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Effect of Virgin PP Substitution with Recycled Plastic Caps in the Manufacture of a Product for the Telephony Sector 用再生塑料瓶盖替代原PP在电话行业生产产品中的效果
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8030051
Beatriz Arioli de Sá Teles, I. L. C. Cunha, Manoel L. da Silva Neto, H. Wiebeck, T. S. Valera, Simara Silveira de Souza, Alfredo Felipe de Oliveira Schmitt, V. Oliveira, L. Kulay
This study investigated the effects of partial and total substitutions of fossil polypropylene (PP) for recycled plastic cap equivalents in the manufacture of signage labels used by the telephone industry. Four alternative scenarios to using virgin PP were evaluated considering recycled material in flake and pellet forms based on environmental performance, degree of circularity, and technical behavior. The environmental analysis was performed by the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique, and for all impact categories evaluated, using recycled material to replace the virgin reduced adverse effects on the environment. The most significant results in this dimension, with gains of 81% in the Global Environmental Indicator, occurred when recycled PP flakes entirely replaced the fossil polymer. Once again, the highest values of the Materials Circularity Indicator (MCI) were achieved by scenarios with full recycled resin in processing the tags; however, this product must also be reused. The mechanical behavior of the tags measured technical performance, and in this case, the product made with virgin PP outperformed the recycled options except for elongation. An analysis that integrated the three dimensions into a single performance index pointed to the complete substitution of virgin material for recycled as the most balanced option.
本研究调查了在电话行业使用的标牌制造中,化石聚丙烯(PP)部分和全部替代回收塑料帽当量的影响。根据环境性能、圆形度和技术行为,考虑到片状和颗粒形式的回收材料,评估了使用原始聚丙烯的四种替代方案。环境分析是通过生命周期评估(LCA)技术进行的,对于评估的所有影响类别,使用回收材料代替原始材料,减少了对环境的不利影响。在这一方面,当回收的聚丙烯薄片完全取代化石聚合物时,会产生最显著的结果,在全球环境指标中获得81%的收益。再次,材料循环指数(MCI)的最高值是通过在处理标签时使用完全回收树脂的场景实现的;但是,该产品也必须重复使用。标签的机械性能衡量了技术性能,在这种情况下,用纯聚丙烯制成的产品除了伸长率外,其他性能都优于回收产品。一项将三个维度整合到单一性能指标中的分析表明,完全取代原始材料来回收是最平衡的选择。
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引用次数: 0
Bioherbicide from Azadirachta indica Seed Waste: Exploitation, Efficient Extraction of Neem Oil and Allelopathic Effect on Senna occidentalis 印楝种子废弃物中的生物除草剂——印楝油的开发、高效提取及对西洋参的化感作用
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8030050
Larissa Macelle De Paulo Barbosa, Jorge Oliveira Santos, Rayssa Carolinne Mouzinho de Sousa, Jomar Livramento Barros Furtado, P. Vidinha, Marco Aurélio Suller Garcia, Hector Aguilar Vitorino, Daiane Fossatti Dall’Oglio
Bioherbicides are an alternative to minimize the damage caused to the environment using agrochemicals. This study had the objective of extracting neem oil from ripe waste fruits that Azadirachta indica A. Juss and optimizing the process using solvents (or a mixture of solvents) with different polarities. Then, through a solid-liquid extraction system (Soxhlet), the solvents hexane, methanol/hexane (1:1), ethanol, and hexane/ethanol (1:1) were used to determine the process with the highest yield and most efficiency. The physicochemical parameters of the extracted oil (density, acidity value, iodine value, saponification value, esters value, and molecular weight) and the % of free fatty acids were determined. In addition, the allelopathic properties of the oil (0%, 2%, 3%, and 4% m/v) on septic weed Senna occidentalis seeds were evaluated, analyzing their growth and development parameters (germination, germination speed, hypocotyl, and radicle length). Hexane was the most efficient (4 h) in neem oil extraction, with the highest yield (43%). It also provided a better oleic and linoleic acid content (41.3% and 18.6%), similar to ethanol extraction (41.1% and 20.22%). Moreover, the allelopathic properties were more prominent for the oils extracted with hexane and hexane/ethanol. This optimized process provides an efficient alternative to obtain a natural herbicidal potential for strategically controlling harmful plants.
