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Combining SWOT with AHP for Analyzing the Adoption of a Circular Economy in the Apparel Industry in Brazil 结合SWOT和AHP分析巴西服装行业采用循环经济
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8050073
Rimena Canuto Oliveira, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, Solimar Garcia
The Brazilian fashion industry is the country’s second-largest generator of direct and indirect jobs. Despite Brazilian design being a world reference mainly for prints and summer-related collections, it is also the second most polluting industry in the country. We investigated the factors that impact adopting a circular economy in the textile industry using an association of a SWOT analysis and the AHP approach. We analyzed the adoption of a circular economy in the apparel industry. The opportunities, strengths, weaknesses, and threats were associated using the evaluators’ comparison of the selected SWOT items related to the application of a circular economy in the conventional apparel industry were used as criteria for the AHP approach. The case study used managers from two intimate apparel industries in northeastern Brazil and four academics in Production Engineering. By applying the concepts to the case study, we found that expanding products, upcycling, and increasing sustainability were the three vital criteria for reaching a circular economy in the studied apparel industry.
巴西时装业是该国第二大直接和间接就业机会的创造者。尽管巴西的设计主要是印刷品和夏季相关系列的世界参考,但它也是该国第二大污染行业。我们使用SWOT分析和AHP方法的关联调查了影响纺织行业采用循环经济的因素。我们分析了服装行业采用循环经济的情况。机会,优势,劣势和威胁是使用评估者的比较所选择的SWOT项目相关的循环经济在传统服装行业的应用被用作AHP方法的标准。案例研究使用了巴西东北部两个贴身服装行业的管理人员和四位生产工程专业的学者。通过将这些概念应用于案例研究,我们发现扩大产品、升级回收和提高可持续性是在所研究的服装行业实现循环经济的三个重要标准。
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引用次数: 0
An Experimental Approach to Determining the Average Diffusion Coefficient of Volatile Components in Polymer Waste Materials 测定高分子废弃物中挥发性组分平均扩散系数的实验方法
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8050072
Chi Nghia Chung, Christian Marschik, Jakub Klimosek, Juraj Kosek, Mohamad Hassan Akhras, Georg Steinbichler
One of the major challenges in recycling plastics is the removal of undesired volatile components from the polymeric phase, which may reduce process efficiency and negatively affect product quality. Accordingly, the recycling industry employs a broad range of degassing techniques, the efficiency of which often depends on the diffusion coefficient—a measure of the mass transport of volatile components in polymeric phases. The aim of this study was to develop a practically feasible experimental approach using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the average diffusion coefficient of volatile components in polymer waste materials. First, the TGA method was validated with a pressure decay apparatus (PDA) using predefined binary material mixtures: Thin sheets were pressed from virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) and deliberately saturated with toluene in a sorption experiment. These saturated samples were then used in TGA and PDA desorption experiments at 60 °C, 80 °C and 100 °C, which yielded similar results with an average difference of 7.4% for the HDPE-toluene system and 14.7% for the PP-toluene system. When validated, TGA was employed to determine the diffusion coefficient of volatile components in post-industrial plastic waste melt at a temperature of 220 °C. The proposed method contributes to the understanding of diffusion-based mass transport in polymer waste materials and provides a key parameter for model-based process control and optimization. In practice, the diffusion coefficient results can be used to predict the degassing performance of an extrusion process in the mechanical recycling of plastic waste.
