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Recycling of Polypropylene Recovered from a Composting Plant: Mechanical Behavior of Compounds with Virgin Plastic 从堆肥厂回收聚丙烯的回收利用:化合物与原始塑料的力学行为
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8040062
C. Badini, O. Ostrovskaya, Giulia Bernagozzi, Roberta Lanfranco, Stefania Miranda
The recycling of polypropylene recovered from waste discarded by a composting plant was investigated. The recovery involved a sorting step carried out by means of an optical infrared separator and a subsequent washing treatment. This method of processing allowed us to obtain polypropylene that was only slightly contaminated by other polymeric and inorganic materials. As many tens of tons of polypropylene could be recovered every year in this plant, recycling could be convenient from the economic point of view and beneficial for the protection of the environment. In fact, the landfill of this waste could be reduced in this manner. A possible mechanical recycling route was developed for the recovered plastic. The recycling was carried out by pelletizing the recovered polypropylene, mixing it with a commercial polypropylene feedstock, and manufacturing items by injection molding. In this way, tensile specimens containing different amounts of recycled polypropylene were processed and tested. Their tensile features were compared with those of a commercial polypropylene that was used as a reference. The elastic modulus and tensile strength were slightly worsened when using the recycled plastic, while the strain at failure significantly increased. Nonetheless, the tensile properties of compounds made by mixing recycled and virgin polypropylene were consistent with the characteristics that are expected for polypropylene-based plastics.
研究了从堆肥厂废弃垃圾中回收聚丙烯的回收利用。回收包括通过光学红外分离器进行的分选步骤和随后的洗涤处理。这种加工方法使我们能够获得仅被其他聚合物和无机材料轻微污染的聚丙烯。由于该工厂每年可回收数十吨聚丙烯,从经济角度来看,回收既方便又有利于保护环境。事实上,以这种方式可以减少这种废物的填埋。为回收的塑料开发了一种可能的机械回收途径。回收是通过将回收的聚丙烯造粒,将其与商业聚丙烯原料混合,并通过注射成型制造物品来进行的。以这种方式,对含有不同量的再生聚丙烯的拉伸试样进行处理和测试。将它们的拉伸特性与用作参考的商业聚丙烯的拉伸特性进行比较。使用再生塑料时,弹性模量和拉伸强度略有恶化,而破坏应变显著增加。尽管如此,通过混合回收聚丙烯和原始聚丙烯制成的化合物的拉伸性能与聚丙烯基塑料的预期特性一致。
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引用次数: 1
Lignocellulosic Agricultural Waste Valorization to Obtain Valuable Products: An Overview 木质纤维素农业废弃物价值化获取有价值产品综述
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8040061
A. Blasi, A. Verardi, C. G. Lopresto, Sarah Siciliano, P. Sangiorgio
The sustainable management of lignocellulosic agricultural waste has gained significant attention due to its potential for the production of valuable products. This paper provides an extensive overview of the valorization strategies employed to convert lignocellulosic agricultural waste into economically and environmentally valuable products. The manuscript examines the conversion routes employed for the production of valuable products from lignocellulosic agricultural waste. These include the production of biofuels, such as bioethanol and biodiesel, via biochemical and thermochemical processes. Additionally, the synthesis of platform chemicals, such as furfural, levulinic acid, and xylose, is explored, which serve as building blocks for the manufacturing of polymers, resins, and other high-value chemicals. Moreover, this overview highlights the potential of lignocellulosic agricultural waste in generating bio-based materials, including bio-based composites, bio-based plastics, and bio-based adsorbents. The utilization of lignocellulosic waste as feedstock for the production of enzymes, organic acids, and bioactive compounds is also discussed. The challenges and opportunities associated with lignocellulosic agricultural waste valorization are addressed, encompassing technological, economic, and environmental aspects. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the valorization potential of lignocellulosic agricultural waste, highlighting its significance in transitioning towards a sustainable and circular bioeconomy. The insights presented here aim to inspire further research and development in the field of lignocellulosic waste valorization, fostering innovative approaches and promoting the utilization of this abundant resource for the production of valuable products.