生物除草剂是使用农用化学品将对环境造成的损害降至最低的替代品。本研究的目的是从印楝成熟的废弃果实中提取印楝油,并使用不同极性的溶剂(或溶剂混合物)优化工艺。然后,通过固液萃取系统(Soxhlet),使用溶剂己烷、甲醇/己烷(1:1)、乙醇和己烷/乙醇(1:1)来确定产率最高、效率最高的工艺。测定了提取油的物理化学参数(密度、酸值、碘值、皂化值、酯值和分子量)和游离脂肪酸的百分比。此外,还评价了油(0%、2%、3%和4%m/v)对败毒杂草西洋参种子的化感作用,分析了其生长发育参数(发芽率、发芽速度、下胚轴和胚根长度)。己烷在印楝油提取中的效率最高(4h),产率最高(43%)。它还提供了更好的油酸和亚油酸含量(41.3%和18.6%),类似于乙醇提取(41.1%和20.22%)。此外,用己烷和己烷/乙醇提取的油的化感特性更突出。这种优化的工艺提供了一种有效的替代方案,以获得战略性控制有害植物的天然除草潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Costs of Gasification Technologies for Energy and Fuel Production: Overview, Analysis, and Numerical Estimation 能源和燃料生产的气化技术成本:概述、分析和数值估计
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8030049
G. Lourinho, O. Alves, B. Garcia, Bruna Rijo, P. Brito, C. Nobre
During recent years, gasification technology has gained a high potential and attractiveness to convert biomass and other solid wastes into a valuable syngas for energy production or synthesis of new biofuels. The implementation of real gasification facilities implies a good insight of all expenses that are involved, namely investments required in equipment during the project and construction phases (capital expenditures, CapEx) and costs linked to the operation of the plant, or periodic maintenance interventions (operational expenditures, OpEx) or costs related to operations required for an efficient and sustainable performance of a gasification plant (e.g., feedstock pre-treatment and management of by-products). Knowledge of these economic parameters and their corresponding trends over time may help decision-makers to make adequate choices regarding the eligible technologies and to perform comparisons with other conventional scenarios. The present work aims to provide an overview on CapEx associated with gasification technologies devoted to convert biomass or solid waste sources, with a view of reducing the carbon footprint during energy generation or production of new energy carriers. In addition, an analysis of technology cost trends over time using regression methods is also presented, as well as an evaluation of specific capital investments according to the amount of output products generated for different gasification facilities. The novelty of this work is focused on an analysis of CapEx of existing gasification technologies to obtain distinct products (energy and fuels), and to determine mathematical correlations relating technology costs with time and product output. For these purposes, a survey of data and categorization of gasification plants based on the final products was made, and mathematical regression methods were used to obtain the correlations, with a statistical analysis (coefficient of determination) for validation. Specific investments on liquid biofuel production plants exhibited the highest decreasing trend over time, while electricity production became the least attractive solution. Linear correlations of specific investment versus time fitted better for electricity production plants (R2 = 0.67), while those relating the product output were better for liquid biofuel plants through exponential regressions (R2 = 0.65).