回收塑料的主要挑战之一是从聚合物相中去除不需要的挥发性成分,这可能会降低工艺效率并对产品质量产生负面影响。因此,回收工业采用了广泛的脱气技术,其效率往往取决于扩散系数——一种衡量聚合物相中挥发性组分的质量传输的指标。本研究的目的是开发一种实际可行的实验方法,利用热重分析(TGA)来确定聚合物废料中挥发性组分的平均扩散系数。首先,用压力衰减仪(PDA)验证TGA方法,使用预定义的二元材料混合物:从高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和聚丙烯(PP)中压制薄片,并在吸附实验中故意用甲苯饱和。将饱和后的样品分别在60℃、80℃和100℃下进行TGA和PDA解吸实验,结果相似,hdpe -甲苯体系的平均差异为7.4%,pp -甲苯体系的平均差异为14.7%。验证后,采用热重分析仪测定了工业后塑料废液中挥发性组分在220℃下的扩散系数。该方法有助于理解聚合物废弃物中基于扩散的质量传递,并为基于模型的过程控制和优化提供关键参数。在实际应用中,扩散系数结果可用于预测塑料垃圾机械回收中挤出工艺的脱气性能。
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引用次数: 0
The Challenge of Plastic Management for Waste Electrical and Electric Equipment Recycling in the Global South: A Case Comparison between Europe and Latin America 全球南方国家废旧电器和电气设备回收的塑料管理挑战:欧洲和拉丁美洲的案例比较
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8050071
Cecilia Chaine, Andrew S. Hursthouse, Iain McLellan, Evi Viza, Jan Miller
Countries with emerging legislation on the waste electrical and electric equipment (WEEE), but limited infrastructure, may find in other, more robust, systems the tools to develop adaptable and socioeconomically viable management schemes. Additives found in the plastics in electronic goods, such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are components of a safety system, but introduce characteristics that result in their waste being hazardous. Established and emerging regulatory systems need to implement legislation that impacts the management of WEEE, to reduce risks to human health and the environment, while maximising opportunities for resource recovery from widely varying materials. To assess the context of developed and emerging regulatory systems, a baseline study was undertaken of WEEE plastics in Scotland and Uruguay. For the identification of BFRs in plastics, an internationally validated screening methodology using X-ray fluorescence was adopted at different processing operations. It was observed that, using a threshold of 830 mg/kg for Br as a BFR tracer, in Scotland, more than 70% of the plastics would be recyclable, while, in Uruguay, that fraction dropped to 50%. These results, and the wider literature discussion, highlight the impact that regulatory frameworks have on the quality and recyclability of recovered material. We identify future actions to be considered by policy-makers for a more sustainable regulatory approach.
正在制定关于废弃电气和电气设备(WEEE)的立法,但基础设施有限的国家可能会在其他更强大的系统中找到制定适应性强且在社会经济上可行的管理计划的工具。在电子产品的塑料中发现的添加剂,如溴化阻燃剂(BFRs),是安全系统的组成部分,但引入的特性导致其废物是危险的。已建立的和正在形成的监管体系需要实施影响报废电子电气设备管理的立法,以减少对人类健康和环境的风险,同时最大限度地利用从各种各样的材料中回收资源的机会。为了评估发达和新兴监管体系的背景,对苏格兰和乌拉圭的报废电子电气设备塑料进行了基线研究。为了鉴定塑料中的溴化阻燃剂,在不同的加工操作中采用了一种国际认可的x射线荧光筛选方法。据观察,在苏格兰,Br作为BFR示踪剂的阈值为830 mg/kg,超过70%的塑料可回收,而在乌拉圭,这一比例降至50%。这些结果以及更广泛的文献讨论强调了监管框架对回收材料的质量和可回收性的影响。我们确定了决策者为实现更可持续的监管方法而应考虑的未来行动。
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引用次数: 0
Application of TIMES for Bioresource Flow Optimization—Case Study of Animal Husbandry in Latvia, Europe TIMES在生物资源流动优化中的应用——以欧洲拉脱维亚畜牧业为例
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8050070
Ketija Bumbiere, Maksims Feofilovs, Pauls Asaris, Dagnija Blumberga
As an integral part of the EU’s Green Deal, the purpose of the bioeconomy is to ensure an effective transition to meet people’s needs based on renewable resources while maintaining economic growth. This study undertakes the modeling of bioresource value scenarios in the agricultural sector and proposes a methodology to evaluate the possibilities of reaching a higher added value of bioresource products. The main objective of the study is the adaptation of the market allocation–energy flow optimization model system (TIMES) for analysis of high-value-added product production capacities in the livestock sector to reach an increase in added value for 2030 with the introduction of new technologies. The developed model is tested in a case study of the animal husbandry sector in Latvia. The results show which pathways are economically feasible to achieve value-added targets set for 2030. Although not all of the available resources are used due to local market limitations, there is significant potential for the use of animal husbandry resource waste, and it is possible to achieve about 62% higher cumulative added value from 2023 to 2030 with the production of new products (protein powder, wool pellets, and gelatin) in comparison with the base scenario.