木质纤维素农业废弃物的可持续管理因其生产有价值产品的潜力而备受关注。本文广泛概述了将木质纤维素农业废弃物转化为具有经济和环境价值的产品所采用的定价策略。该手稿考察了利用木质纤维素农业废弃物生产有价值产品的转化途径。其中包括通过生物化学和热化学过程生产生物燃料,如生物乙醇和生物柴油。此外,还探索了糠醛、乙酰丙酸和木糖等平台化学品的合成,这些化学品是制造聚合物、树脂和其他高价值化学品的基础。此外,本综述强调了木质纤维素农业废弃物在生产生物基材料方面的潜力,包括生物基复合材料、生物基塑料和生物基吸附剂。还讨论了利用木质纤维素废料作为原料生产酶、有机酸和生物活性化合物的问题。解决了木质纤维素农业废物定价的挑战和机遇,包括技术、经济和环境方面。总的来说,本文全面概述了木质纤维素农业废弃物的增值潜力,强调了其在向可持续循环生物经济转型中的意义。本文提出的见解旨在激励木质纤维素废物定价领域的进一步研究和发展,促进创新方法,并促进利用这一丰富资源生产有价值的产品。
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引用次数: 7
The Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and the Phase Characterisation of Black Mass 报废锂离子电池的回收与黑质量的相位表征
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8040059
L. Donnelly, D. Pirrie, M. Power, Ian J. Corfe, J. Kuva, S. Lukkari, Y. Lahaye, Xuan Liu, Q. Dehaine, E. Jolis, A. Butcher
Black mass is the industry term applied to end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries that have been mechanically processed for potential use as a recycled material to recover the valuable metals present, including cobalt, lithium, manganese, nickel and copper. A significant challenge to the effective processing of black mass is the complexity of the feed material. Two samples of black mass from a European source were analysed using a combination of methods including automated SEM-EDS (AMICS) to characterise and quantify the phases present and particle chemistry. Micro X-CT imaging, overlain onto automated mineralogy images, enabled the 3D morphology of the particles to be determined. Micro-XRF was used to map the copper, nickel, manganese and cobalt-bearing phases. Since Li cannot be detected using SEM-EDS, its abundance was semi-quantified using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The integration of these complimentary analytical methods allowed for detailed phase characterisation, which may guide the potential hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical recycling routes and chemical assaying.
黑物质是一个行业术语,适用于报废(EoL)锂离子电池,这些电池经过机械加工,有可能用作回收材料,以回收现有的有价值金属,包括钴、锂、锰、镍和铜。有效处理黑色物质的一个重大挑战是原料的复杂性。使用包括自动SEM-EDS(AMICS)在内的多种方法对来自欧洲的两个黑色物质样本进行分析,以表征和量化存在的相和颗粒化学。微型X-CT成像覆盖在自动化矿物学图像上,能够确定颗粒的3D形态。MicroXRF用于绘制含铜、镍、锰和钴相的图谱。由于使用SEM-EDS无法检测到Li,因此使用激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法(LA-ICP-MS)对其丰度进行了半定量。这些互补分析方法的集成允许进行详细的相表征,这可能指导潜在的湿法冶金或火法冶金回收路线和化学分析。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the Measurement Model for Source-Separating Waste for Recycling under a Proposed Smart Waste Management Scheme in Shah Alam, Malaysia 在马来西亚沙阿南拟议的智能废物管理计划下,评估来源分离废物回收的测量模型
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-07 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8040058
Abdullatif Bazrbachi, S. F. Sidique, S. Adam, N. Ismail, T. Y. Sheng
Due to rapid urbanization, solid waste management (SWM) is a major challenge in Malaysia, hence the need to sustainably manage it. Compared with other states, Selangor produces the highest volume of domestic waste. Most of the state’s waste is generated in Shah Alam City. This condition is expected to worsen because the population of Shah Alam is projected to rise by 2.5% from 2018 to 2035. This situation will increase the demand for resources, production, and consumption, increasing the volume of waste generated in Shah Alam. Hence, the pressing necessity to advance from the current traditional waste management practices to a more sustainable SWM system has been identified as a key target in Shah Alam’s 2025–2030 plans. The Smart Waste Management System (SWMS) has been identified as a novel approach to dealing with the absence of route optimization, real-time information exchange, and the consequent increase in waste management costs. All of these elements have characterized the current traditional households’ SWM. However, because this method is novel, there is a dearth of knowledge on the appropriate measurement model for evaluating the dimension of households’ intention to recycle waste through source separation as well as measuring the determinants of such a pro-environmental intention under the new SWMS. Thus, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out to verify the factorial structure of the variables, relying on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) based on the structural dimensions identified in prior exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The study found support for the use of TPB as a relevant framework for modeling the intention for source separation and its determinants under SWMS.