近年来,气化技术已经获得了很高的潜力和吸引力,将生物质和其他固体废物转化为有价值的合成气,用于能源生产或合成新的生物燃料。实际气化设施的实施意味着对所涉及的所有费用有一个很好的了解,即项目和建设阶段所需的设备投资(资本支出,CapEx)和与工厂运营相关的成本,或定期维护干预(运营支出,OpEx)或与气化工厂高效和可持续绩效所需的运营相关的成本(例如:原料预处理和副产物管理)。了解这些经济参数及其随时间变化的相应趋势可能有助于决策者就合适的技术作出适当的选择,并与其他常规方案进行比较。目前的工作旨在概述与气化技术相关的资本支出,用于转化生物质或固体废物来源,以期减少能源生产或新能源载体生产过程中的碳足迹。此外,还提出了使用回归方法对技术成本随时间变化趋势的分析,以及根据不同气化设施产生的产出产品的数量对具体资本投资的评价。这项工作的新颖之处在于分析现有气化技术的资本支出,以获得不同的产品(能源和燃料),并确定技术成本与时间和产品产出之间的数学相关性。为此,对数据进行了调查,并根据最终产品对气化厂进行了分类,使用数学回归方法获得相关性,并使用统计分析(决定系数)进行验证。随着时间的推移,对液体生物燃料生产工厂的具体投资呈现出最大的下降趋势,而电力生产成为最不具吸引力的解决方案。具体投资与时间的线性相关性更适合电力生产工厂(R2 = 0.67),而通过指数回归(R2 = 0.65),与产品产量相关的线性相关性更适合液体生物燃料工厂(R2 = 0.65)。
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引用次数: 0
Emerging and Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries to Aid in Energy Storage, A Review 锂离子电池在储能领域的兴起和回收利用综述
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8030048
S. Afroze, M. S. Reza, K. Kuterbekov, A. Kabyshev, M. Kubenova, K. Bekmyrza, A. Azad
The global population has increased over time, therefore the need for sufficient energy has risen. However, many countries depend on nonrenewable resources for daily usage. Nonrenewable resources take years to produce and sources are limited for generations to come. Apart from that, storing and energy distribution from nonrenewable energy production has caused environmental degradation over the years. Hence, many researchers have been actively participating in the development of energy storage devices for renewable resources using batteries. For this purpose, the lithium-ion battery is one of the best known storage devices due to its properties such as high power and high energy density in comparison with other conventional batteries. In addition, for the fabrication of Li-ion batteries, there are different types of cell designs including cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch cells. The development of Li-ion battery technology, the different widely used cathode and anode materials, and the benefits and drawbacks of each in relation to the most appropriate application were all thoroughly studied in this work. The electrochemical processes that underlie battery technologies were presented in detail and substantiated by current safety concerns regarding batteries. Furthermore, this review collected the most recent and current LIB recycling technologies and covered the three main LIB recycling technologies. The three recycling techniques—pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling—have been the subject of intense research and development. The recovery of valuable metals is the primary goal of most recycling processes. The growth in the number of used LIBs creates a business opportunity to recover and recycle different battery parts as daily LIB consumption rises dramatically.
随着时间的推移,全球人口不断增加,因此对充足能源的需求也在增加。然而,许多国家的日常使用依赖于不可再生资源。不可再生资源的生产需要数年时间,而且未来几代人的资源有限。除此之外,多年来,不可再生能源生产的储存和能源分配导致了环境退化。因此,许多研究人员一直在积极参与开发使用电池的可再生资源储能设备。为此,与其他传统电池相比,锂离子电池具有高功率和高能量密度等特性,是最著名的存储设备之一。此外,对于锂离子电池的制造,有不同类型的电池设计,包括圆柱形、棱柱形和袋状电池。本工作全面研究了锂离子电池技术的发展、不同的广泛使用的阴极和阳极材料,以及每种材料在最合适的应用方面的优缺点。详细介绍了电池技术的电化学过程,并通过当前有关电池的安全问题加以证实。此外,本综述收集了最新和最新的LIB回收技术,并涵盖了三种主要的LIB再生技术。火法冶金、湿法冶金和直接回收这三种回收技术一直是研究和开发的主题。回收有价值的金属是大多数回收过程的主要目标。随着LIB日消耗量的急剧上升,使用过的LIB数量的增长为回收和回收不同的电池部件创造了商机。
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引用次数: 2
The Use of Vacuum Residue as a Potential Rejuvenator in Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement: Physical, Rheological, and Mechanical Traits Analysis 真空渣油作为再生沥青路面潜在再生剂的应用:物理、流变和力学特性分析
