. Recent scholarship has suggested that national elite sport policies follow strategic rationales when dedicating scarce resources to participation in international sport. Therefore, the study builds on the structure-conduct-performance paradigm of industrial organization and assumes that countries’ participation in international sport responds to competitive opportunities. Contrary to our expectations, countries seem to be attracted to highly concentrated and densely populated disciplines in which success prospects might be rather low. Thus, participation in international sport does not follow strategic considerations about competitive opportunities as suggested by the structure-conduct-performance-paradigm. Rather, national elite sport policies seem to resemble to some extent imitative behavior. Thus, the findings indicate the need to complement the ‘outside-in’ perspective of the structure-conduct-performance paradigm of industrial organization with an ‘inside-out’ perspective in the tradition of the resource based view. What we need is a more thorough investigation of how national elite sport systems and their distinctive capabilities evolve.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"226 - 251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2020.1819616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47229489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-25DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2020.1819619
Dylan Williams, Mark A. Slavich
Abstract In 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) was signed into law. Considered the largest tax overhaul in three decades, TCJA reduced federal individual and corporate income tax rates and doubled the standard deduction for all individual tax returns. However, the new law also removed items that traditionally helped professional athletes subject to nonresidential income taxes or ‘jock’ tax. In particular, professional athletes playing in states and local municipalities that implement jock taxes saw their federal taxes increase due to TCJA limiting their ability to claim nonresidential state and local taxes (SALT) or unreimbursed businesses expenses as itemized deductions in order to reduce their federal taxable income. As such, individuals paying jock taxes will have higher federal tax bills until TCJA expiration in 2025. The purpose of this project is to explore the overall impact TCJA has on professional athletes and how one can mitigate its issues.
{"title":"Make Athletes Pay More Again: An Analysis of Jock Tax Issues following the 2017 U.S. Tax Reform","authors":"Dylan Williams, Mark A. Slavich","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2020.1819619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2020.1819619","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) was signed into law. Considered the largest tax overhaul in three decades, TCJA reduced federal individual and corporate income tax rates and doubled the standard deduction for all individual tax returns. However, the new law also removed items that traditionally helped professional athletes subject to nonresidential income taxes or ‘jock’ tax. In particular, professional athletes playing in states and local municipalities that implement jock taxes saw their federal taxes increase due to TCJA limiting their ability to claim nonresidential state and local taxes (SALT) or unreimbursed businesses expenses as itemized deductions in order to reduce their federal taxable income. As such, individuals paying jock taxes will have higher federal tax bills until TCJA expiration in 2025. The purpose of this project is to explore the overall impact TCJA has on professional athletes and how one can mitigate its issues.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"302 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2020.1819619","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46643326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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