由于快速城市化,固体废物管理(SWM)是马来西亚面临的主要挑战,因此需要对其进行可持续管理。与其他州相比,雪兰莪州产生的家庭垃圾数量最多。该邦的大部分垃圾都是在沙阿南市产生的。这种情况预计会恶化,因为预计从2018年到2035年,沙阿南的人口将增长2.5%。这种情况将增加对资源、生产和消费的需求,增加沙阿南产生的废物量。因此,迫切需要从目前的传统废物管理实践推进到更可持续的SWM系统,这已被确定为沙阿南2025-2030年计划的关键目标。智能废物管理系统(SWMS)已被确定为解决缺乏路线优化、实时信息交换以及由此导致的废物管理成本增加的一种新方法。所有这些因素都是当前传统家庭SWM的特征。然而,由于这种方法是新颖的,因此缺乏适当的测量模型来评估家庭通过源分离回收废物的意愿维度,以及在新的SWMS下测量这种亲环境意愿的决定因素。因此,验证性因子分析(CFA)进行验证变量的因子结构,依靠计划行为理论(TPB)基于先前探索性因子分析(EFA)确定的结构维度。研究发现支持使用TPB作为建模SWMS下源分离意图及其决定因素的相关框架。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Biogas Energy from Co-Digestion of Organic Urban Solid Waste with Lime Mud 城市有机固体废物与石灰泥共消化沼气能量评价
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8040057
Ulisses Raad da Silva Coelho, A. Crispim, M. Martins, R. Barros, M. Renó, Geraldo Lúcio Tiago Filho, Ivan Felipe Silva dos Santos
The elevated presence of organic material in Brazilian urban solid waste, along with mismanagement of its disposal, can aggravate environmental problems from greenhouse gas emissions to water and soil pollution. In parallel, the paper and cellulose industries consume considerable resources and produce important solid wastes, including lime mud. These urban and industrial realities present common ground, from which a little-studied alternative arises in using biogas electrical energy from the co-digestion of the organic portion of urban solid waste using lime mud. This intersection can reduce the environmental impacts associated with inadequate management and disposal of solid waste, providing industry financial economy resources and contributing to Brazilian energy grid diversification. The current study used economic–financial indicators to evaluate the proposal’s economic feasibility. The obtained results presented a minimum population of 165,200 inhabitants, generating 39,295.77 m3/year of methane, in order to enable a co-digestion proposal. The sensitivity analysis indicated that a population of 185,500 inhabitants would provide a 10-year payback, an energy rate of USD 0.139, and 44,124.49 m3/year of methane to supply the population with power. The net present value was USD 23,336.94, with an internal return rate of 14.71% and a levelized energy cost of 0.103 USD/kWh.