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8030047
Z. Al-Saffar, A. Eltwati, E. Aziz, H. Yaacob, Halah Abdulsattar Dawood, R. Jaya, Mohammed S. Al Jawahery, E. Shaffie
Asphalt recycling technology with a high content of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is becoming more important as the price of paving materials rises and sustainable development and environmental conservation rules become more rigorous. Nevertheless, road authorities in numerous countries still prohibit the utilisation of RAP in asphalt mixes due to the negative impacts of RAP on the performance of asphalt mixtures. Consequently, different rejuvenators have been introduced to reinstate the original attributes of aged asphalt to resolve this issue. This study incorporated vacuum residue (VR) into mixtures with 40% RAP. The physical, rheological, and mechanical traits of the resultant samples were assessed. The results show that the 7.5% VR rejuvenator minimised the RAP asphalt ageing impact. Furthermore, the rejuvenating agent demonstrated physical and rheological rehabilitative benefits for the aged asphalt. The mechanical attributes of the rejuvenated samples were also enhanced compared to the virgin asphalt (VA) specimens.
随着路面材料价格的上涨、可持续发展和环境保护法规的严格,高含量再生沥青路面(RAP)的沥青回收技术变得越来越重要。尽管如此,由于RAP对沥青混合料性能的负面影响,许多国家的道路管理部门仍然禁止在沥青混合料中使用RAP。因此,为了解决这个问题,引入了不同的再生剂来恢复老化沥青的原始特性。本研究将真空残留物(VR)加入含有40%RAP的混合物中。对所得样品的物理、流变和力学特性进行了评估。结果表明,7.5%的VR再生剂将RAP沥青老化影响降至最低。此外,再生剂对老化沥青表现出物理和流变康复的益处。与原始沥青(VA)试样相比,再生试样的力学性能也有所提高。
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引用次数: 1
Microfactory Design for Valorization of E-Waste Plastics (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene, Polycarbonate, and Polypropylene) on Additive Manufacturing Sector 增材制造行业电子废弃物塑料(丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯、聚碳酸酯和聚丙烯)的微工厂设计
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8030046
Alejandro Moure Abelenda, F. Aiouache
Less than half of e-waste plastics are sorted worldwide, and this rate is likely to decline as major processing countries have banned importation of e-waste plastics. This forces the development of decentralized processing facilities, also known as microfactories. The present work investigates the recyclability of different grades of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymer, polycarbonate, and polypropylene, which were found to be very abundant in a recycling site in the UK. The determination of the matrix relied on the resin identification codes imprinted in the e-waste plastics and subsequent Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Melt-blend extrusion technology enabled the valorization of the wasted thermoplastics as 3D filament without significant degradation of the polymers. The recycled materials maintained the tensile strength at around 2.5 MPa in agreement with the specifications offered by virgin polymers. Further characterization was done by means of laser microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray fluorescence to determine the commercial viability of the recycled filament. A modified solvent-based method was developed with acetone to remove the brominated flame retardants: 25 g/100 mL, 30 min of contact time, and 4 extraction steps. The FTIR results show that the degradation of the rubbery dispersed phase corresponding to the butadiene can be accumulated in the less soluble fraction of the extracted ABS.
