首页 > 最新文献

Recycling最新文献

英文 中文
Performance of the Food Waste Recycling Law in Japan with Reference to SDG 12.3 参照可持续发展目标 12.3,日本《厨余回收法》的执行情况
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010018
Tomoko Okayama, Kohei Watanabe
SDG target 12.3 calls for halving food waste in retail, food service, and households by 2030. The food waste index developed for this purpose includes parts attached to food that are usually removed intentionally (“unavoidable food waste”) and counts conversion into animal feed and utilisation as biomaterial as a means of reduction. In Japan, the “Food Waste Recycling Law”, which has been in effect since 2001, promotes the recycling of food waste generated from businesses, designating feed conversion as a top priority. On the other hand, based on the more recent “Food Loss Reduction Promotion Act” of 2019, the government is currently promoting reduction in avoidable food waste to meet the SDG target. Based on statistical sources and interviews with ministry officers, this paper explains the history and achievements of Japan’s 23-year policy based on the Food Recycling Law, as well as the tension between the two legislations.
可持续发展目标的具体目标 12.3 要求到 2030 年将零售、餐饮服务和家庭中的食物浪费减半。为此制定的厨余指数包括通常有意去除的食物附着部分("不可避免的厨余"),并将转化为动物饲料和作为生物材料利用作为减少厨余的一种手段。在日本,自 2001 年开始实施的 "食物垃圾回收利用法 "促进了企业产生的食物垃圾的回收利用,并将饲料转化作为重中之重。另一方面,根据最新的 2019 年《减少食物损失促进法》,政府目前正在推动减少可避免的食物浪费,以实现可持续发展目标。本文基于统计资料和对省厅官员的访谈,解释了日本基于《食物循环法》的 23 年政策的历史和成就,以及这两项立法之间的矛盾。
{"title":"Performance of the Food Waste Recycling Law in Japan with Reference to SDG 12.3","authors":"Tomoko Okayama, Kohei Watanabe","doi":"10.3390/recycling9010018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9010018","url":null,"abstract":"SDG target 12.3 calls for halving food waste in retail, food service, and households by 2030. The food waste index developed for this purpose includes parts attached to food that are usually removed intentionally (“unavoidable food waste”) and counts conversion into animal feed and utilisation as biomaterial as a means of reduction. In Japan, the “Food Waste Recycling Law”, which has been in effect since 2001, promotes the recycling of food waste generated from businesses, designating feed conversion as a top priority. On the other hand, based on the more recent “Food Loss Reduction Promotion Act” of 2019, the government is currently promoting reduction in avoidable food waste to meet the SDG target. Based on statistical sources and interviews with ministry officers, this paper explains the history and achievements of Japan’s 23-year policy based on the Food Recycling Law, as well as the tension between the two legislations.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139851096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Critical Review on the Application of Recycled Carbon Fiber to Concrete and Cement Composites 回收碳纤维在混凝土和水泥复合材料中的应用评述
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010017
Manan Bhandari, Il-Woo Nam
Carbon fiber (CF) exhibit extraordinary properties, such as high specific and tensile strength, high elastic modulus, light weight, and weather resistance, which has led to a rapid increase in the use of CF in sectors such as aerospace, sports equipment, energy storage, automotive, construction, and wind energy applications. However, the increase in CF applications has led to a massive production of CF waste. As CF is non-biodegradable, it results in CF accumulation in landfills. CF waste is a rapidly growing ecological hazard because of its high energy consumption and expensive production methods. The properties of carbon fibers can be preserved even after recycling given the development of recycling technology; therefore, multiple studies have been conducted to demonstrate the effect of recycled carbon fiber (RCF) in different composites such as cement-based composites. This review presents the results of studies conducted on the application of RCF to cement composites and analyzes those results to investigate the effect of RCF on the properties of cement composites such as mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile strength), fracture characteristics (fracture toughness and fracture energy), electrical properties, and workability. Overall, the studies demonstrated a positive trend in the application of RCF to cement composites.