巴西城市固体废物中有机物质的含量升高,加上处置管理不善,可能会加剧从温室气体排放到水和土壤污染的环境问题。与此同时,造纸和纤维素工业消耗大量资源,产生重要的固体废物,包括石灰泥。这些城市和工业的现实呈现出共同的基础,由此产生了一种很少研究的替代方案,即利用石灰泥共同消化城市固体废物的有机部分来利用沼气电能。这一交叉点可以减少因固体废物管理和处置不当而对环境造成的影响,为工业提供金融经济资源,并有助于巴西能源网的多样化。目前的研究使用经济金融指标来评估提案的经济可行性。所获得的结果表明,最低人口为165,200人,每年产生39,295.77立方米的甲烷,以实现共同消化的提议。敏感性分析表明,185,500人口将提供10年的回报,能源价格为0.139美元,每年44,124.49立方米的甲烷为人口提供电力。净现值为23336.94美元,内部回报率为14.71%,平准化能源成本为0.103美元/千瓦时。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainable Waste Management for Clean and Safe Environments in the Recreation and Tourism Sector: A Case Study of Lithuania, Turkey and Morocco 娱乐和旅游业清洁安全环境的可持续废物管理:立陶宛、土耳其和摩洛哥的案例研究
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8040056
D. Perkumiene, Ahmet Atalay, Larbi Safaa, J. Grigiene
Due to intensive tourism and increasing demand for recreational activities, people produce more waste. In this context, the aim of this research is to determine the opinions of experts working in tourism and recreation areas in Lithuania, Turkey and Morocco with respect to waste management problems. Interviews were held in Turkey, Lithuania and Morocco in order to determine the attitudes of experts about recreational activities with respect to a clean environment and sustainability. A semistructured interview form was used for interviews with forest operators and other experts. The sample group consisted of 24 experts from Turkey, Lithuania and Morocco. The prominent results of the interviews conducted in the three countries regarding waste and sustainable waste management can be listed as follows: intensive waste production caused by participants, inadequate legal regulation, insufficient recycling, damage to the environment and natural structures, inadequate control and inspections, lack of education and awareness activities, an insufficient number of personnel and insufficient infrastructure. Sustainable waste management strategies, such as reducing waste generation, improving waste collection and disposal methods, and promoting recycling and composting, can help to mitigate these negative impacts.
由于密集的旅游业和日益增长的娱乐活动需求,人们产生了更多的废物。在这方面,本研究的目的是确定立陶宛、土耳其和摩洛哥旅游和娱乐领域的专家对废物管理问题的意见。在土耳其、立陶宛和摩洛哥进行了访谈,以确定专家对娱乐活动在清洁环境和可持续性方面的态度。采用半结构化访谈形式对森林经营者和其他专家进行访谈。样本组由来自土耳其、立陶宛和摩洛哥的24名专家组成。在这三个国家进行的关于废物和可持续废物管理的访谈的突出结果可列为:参与者造成的废物密集生产、法律监管不足、回收利用不足、对环境和自然结构的破坏、控制和检查不足、缺乏教育和宣传活动、,人员数量不足和基础设施不足。可持续的废物管理战略,如减少废物产生,改进废物收集和处置方法,以及促进回收和堆肥,可以帮助减轻这些负面影响。
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引用次数: 4
The Impact of Industry 4.0 on the Steel Sector: Paving the Way for a Disruptive Digital and Ecological Transformation 工业4.0对钢铁行业的影响:为颠覆性的数字和生态转型铺平道路
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8040055
Laura Tolettini, Eleonora Di Maria
Since the creation of a common term to indicate a set of incremental and disruptive digital technologies, Industry 4.0 has challenged European manufacturers to find a way to concretely exploit these innovations in their own business strategy. During this journey, Industry 4.0 has recently highlighted some evidence about its efficacy in enabling strategic goals on the three dimensions (economical, environmental, social) of sustainable development, which is a key element for the European Union’s goal to make manufacturers become carbon neutral until 2030. Industry 4.0 and sustainability are together affecting manufacturers’ business models, forcing managers to take chances and face challenges within their organization and in their supply-chain. As an energy-intensive sector, steel industries will be intensively affected by sustainability paradigms. With 19 qualitative interviews in the organization and supply chain of an internationalized steel producer, Feralpi Group, we provide evidence that, beyond the use of main strategic technologies (Internet of Things and Big Data analysis), the implementation of a sustainability strategy is also possible through the creation of new partnerships beyond the own supply chain. The combination of Industry 4.0 technologies and sustainability strategies, especially concerning the environment through Circular Economy practices, pushes steel industries to revise their business models, paving the way for unexpected collaborations, where suppliers, customers, and even more diverse stakeholders such as competitors could bring benefits to the company sustainable economic growth and durability.