全球只有不到一半的电子废塑料被分类,随着主要加工国禁止进口电子废塑料,这一比例可能会下降。这迫使分散处理设施的发展,也称为微工厂。本工作调查了不同等级的丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)共聚物、聚碳酸酯和聚丙烯的可回收性,这些材料在英国的一个回收点中发现非常丰富。基质的测定依赖于印在电子废塑料中的树脂识别码和随后的傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)。熔融共混挤出技术使废弃的热塑性塑料能够作为3D细丝进行估价,而不会显著降解聚合物。回收材料的抗拉强度保持在2.5MPa左右,与原始聚合物提供的规格一致。通过激光显微镜、热重分析和X射线荧光进行进一步表征,以确定回收长丝的商业可行性。用丙酮开发了一种改进的基于溶剂的方法来去除溴化阻燃剂:25 g/100 mL,接触时间30分钟,4个提取步骤。FTIR结果表明,对应于丁二烯的橡胶分散相的降解可以累积在提取的ABS的不太可溶的部分中。
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引用次数: 0
Municipal Waste Recycling Customer Education and Communication in Slovenia and Croatia 斯洛文尼亚和克罗地亚城市废物回收客户教育和交流
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8030045
B. Aver, N. Alfirević, A. Fošner
The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) to present the existing regional research related to customer education and communication in municipal waste recycling from the viewpoint of a comparative bibliometric analysis and (b) to illustrate how municipal waste recycling practices in the two countries mirror the theoretical trends identified in the literature and the EU institutional and policy requirements. We discuss the practical implementation of municipal waste recycling practices in the two European countries and provide practical recommendations for local governments, municipal companies, and other stakeholders of the municipal waste management process.
本文的目的是双重的:(a)从比较文献计量分析的角度介绍与城市垃圾回收中的客户教育和沟通相关的现有区域研究;(b)说明两国的城市垃圾回收实践如何反映文献中确定的理论趋势以及欧盟的制度和政策要求。我们讨论了这两个欧洲国家城市垃圾回收实践的实际实施情况,并为地方政府、市政公司和城市垃圾管理过程的其他利益相关者提供了切实可行的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental Analysis of the Incorporation of Sugarcane Bagasse in Medium Density Particleboard Panels through Life Cycle Assessment 基于生命周期评价的中密度刨花板中蔗渣掺入的环境分析
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8020044
Nara Cangussu, Maria Luiza C. Vieira, L. Maia
The growth of civil construction and agroindustry, resulting from population growth, caused an increase in the demand for non-renewable resources and for the exploitation of natural resources. Consequently, it caused a greater generation of waste, causing the current scenario to require alternatives for the reuse of these materials. Particleboard panels, for example, used in civil construction, can add value to waste or materials of low acceptance, such as thinning wood, mechanical wood processing waste or agro-industrial waste. Thus, this study proposed to analyse the life cycle of the sugarcane bagasse, considering the stages of extraction of materials and energy resources until their final disposal. This study aimed to compare impacts generated by the production of particleboards panels produced with wood from plantations (pine) and with the sugarcane bagasse. As a result, a better environmental performance was obtained from the panel composed of sugarcane bagasse, as it generated lower environmental impacts in all impact categories studied. The benefits range from the reduction in waste disposed of in landfills, which increase its useful life, the lower demand for reforestation, with steps that generate atmospheric emissions and degrade the soil.