碳纤维(CF)具有比强度和拉伸强度高、弹性模量大、重量轻、耐候性好等优异性能,因此在航空航天、运动器材、储能、汽车、建筑和风能等领域的应用迅速增加。然而,CF 应用的增加也导致了大量 CF 废弃物的产生。由于 CF 不可生物降解,这导致 CF 垃圾在垃圾填埋场堆积。碳纤维废料因其高能耗和昂贵的生产方法而对生态环境的危害迅速增加。随着回收技术的发展,碳纤维在回收后仍能保持其特性;因此,已有多项研究证明了回收碳纤维(RCF)在不同复合材料(如水泥基复合材料)中的效果。本综述介绍了将 RCF 应用于水泥复合材料的研究结果,并对这些结果进行了分析,以研究 RCF 对水泥复合材料性能的影响,如机械性能(抗压强度、抗弯强度和抗拉强度)、断裂特性(断裂韧性和断裂能)、电性能和可加工性。总体而言,这些研究表明了水泥复合材料应用 RCF 的积极趋势。
{"title":"A Critical Review on the Application of Recycled Carbon Fiber to Concrete and Cement Composites","authors":"Manan Bhandari, Il-Woo Nam","doi":"10.3390/recycling9010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9010017","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon fiber (CF) exhibit extraordinary properties, such as high specific and tensile strength, high elastic modulus, light weight, and weather resistance, which has led to a rapid increase in the use of CF in sectors such as aerospace, sports equipment, energy storage, automotive, construction, and wind energy applications. However, the increase in CF applications has led to a massive production of CF waste. As CF is non-biodegradable, it results in CF accumulation in landfills. CF waste is a rapidly growing ecological hazard because of its high energy consumption and expensive production methods. The properties of carbon fibers can be preserved even after recycling given the development of recycling technology; therefore, multiple studies have been conducted to demonstrate the effect of recycled carbon fiber (RCF) in different composites such as cement-based composites. This review presents the results of studies conducted on the application of RCF to cement composites and analyzes those results to investigate the effect of RCF on the properties of cement composites such as mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile strength), fracture characteristics (fracture toughness and fracture energy), electrical properties, and workability. Overall, the studies demonstrated a positive trend in the application of RCF to cement composites.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139855667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Critical Review on the Application of Recycled Carbon Fiber to Concrete and Cement Composites 回收碳纤维在混凝土和水泥复合材料中的应用评述
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010017
Manan Bhandari, Il-Woo Nam
Carbon fiber (CF) exhibit extraordinary properties, such as high specific and tensile strength, high elastic modulus, light weight, and weather resistance, which has led to a rapid increase in the use of CF in sectors such as aerospace, sports equipment, energy storage, automotive, construction, and wind energy applications. However, the increase in CF applications has led to a massive production of CF waste. As CF is non-biodegradable, it results in CF accumulation in landfills. CF waste is a rapidly growing ecological hazard because of its high energy consumption and expensive production methods. The properties of carbon fibers can be preserved even after recycling given the development of recycling technology; therefore, multiple studies have been conducted to demonstrate the effect of recycled carbon fiber (RCF) in different composites such as cement-based composites. This review presents the results of studies conducted on the application of RCF to cement composites and analyzes those results to investigate the effect of RCF on the properties of cement composites such as mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile strength), fracture characteristics (fracture toughness and fracture energy), electrical properties, and workability. Overall, the studies demonstrated a positive trend in the application of RCF to cement composites.