作为欧盟绿色协议的组成部分,生物经济的目的是确保在保持经济增长的同时,有效地过渡到满足人们基于可再生资源的需求。本研究对农业部门的生物资源价值情景进行建模,并提出一种方法来评估生物资源产品达到更高附加值的可能性。本研究的主要目标是将市场分配-能量流优化模型系统(TIMES)应用于畜牧业高附加值产品生产能力的分析,以通过引入新技术实现2030年的附加值增长。开发的模型在拉脱维亚畜牧业部门的案例研究中得到检验。结果显示了实现2030年增值目标的经济可行途径。尽管由于当地市场的限制,并非所有可用资源都得到了利用,但畜牧业资源废弃物的利用潜力巨大,与基本情景相比,从2023年到2030年,通过生产新产品(蛋白粉、羊毛颗粒和明胶),有可能实现约62%的累计增加值提高。
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引用次数: 0
Circularity Outlines in the Construction and Demolition Waste Management: A Literature Review 建筑和拆迁废物管理中的循环概述:文献综述
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8050069
Izabella-Eva Gherman, Elena-Simina Lakatos, Sorin Dan Clinci, Florin Lungu, Vladut Vasile Constandoiu, Lucian Ionel Cioca, Elena Cristina Rada
This study provides a comprehensive view of the research field of construction and demolition waste (CDW) management in the circular economy based on a literature review. The increased intensity of interest is due to the need to create frameworks, mechanisms, and tools for the process of mind-shifting towards circularity. Research topics, researched life cycle stages, strategies for CDW management, sustainability assessment, building stock quantification, assessment tools and forecast methods, materials with CDW content, waste treatment solutions, and the barriers and drivers for efficient waste management in the construction industry are identified as the main concerns in the analyzed research field. The results show that a major concern in the academic field directs research to the path of innovative strategy elaboration, identifying the enablers and barriers in CDW management, computational tool creation for design and assessment, building stock modeling, and circular building material development. The environmental approach prevails, leaving economic and social assessments in CDW management uncovered. Although stakeholders’ involvement is stressed in most cases, strategies for awareness-raising and education for a sustainable circular activity in the field are lacking. The circularity of CDW management being a multifaceted and multi-disciplinary complex challenge, it is approached on different levels. This study introduces the novelty of structuring the trends of existing knowledge in a holistic view, identifying the research directions, dimensions, specific aspects, and instruments.
本研究在文献综述的基础上,对循环经济背景下的建筑垃圾管理研究领域进行了较为全面的综述。兴趣的增加是由于需要为思维转向循环的过程创建框架、机制和工具。研究课题、研究的生命周期阶段、CDW管理策略、可持续性评估、建筑存量量化、评估工具和预测方法、CDW含量材料、废物处理解决方案以及建筑行业有效废物管理的障碍和驱动因素被确定为分析研究领域的主要关注点。结果表明,学术领域的一个主要关注点是将研究导向创新战略制定的路径,确定CDW管理、设计和评估计算工具创建、建筑库存建模和循环建筑材料开发中的促成因素和障碍。环境方法占主导地位,对CDW管理的经济和社会评估仍处于空白状态。虽然在大多数情况下强调利益攸关方的参与,但缺乏在实地开展可持续循环活动的提高认识和教育战略。CDW管理的循环性是一个多方面、多学科的复杂挑战,需要从不同的层面进行探讨。本研究介绍以整体观点建构现有知识趋势的新颖性,确定研究方向、维度、特定方面和工具。
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引用次数: 0
Bacterial Treatment of Recycled Concrete Aggregate 再生混凝土骨料的细菌处理
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-09-09 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8050068
Austen Rowell, Tewodros Ghebrab, Randall Jeter
Microbial treatment of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) may improve the quality of the aggregate, and enhance its use in the production of structural concrete and promote the recycling of concrete waste. The mortar phase of the RCA is responsible for the poor performance of the aggregate. Treating the old adhered mortar or removing it from the natural aggregate (NA) is an option to make RCA beneficial for the production of quality recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Removing the adhered mortar from recycled concrete aggregate using silicate-solubilizing bacteria was investigated. The bacteria could synthesize the silicates in the calcium silicate hydrate phase of the cement paste leading to the breakdown of the old adhered mortar. Four SSB strains were tested for survivability and activity in an alkaline medium to simulate the concrete environment. The Serratia marcescens bacterial strain, which survived the environment, was inoculated into screw-cap glass vials containing recycled concrete aggregate fragments and glucose-enhanced nutrient broth and then incubated for 14 days. Partial removal of the old adhered mortar was observed based on the weight lost from the RCA. The S. marcescens bacterial strain could survive the alkaline concrete environment and solubilize the silicates present in cement paste resulting in the removal of the old adhered mortar.