人口增长导致民用建筑和农业的增长,导致对不可再生资源和自然资源开采的需求增加。因此,它导致了更多的废物产生,导致目前的情况需要替代品来重复使用这些材料。例如,用于民用建筑的刨花板可以增加废物或低接受度材料的价值,如间伐木材、机械木材加工废物或农业工业废物。因此,本研究建议分析甘蔗渣的生命周期,考虑材料和能源的提取阶段,直到最终处理。本研究旨在比较用种植园木材(松树)和甘蔗渣生产刨花板所产生的影响。因此,由甘蔗渣组成的面板获得了更好的环境性能,因为它在所研究的所有影响类别中产生的环境影响都较低。其好处包括减少垃圾填埋场处理的废物,从而延长其使用寿命,降低对重新造林的需求,并采取措施产生大气排放和降解土壤。
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引用次数: 1
Environmental Performance of Nitrogen Recovery from Reject Water of Sewage Sludge Treatment Based on Life Cycle Assessment 基于生命周期评价的污泥处理废水氮回收的环境性能
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8020043
A. Saud, J. Havukainen, Petteri Peltola, M. Horttanainen
Recovering and recycling nitrogen available in waste streams would reduce the demand for conventional fossil-based fertilizers and contribute toward food security. Based on life cycle assessment (LCA), this study aimed to evaluate the environmental performance of nitrogen recovery for fertilizer purposes from sewage sludge treatment in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Utilizing either air stripping or pyrolysis-derived biochar adsorbent, nitrogen was recovered from ammonium-rich reject streams generated during mechanical dewatering and thermal drying of anaerobically digested sewage sludge. A wide range of results was obtained between different scenarios and different impact categories. Biochar-based nitrogen recovery showed the lowest global warming potential with net negative GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions of −22.5 kt CO2,eq/FU (functional unit). Ammonia capture through air stripping caused a total GHG emission of 2 kt CO2,eq/FU; while in the base case scenario without nitrogen recovery, a slightly lower GHG emission of 0.2 kt CO2,eq/FU was obtained. This study contributes an analysis promoting the multifunctional nature of wastewater systems with integrated resource recovery for potential environmental and health benefits.
回收和循环利用废物流中的氮将减少对传统化石肥料的需求,并有助于粮食安全。本研究基于生命周期评价(LCA)方法,对某城市污水处理厂污水污泥回收氮肥的环境性能进行了评价。利用空气提提或热解衍生的生物炭吸附剂,从厌氧消化污泥机械脱水和热干燥过程中产生的富氨废液中回收氮。在不同的情景和不同的影响类别之间获得了广泛的结果。以生物炭为基础的氮回收显示出最低的全球变暖潜势,净负温室气体排放量为- 22.5 kt CO2,当量/FU(功能单位)。气提捕氨造成的温室气体排放总量为2 kt CO2,eq/FU;而在没有氮回收的基本情景下,温室气体排放量略低,为0.2 kt CO2,eq/FU。本研究对污水处理系统的综合资源回收的多功能特性进行了分析,以获得潜在的环境和健康效益。
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引用次数: 1
Considering Waste Generation in the Energy Sector during the Transition to a Circular Economy 考虑向循环经济过渡期间能源部门产生的废物
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-04-08 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8020042
A. Karaeva, E. Magaril
The need to reduce the negative environmental impact of energetics with the growing energy demand in the world is the core objective of the industry for the upcoming decades. The global agenda in the field of environmental protection increases the requirements for evaluation of the energy investment projects, in particular for their environmental efficiency. Currently, much attention is paid to assessing the impact of the project on atmospheric air, water bodies and land resources, including the formation of industrial waste during the operational stage. The formation of production and consumption waste at other stages of the project life cycle is not considered either when generating cash flows or when conducting the assessment pf environmental efficiency. It might significantly reduce the reliability of assessment results. The purpose of this study is to develop a system of integrated accounting for all types of waste generated and the environmental costs incurred for handling them during the environmental and economic assessment of energy projects. The paper discusses modern waste management practices at energy enterprises, waste generation at various stages of investment projects implementation, and provides recommendations on waste accounting when assessing their environmental and economic efficiency.
随着世界能源需求的不断增长,减少能源对环境的负面影响是该行业未来几十年的核心目标。环境保护领域的全球议程增加了对评价能源投资项目的要求,特别是对其环境效率的要求。目前,对该项目对大气、水体和土地资源的影响,包括在运行阶段产生的工业废物的影响的评估是比较关注的。在产生现金流或进行环境效率评估时,不考虑项目生命周期其他阶段的生产和消费废物的形成。这可能会大大降低评估结果的可靠性。这项研究的目的是为能源项目的环境和经济评估期间产生的各种废物和处理这些废物所产生的环境费用建立一个综合核算系统。本文讨论了能源企业的现代废物管理实践,投资项目实施各个阶段的废物产生,并在评估其环境和经济效率时提出了废物核算的建议。
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引用次数: 1
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