碳纤维(CF)具有比强度和拉伸强度高、弹性模量大、重量轻、耐候性好等优异性能,因此在航空航天、运动器材、储能、汽车、建筑和风能等领域的应用迅速增加。然而,CF 应用的增加也导致了大量 CF 废弃物的产生。由于 CF 不可生物降解,这导致 CF 垃圾在垃圾填埋场堆积。碳纤维废料因其高能耗和昂贵的生产方法而对生态环境的危害迅速增加。随着回收技术的发展,碳纤维在回收后仍能保持其特性;因此,已有多项研究证明了回收碳纤维(RCF)在不同复合材料(如水泥基复合材料)中的效果。本综述介绍了将 RCF 应用于水泥复合材料的研究结果,并对这些结果进行了分析,以研究 RCF 对水泥复合材料性能的影响,如机械性能(抗压强度、抗弯强度和抗拉强度)、断裂特性(断裂韧性和断裂能)、电性能和可加工性。总体而言,这些研究表明了水泥复合材料应用 RCF 的积极趋势。
{"title":"A Critical Review on the Application of Recycled Carbon Fiber to Concrete and Cement Composites","authors":"Manan Bhandari, Il-Woo Nam","doi":"10.3390/recycling9010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9010017","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon fiber (CF) exhibit extraordinary properties, such as high specific and tensile strength, high elastic modulus, light weight, and weather resistance, which has led to a rapid increase in the use of CF in sectors such as aerospace, sports equipment, energy storage, automotive, construction, and wind energy applications. However, the increase in CF applications has led to a massive production of CF waste. As CF is non-biodegradable, it results in CF accumulation in landfills. CF waste is a rapidly growing ecological hazard because of its high energy consumption and expensive production methods. The properties of carbon fibers can be preserved even after recycling given the development of recycling technology; therefore, multiple studies have been conducted to demonstrate the effect of recycled carbon fiber (RCF) in different composites such as cement-based composites. This review presents the results of studies conducted on the application of RCF to cement composites and analyzes those results to investigate the effect of RCF on the properties of cement composites such as mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile strength), fracture characteristics (fracture toughness and fracture energy), electrical properties, and workability. Overall, the studies demonstrated a positive trend in the application of RCF to cement composites.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139795629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Geopolymerization of Recycled Glass Waste: A Sustainable Solution for a Lightweight and Fire-Resistant Material 回收玻璃废料的土工聚合:轻质防火材料的可持续解决方案
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010016
Marios Valanides, Konstantinos Aivaliotis, K. Oikonomopoulou, Alexandros Fikardos, P. Savva, K. Sakkas, D. Nicolaides
Glass is considered a sustainable material with achievable recovery rates within the EU. However, there are limited data available for construction glass waste management. Furthermore, glass is a heavy material, and considering the geographical limitations of Cyprus, the transportation trading cost within the EU is extremely high. Therefore, another method for utilizing this by-product should be developed. The aim of this research is to investigate the production of a low-cost, lightweight and fireproof material able to retain its structural integrity, using the geopolymerization method with the incorporation of randomly collected construction glass waste. The glass waste was initially processed in a Los Angeles abrasion machine and then through a Micro-Deval apparatus in order to be converted to a fine powder. Mechanical (compressive and flexural strength), physical (setting time and water absorption) and thermal properties (thermal conductivity) were investigated. The fire-resistant materials presented densities averaging 450 kg/m3 with a range of compressive strengths of 0.5 to 3 MPa. Additionally, a techno-economic analysis was conducted to evaluate the viability of the adopted material. Based on the results, the final geopolymer product has the potential to be utilized as a fire resistance material, preventing yielding or spalling.
玻璃被认为是一种可持续材料,其回收率在欧盟范围内是可以达到的。然而,有关建筑玻璃废物管理的数据十分有限。此外,玻璃是一种重型材料,考虑到塞浦路斯的地理限制,欧盟内部的运输贸易成本极高。因此,应开发另一种方法来利用这种副产品。本研究的目的是调查如何利用土工聚合法生产一种低成本、轻质、防火且能保持结构完整性的材料,并在其中加入随机收集的建筑玻璃废料。玻璃废料首先在洛杉矶研磨机中进行处理,然后通过 Micro-Deval 设备转化为细粉。对材料的机械性能(抗压和抗折强度)、物理性能(凝固时间和吸水性)和热性能(导热性)进行了研究。耐火材料的密度平均为 450 公斤/立方米,抗压强度范围为 0.5 至 3 兆帕。此外,还进行了技术经济分析,以评估所采用材料的可行性。根据分析结果,最终的土工聚合物产品有可能用作防火材料,防止屈服或剥落。