微生物处理再生混凝土骨料(RCA)可以提高骨料的质量,提高其在结构混凝土生产中的应用,促进混凝土废料的回收利用。RCA的砂浆阶段是造成骨料性能差的原因。处理旧粘结砂浆或将其从天然骨料(NA)中去除是使RCA有利于生产优质再生骨料混凝土(RAC)的一种选择。研究了利用硅酸盐增溶菌去除再生混凝土骨料中的粘结砂浆。细菌可以合成水合硅酸钙相的硅酸盐,导致旧粘结砂浆的破裂。在模拟混凝土环境的碱性培养基中,测试了4株SSB菌株的生存能力和活性。将在环境中存活下来的粘质沙雷氏菌菌株接种到装有再生混凝土骨料碎片和葡萄糖增强营养肉汤的螺旋盖玻璃瓶中,培养14天。根据RCA的重量损失,观察到旧粘结砂浆的部分去除。该菌株能在碱性混凝土环境中生存,并能溶解水泥浆中的硅酸盐,从而去除旧粘结砂浆。
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引用次数: 0
Properties of High-Flowability Liquefied Stabilized Soil Made of Recycled Construction Sludge 建筑污泥再生高流动性液化稳定土的特性研究
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-30 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8050067
Y. Shigematsu, S. Inazumi, S. Chaiprakaikeow, S. Nontananandh
This paper focuses on the development of high-flowability liquefied stabilized soils (HFLSS) made of recycled construction sludge (RCS) to enhance their application in construction work. Liquefied stabilized soils (LSSs) have already found widespread use in construction sites, particularly for filling long-distance structures and dealing with complex underground spaces. However, to further optimize their performance, the development of high-flowability liquefied stabilized soils (HFLSSs) with superior flowability is required. This study experimentally investigates the basic properties, including mechanical characteristics and flowability performance, of the newly developed HFLSS made of RCS. The results confirm that the developed HFLSS made of RCS meets the quality requirements expected from LSSs and exhibits enhanced flowability, making it a promising material for construction applications. The advanced development of LSSs in this paper expects to promote recycling construction-generated soils, including construction-generated sludges in the construction industry.