自从创建了一个通用术语来表示一系列增量和颠覆性的数字技术以来,工业4.0就向欧洲制造商提出了挑战,要求他们找到一种方法,在自己的商业战略中具体利用这些创新。在这段旅程中,工业4.0最近突出了一些证据,证明了它在实现可持续发展的三个维度(经济、环境、社会)战略目标方面的有效性,这是欧盟到2030年使制造商实现碳中和目标的关键因素。工业4.0和可持续发展共同影响着制造商的商业模式,迫使管理者在组织和供应链中冒险并面对挑战。作为能源密集型行业,钢铁行业将受到可持续发展模式的强烈影响。通过对国际化钢铁生产商Feralpi集团的组织和供应链进行19次定性访谈,我们提供的证据表明,除了使用主要战略技术(物联网和大数据分析)之外,通过在自己的供应链之外建立新的合作伙伴关系,可持续发展战略的实施也是可能的。工业4.0技术与可持续发展战略的结合,特别是通过循环经济实践关注环境,推动钢铁行业修改其商业模式,为意想不到的合作铺平道路,供应商、客户甚至更多样化的利益相关者(如竞争对手)可以为公司带来可持续的经济增长和持久性。
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引用次数: 0
Recycled Construction and Demolition Waste as Supplementary Cementing Materials in Eco-Friendly Concrete 再生建筑垃圾作为环保混凝土的辅助胶结材料
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8040054
S. Zito, E. Irassar, V. Rahhal
Growing environmental awareness and scarcity of natural resources are forcing the world to migrate from linear to circular economies. The possibility of partially replacing cement with ceramic-based waste from construction and demolition waste (C&DW) is a government and industry focus. The present study analyzes the effects of including finely ground complete walls of ceramic blocks (including masonry mortars) as supplementary cementing materials (SCM) on the physical, mechanical, and transport properties (water absorption and permeability) of concrete. The replacement ratio employed was 25% by weight of cement. Studies of the hydration evolution of cement pastes support the described properties of concretes. The findings reveal that the ground ceramic-based waste from C&DW stimulates hydration at all ages. Initially, this stimulation is predominantly physical (filler effect), but in later stages, it becomes chemical (pozzolanic reaction). Based on the results obtained in this study, it is possible to produce concrete with mechanical properties comparable to those of conventional concrete at 28 days.
日益增长的环境意识和自然资源的稀缺性正在迫使世界从线性经济转向循环经济。用建筑和拆迁垃圾中的陶瓷垃圾部分取代水泥的可能性是政府和行业关注的焦点。本研究分析了将精细研磨的陶瓷砖(包括砌筑砂浆)完整墙作为补充胶结材料(SCM)对混凝土物理、机械和运输性能(吸水性和渗透性)的影响。所采用的置换率为水泥重量的25%。对水泥浆体水化演变的研究支持了所描述的混凝土特性。研究结果表明,来自C&DW的研磨陶瓷基废物在所有年龄段都能刺激水合作用。最初,这种刺激主要是物理的(填料效应),但在后期,它变成了化学的(火山灰反应)。根据本研究的结果,在28天内生产出具有与传统混凝土相当的力学性能的混凝土是可能的。
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引用次数: 0
Carbon-Based Synthesized Materials for CO2 Adsorption and Conversion: Its Potential for Carbon Recycling 碳基合成材料对二氧化碳的吸附和转化:碳循环利用的潜力
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-21 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8040053
Tuan Hoang, Suhaib A. Bandh, Fayaz A. Malla, Irteza Qayoom, S. Bashir, Suhail Bashir Peer, A. Halog
During the last half-century, the CO2 concentration in the world’s atmosphere has increased from 310 p.p.m. to over 380 p.p.m. This is due to the widespread usage of fossil fuels as a main source of energy. Modeling forecasts have shown that this trend will continue to rise and reducing CO2 emissions is a challenging task for multi-stakeholders, including research institutions. The UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow (COP26) has stressed that stakeholders need to work together to achieve a NetZero target. Technologies involving absorbents for the capture of CO2 from a gas mixture are energy-intensive. Carbon adsorption and conversion (CAC) approaches have been gaining attention recently since these technologies can mitigate CO2 emissions. In this review, materials ranging from advanced carbon-based materials to natural resources-based materials will be reviewed. Adsorption and conversion capacities as well as the scalability possibility of these technologies for solving the CO2 emission problem will be investigated. The review, therefore, is timely and meaningful concerning the net zero emission targets set by countries and developmental organizations worldwide.