{"title":"Geopolymerization of Recycled Glass Waste: A Sustainable Solution for a Lightweight and Fire-Resistant Material","authors":"Marios Valanides, Konstantinos Aivaliotis, K. Oikonomopoulou, Alexandros Fikardos, P. Savva, K. Sakkas, D. Nicolaides","doi":"10.3390/recycling9010016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9010016","url":null,"abstract":"Glass is considered a sustainable material with achievable recovery rates within the EU. However, there are limited data available for construction glass waste management. Furthermore, glass is a heavy material, and considering the geographical limitations of Cyprus, the transportation trading cost within the EU is extremely high. Therefore, another method for utilizing this by-product should be developed. The aim of this research is to investigate the production of a low-cost, lightweight and fireproof material able to retain its structural integrity, using the geopolymerization method with the incorporation of randomly collected construction glass waste. The glass waste was initially processed in a Los Angeles abrasion machine and then through a Micro-Deval apparatus in order to be converted to a fine powder. Mechanical (compressive and flexural strength), physical (setting time and water absorption) and thermal properties (thermal conductivity) were investigated. The fire-resistant materials presented densities averaging 450 kg/m3 with a range of compressive strengths of 0.5 to 3 MPa. Additionally, a techno-economic analysis was conducted to evaluate the viability of the adopted material. Based on the results, the final geopolymer product has the potential to be utilized as a fire resistance material, preventing yielding or spalling.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139855577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Geopolymerization of Recycled Glass Waste: A Sustainable Solution for a Lightweight and Fire-Resistant Material 回收玻璃废料的土工聚合:轻质防火材料的可持续解决方案
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010016
Marios Valanides, Konstantinos Aivaliotis, K. Oikonomopoulou, Alexandros Fikardos, P. Savva, K. Sakkas, D. Nicolaides
Glass is considered a sustainable material with achievable recovery rates within the EU. However, there are limited data available for construction glass waste management. Furthermore, glass is a heavy material, and considering the geographical limitations of Cyprus, the transportation trading cost within the EU is extremely high. Therefore, another method for utilizing this by-product should be developed. The aim of this research is to investigate the production of a low-cost, lightweight and fireproof material able to retain its structural integrity, using the geopolymerization method with the incorporation of randomly collected construction glass waste. The glass waste was initially processed in a Los Angeles abrasion machine and then through a Micro-Deval apparatus in order to be converted to a fine powder. Mechanical (compressive and flexural strength), physical (setting time and water absorption) and thermal properties (thermal conductivity) were investigated. The fire-resistant materials presented densities averaging 450 kg/m3 with a range of compressive strengths of 0.5 to 3 MPa. Additionally, a techno-economic analysis was conducted to evaluate the viability of the adopted material. Based on the results, the final geopolymer product has the potential to be utilized as a fire resistance material, preventing yielding or spalling.
玻璃被认为是一种可持续材料,其回收率在欧盟范围内是可以达到的。然而,有关建筑玻璃废物管理的数据十分有限。此外,玻璃是一种重型材料,考虑到塞浦路斯的地理限制,欧盟内部的运输贸易成本极高。因此,应开发另一种方法来利用这种副产品。本研究的目的是调查如何利用土工聚合法生产一种低成本、轻质、防火且能保持结构完整性的材料,并在其中加入随机收集的建筑玻璃废料。玻璃废料首先在洛杉矶研磨机中进行处理,然后通过 Micro-Deval 设备转化为细粉。对材料的机械性能(抗压和抗折强度)、物理性能(凝固时间和吸水性)和热性能(导热性)进行了研究。耐火材料的密度平均为 450 公斤/立方米,抗压强度范围为 0.5 至 3 兆帕。此外,还进行了技术经济分析,以评估所采用材料的可行性。根据分析结果,最终的土工聚合物产品有可能用作防火材料,防止屈服或剥落。