本文重点研究了用再生建筑污泥(RCS)制成的高流动性液化稳定土(HFLSS),以提高其在建筑工程中的应用。液化稳定土(LSS)已经在建筑工地上得到了广泛的应用,特别是用于填充长距离结构和处理复杂的地下空间。然而,为了进一步优化其性能,需要开发具有优异流动性的高流动性液化稳定土(HFLSS)。本研究通过实验研究了新开发的由RCS制成的HFLSS的基本性能,包括机械特性和流动性能。结果证实,由RCS制成的HFLSS满足LSS的质量要求,并表现出增强的流动性,使其成为一种有前途的建筑应用材料。本文中LSSs的先进发展有望促进建筑业中建筑产生的土壤,包括建筑产生的污泥的回收利用。
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引用次数: 1
Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency of Four Treatment Methods for Sustainable Food Waste Management 评估可持续食物垃圾管理的四种处理方法的温室气体排放和能源效率
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-27 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8050066
Xiaoming Liu, Si Li, Wenhao Chen, Huizhou Yuan, Yiguan Ma, Muhammad Ahmar Siddiqui, Asad Iqbal
Food waste (FW) increases with urbanization and population growth, which puts pressure on the treatment system, causing a variety of harmful impacts on the environment. Proper FW treatment is imperative for ecological integrity and public health. Even though FW treatment is an extensively studied topic, the sustainable FW treatment considering holistic-lifecycle-based environmental impacts has rarely been evaluated. This study addresses this gap through a comprehensive analysis of various FW treatment methods, including co-treatment with sewage, anaerobic digestion, incineration, and aerobic composting. The impacts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and energy use efficiency are assessed by analyzing diverse FW treatment methods in Shenzhen, China. The study indicates that FW addition to sewage does not adversely affect the current sewage treatment plant, but benefits GHG avoidance and energy recovery. Compared with the other FW treatment methods, FW anaerobic digestion avoids the most GHG emissions with −71.3 kg CO2 eq/FU and recovers the most energy with −223 kWh/FU, followed by FW co-treated with sewage. The energy conversion efficiency of the combined heat and power (CHP) unit greatly affects FW incineration, while energy consumption in incineration and anaerobic digestion (AD) process is relatively minor. Perturbation analysis pinpoints key parameters influencing outcomes, including CHP efficiency, GHG emission factor of local electricity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in FW with ratios of −13~−0.942, −0.518~0.22, and −13~1.01, respectively, that should be given special attention. This study sheds light on sustainable FW management strategies, not only in China but also transferrable to regions confronting similar challenges. Advocating ecologically balanced and resource-efficient approaches, the study aligns with broader aims of fostering sustainable development.
食物垃圾(FW)随着城市化和人口增长而增加,这给处理系统带来了压力,对环境造成了各种有害影响。适当的FW处理对生态完整性和公众健康至关重要。尽管FW处理是一个广泛研究的主题,但考虑到基于生命周期的整体环境影响的可持续FW处理很少得到评估。本研究通过对各种FW处理方法的综合分析,解决了这一差距,包括与污水共处理、厌氧消化、焚烧和好氧堆肥。通过对深圳市不同FW处理方法的分析,评估了温室气体排放和能源利用效率的影响。研究表明,在污水中添加FW不会对目前的污水处理厂产生不利影响,但有利于避免温室气体排放和能源回收。与其他FW处理方法相比,FW厌氧消化以−71.3 kg CO2 eq/FU避免了最多的GHG排放,并以−223 kWh/FU回收了最多的能量,其次是与污水共同处理的FW。热电联产(CHP)机组的能量转换效率对FW焚烧的影响很大,而焚烧和厌氧消化(AD)过程的能耗相对较小。扰动分析确定了影响结果的关键参数,包括CHP效率、当地电力的GHG排放因子和FW中的化学需氧量(COD),其比值分别为−13~−0.942、−0.518~0.22和−13~1.01,应特别注意。本研究揭示了可持续FW管理策略,不仅在中国,而且可以转移到面临类似挑战的地区。该研究倡导生态平衡和资源高效的方法,符合促进可持续发展的更广泛目标。
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引用次数: 1
Study of the Effect of Modification of Asphalt on the Rheological Properties Employing Microwave Radiation—An Aging Study 微波辐射改性沥青对其流变性能影响的研究——老化研究
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-26 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8050065
K. Owaid, Raghed Y. Ghazal, M. A. Avdelzaher
This study focuses on producing asphalt with improved rheological properties that differ from the original asphalt and are less affected by aging conditions. The rheological properties of Qayara asphalt were enhanced by modifying the asphalt using spent rubber tire (SRT) with different percentages of anhydrous aluminum chloride. Percentages ranging from 1.0% by weight of the spent tire rubber were added after proceeding with the thermal crushing process. The percentages of anhydrous aluminum chloride catalyst were 0.4 and 0.8%, respectively. This mixture was microwaved at 270 watt of power for 4, 8, and 12 min, respectively. The measurements performed are plasticity, penetration, softening point, and penetration index. The previously mentioned measurements were also made on the modified asphalt one year after the modification process to understand the effect of aging conditions. The microstructure and thermodynamics have been characterized by FE-SEM and EDX measurements. This study provides good rheological properties of the modified bitumen binder that is aging-resistant.