在过去的半个世纪里,世界大气中的二氧化碳浓度从下午310点上升到现在。到下午3点30分。这是由于化石燃料作为主要能源的广泛使用。模拟预测表明,这一趋势将继续上升,减少二氧化碳排放对包括研究机构在内的多方利益相关者来说是一项具有挑战性的任务。在格拉斯哥举行的联合国气候变化大会(COP26)强调,利益相关者需要共同努力实现零净目标。从气体混合物中捕获二氧化碳的吸收剂技术是能源密集型的。由于碳吸附和转化(CAC)技术可以减少二氧化碳的排放,因此最近受到了人们的关注。本文将对从先进碳基材料到自然资源基材料等材料进行综述。将研究这些技术在解决二氧化碳排放问题方面的吸附和转化能力以及可扩展性的可能性。因此,对世界各国和发展组织制定的净零排放目标进行审查是及时和有意义的。
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引用次数: 0
Valuation of Plastic Waste as a Community Circular Economy Strategy in the Municipality of Choco–Colombia 评价塑料废物作为哥伦比亚市社区循环经济战略
IF 4.3 Q2 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8030052
Angie Tatiana Ortega-Ramírez, Miriam Reyes Tovar, Nelly del Carmen Elmira Castro, Ó. Silva-Marrufo
A business solution is proposed for the accumulation of waste in the Municipality of Choco without prior treatment through the establishment of a center for the reception, classification, recovery and use of solid plastic waste in the Municipality of Quibdo, which would optimize and expand the management of plastic waste. In this study, the basic diagnosis of the practices that are currently carried out in Quibdo is evaluated with the appropriation of the knowledge of the population, the technical structuring of the conditions of production of plastic wood is carried out from the management of plastic waste, recognition of the market for waste generated as an alternative for development and sustainable growth and the financial feasibility of the project and the profitability of each of the investment plans for its implementation. The results of the investigation include the identification of weaknesses and opportunities in waste management practices and the proposal of two investment plans for the establishment of the center. It is concluded that investment plan 2 would require 46,590.50 USD less than investment plan 1, equivalent to a 2.21% return compared to investment plan 1.
通过在Quibdo市建立固体塑料废物接收、分类、回收和使用中心,为Choco市未经事先处理的废物积累提出了一个商业解决方案,这将优化和扩大塑料废物的管理。在这项研究中,对Quibdo目前开展的实践进行了基本诊断,并利用了人口的知识,从塑料废物的管理角度对塑料木材生产条件进行了技术结构分析,承认产生的废物作为发展和可持续增长的替代品的市场,以及项目的财务可行性和每个投资计划的盈利能力。调查结果包括确定废物管理实践中的弱点和机遇,以及为建立该中心提出两项投资计划。得出的结论是,投资计划2将比投资计划1少46590.50美元,与投资计划1相比,相当于2.21%的回报。
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引用次数: 0
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Recycling
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