{"title":"Geopolymerization of Recycled Glass Waste: A Sustainable Solution for a Lightweight and Fire-Resistant Material","authors":"Marios Valanides, Konstantinos Aivaliotis, K. Oikonomopoulou, Alexandros Fikardos, P. Savva, K. Sakkas, D. Nicolaides","doi":"10.3390/recycling9010016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9010016","url":null,"abstract":"Glass is considered a sustainable material with achievable recovery rates within the EU. However, there are limited data available for construction glass waste management. Furthermore, glass is a heavy material, and considering the geographical limitations of Cyprus, the transportation trading cost within the EU is extremely high. Therefore, another method for utilizing this by-product should be developed. The aim of this research is to investigate the production of a low-cost, lightweight and fireproof material able to retain its structural integrity, using the geopolymerization method with the incorporation of randomly collected construction glass waste. The glass waste was initially processed in a Los Angeles abrasion machine and then through a Micro-Deval apparatus in order to be converted to a fine powder. Mechanical (compressive and flexural strength), physical (setting time and water absorption) and thermal properties (thermal conductivity) were investigated. The fire-resistant materials presented densities averaging 450 kg/m3 with a range of compressive strengths of 0.5 to 3 MPa. Additionally, a techno-economic analysis was conducted to evaluate the viability of the adopted material. Based on the results, the final geopolymer product has the potential to be utilized as a fire resistance material, preventing yielding or spalling.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139795738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimization of Pyrolysis Process Parameters for Fuel Oil Production from the Thermal Recycling of Waste Polypropylene Grocery Bags Using the Box–Behnken Design 利用盒-贝肯设计优化热解工艺参数,利用废聚丙烯杂货袋的热回收生产燃料油
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010015
Balasubramaniam Prabha, D. Ramesh, Srinivasan Sriramajayam, Doraiswamy Uma
The impact of dumping plastic waste is realized in different ecosystems of the planet. Several methods have been adopted to dispose of these wastes for energy recovery. This study, for the first time, proposed the Box–Behnken design technique to optimize the pyrolysis process parameters for fuel oil production from waste polypropylene (PP) grocery bags using a semibatch-type pyrolytic reactor. The semibatch-type pyrolytic reactor was developed and employed to produce fuel oil from waste PP grocery bags. The effect of different process parameters on fuel oil production was comprehensively analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM) with the conjunction of the Box–Behnken design (BBD). The BBD facilitates the prediction of the response variables with respect to changes in the input variables by developing a response model. The BBD was used to optimize the process parameters, such as the reaction temperature (400–550 °C), nitrogen flow rate (5–20 mL min−1), and substrate feed rate (0.25–1.5 kg h−1), and their effect on the responses were observed. The optimum response yields of the fuel oil (89.34 %), solid residue (2.74%), and gas yield (7.92%) were obtained with an optimized temperature (481 °C), a nitrogen flow rate (13 mL min−1), and a feed rate (0.61 kg h−1). The quadratic model obtained for the fuel oil response denotes the greater R2 value (0.99). The specific gravity and calorific value of the fuel oil were found to be 0.787 and 45.42 MJ kg−1, respectively. The fuel oil had higher research octane number (RON) (100.0 min) and motor octane number (MON) (85.1 min) values. These characteristics of the fuel oil were matched with conventional petroleum fuels. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) were used to analyze the fuel oil, and the results revealed that the fuel oil was enriched with different hydrocarbons, namely, alkane (paraffins) and alkene (olefins), in the carbon range of C4–C20. These results, and also the fractional distillation of the fuel oil, show the presence of petroleum-range hydrocarbons in the waste PP fuel oil.