本研究的重点是生产具有改进的流变特性的沥青,与原始沥青不同,受老化条件的影响较小。用废橡胶轮胎(SRT)改性沥青,加入不同比例的无水氯化铝,提高了Qayara沥青的流变性能。在进行热破碎过程后,加入废轮胎橡胶的重量百分比为1.0%。无水氯化铝催化剂的用量分别为0.4%和0.8%。将混合物在270瓦的功率下分别微波4、8和12分钟。所进行的测量是塑性、渗透、软化点和渗透指数。在改性后一年对改性沥青进行了上述测量,以了解老化条件的影响。通过FE-SEM和EDX对其微观结构和热力学进行了表征。研究结果表明,改性沥青粘结剂具有良好的抗老化流变性能。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of Three Recycling Pathways for Waste Cooking Oil as Feedstock in the Production of Biodiesel, Biolubricant, and Biosurfactant: A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach 废食用油作为原料生产生物柴油、生物润滑剂和生物表面活性剂的三种回收途径的评估:多标准决策分析方法
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-20 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8040064
G. De Feo, C. Ferrara, L. Giordano, L. S. Ossèo
The management of waste cooking oil (WCO) often poses significant challenges. The improper disposal of WCO results in negative environmental impacts and economic losses. However, from a circular economy perspective, WCO can be recycled and used as a sustainable feedstock for numerous industrial products, replacing virgin vegetable oils. This approach enables the recovery of resources while simultaneously addressing the problem of WCO disposal. By employing a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach, the study assesses three alternative recycling pathways for WCO used as a feedstock in the production of (A1) biodiesel, (A2) biolubricant, and (A3) biosurfactant. The aim is to identify the optimal alternative, taking into account environmental, economic, and technical factors. The procedure involved a team of chemical engineers working in the WCO recycling sector who were selected as decision makers. The ‘priority scale’ combined with the Paired Comparison Technique was employed as a weighting method to evaluate the selected criteria. The results revealed that the decision makers considered environmental sustainability as the most crucial evaluation criterion, followed by the economic criterion. In contrast, the aspect of process management was deemed less significant. Among the compared alternatives, utilizing WCO as a feedstock for biosurfactant production was assessed as the optimal WCO recycling solution. This alternative not only demonstrated the lowest coefficient variation but was also deemed the most favourable option. Biolubricant production was determined to be the second-best alternative. The adopted MCDA approach proved to be a reliable and effective tool, enabling the clear identification of the preferred WCO recycling alternative among those assessed. This was achieved through the utilization of the decision makers’ expertise and knowledge.
废弃食用油(WCO)的管理往往构成重大挑战。对世界海关组织的不当处置造成了负面的环境影响和经济损失。然而,从循环经济的角度来看,WCO可以回收利用,作为许多工业产品的可持续原料,取代初榨植物油。这种办法能够回收资源,同时解决世界海关组织的处置问题。通过采用多标准决策分析(MCDA)方法,该研究评估了用于生产(A1)生物柴油、(A2)生物润滑剂和(A3)生物表面活性剂的WCO的三种可选回收途径。其目的是在考虑到环境、经济和技术因素的情况下,确定最佳的替代方案。该程序涉及一组在世界海关组织回收部门工作的化学工程师,他们被选为决策者。采用“优先级量表”结合配对比较技术作为加权方法对所选标准进行评价。结果表明,决策者认为环境可持续性是最重要的评价标准,其次是经济标准。相比之下,过程管理方面被认为不那么重要。在比较方案中,以WCO为原料生产生物表面活性剂是WCO回收的最佳方案。这一选择不仅表现出最小的系数变化,而且被认为是最有利的选择。生物润滑剂的生产被认为是第二好的选择。采用的MCDA方法证明是一种可靠和有效的工具,能够在评估的方案中明确确定优选的世界海关组织回收办法。这是通过利用决策者的专门知识和知识实现的。
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引用次数: 0
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Recycling
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