倾倒塑料垃圾对地球上不同生态系统的影响是显而易见的。人们采用了多种方法来处理这些废物,以回收能源。本研究首次提出了箱式贝肯设计技术(Box-Behnken design technique),利用半间歇式热解反应器优化从废弃聚丙烯(PP)食品袋生产燃料油的热解工艺参数。开发了半间歇式热解反应器,并将其用于利用废聚丙烯杂货袋生产燃料油。采用响应面方法(RSM)并结合方框-贝肯设计(BBD),全面分析了不同工艺参数对燃料油生产的影响。方框-贝肯设计(BBD)通过建立响应模型来预测输入变量变化时的响应变量。利用 BBD 对反应温度(400-550 °C)、氮气流速(5-20 mL min-1)和基质进料速率(0.25-1.5 kg h-1)等工艺参数进行了优化,并观察了它们对反应的影响。在优化温度(481 °C)、氮气流速(13 毫升/分钟-1)和进料速率(0.61 千克/小时-1)的条件下,燃料油产率(89.34%)、固体残渣产率(2.74%)和气体产率(7.92%)均达到最佳响应。燃料油响应的二次方模型显示出较大的 R2 值(0.99)。燃料油的比重和热值分别为 0.787 和 45.42 MJ kg-1。燃料油的研究辛烷值(RON)(100.0 分钟)和发动机辛烷值(MON)(85.1 分钟)较高。燃料油的这些特性与传统石油燃料相匹配。此外,还利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对燃料油进行了分析,结果表明燃料油富含不同的碳氢化合物,即碳原子范围为 C4-C20 的烷烃(石蜡)和烯烃(烯烃)。这些结果以及燃料油的分馏结果表明,废 PP 燃料油中含有石油范围的碳氢化合物。
{"title":"Optimization of Pyrolysis Process Parameters for Fuel Oil Production from the Thermal Recycling of Waste Polypropylene Grocery Bags Using the Box–Behnken Design","authors":"Balasubramaniam Prabha, D. Ramesh, Srinivasan Sriramajayam, Doraiswamy Uma","doi":"10.3390/recycling9010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9010015","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of dumping plastic waste is realized in different ecosystems of the planet. Several methods have been adopted to dispose of these wastes for energy recovery. This study, for the first time, proposed the Box–Behnken design technique to optimize the pyrolysis process parameters for fuel oil production from waste polypropylene (PP) grocery bags using a semibatch-type pyrolytic reactor. The semibatch-type pyrolytic reactor was developed and employed to produce fuel oil from waste PP grocery bags. The effect of different process parameters on fuel oil production was comprehensively analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM) with the conjunction of the Box–Behnken design (BBD). The BBD facilitates the prediction of the response variables with respect to changes in the input variables by developing a response model. The BBD was used to optimize the process parameters, such as the reaction temperature (400–550 °C), nitrogen flow rate (5–20 mL min−1), and substrate feed rate (0.25–1.5 kg h−1), and their effect on the responses were observed. The optimum response yields of the fuel oil (89.34 %), solid residue (2.74%), and gas yield (7.92%) were obtained with an optimized temperature (481 °C), a nitrogen flow rate (13 mL min−1), and a feed rate (0.61 kg h−1). The quadratic model obtained for the fuel oil response denotes the greater R2 value (0.99). The specific gravity and calorific value of the fuel oil were found to be 0.787 and 45.42 MJ kg−1, respectively. The fuel oil had higher research octane number (RON) (100.0 min) and motor octane number (MON) (85.1 min) values. These characteristics of the fuel oil were matched with conventional petroleum fuels. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) were used to analyze the fuel oil, and the results revealed that the fuel oil was enriched with different hydrocarbons, namely, alkane (paraffins) and alkene (olefins), in the carbon range of C4–C20. These results, and also the fractional distillation of the fuel oil, show the presence of petroleum-range hydrocarbons in the waste PP fuel oil.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139862116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimization of Pyrolysis Process Parameters for Fuel Oil Production from the Thermal Recycling of Waste Polypropylene Grocery Bags Using the Box–Behnken Design 利用盒-贝肯设计优化热解工艺参数,利用废聚丙烯杂货袋的热回收生产燃料油
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010015
Balasubramaniam Prabha, D. Ramesh, Srinivasan Sriramajayam, Doraiswamy Uma
The impact of dumping plastic waste is realized in different ecosystems of the planet. Several methods have been adopted to dispose of these wastes for energy recovery. This study, for the first time, proposed the Box–Behnken design technique to optimize the pyrolysis process parameters for fuel oil production from waste polypropylene (PP) grocery bags using a semibatch-type pyrolytic reactor. The semibatch-type pyrolytic reactor was developed and employed to produce fuel oil from waste PP grocery bags. The effect of different process parameters on fuel oil production was comprehensively analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM) with the conjunction of the Box–Behnken design (BBD). The BBD facilitates the prediction of the response variables with respect to changes in the input variables by developing a response model. The BBD was used to optimize the process parameters, such as the reaction temperature (400–550 °C), nitrogen flow rate (5–20 mL min−1), and substrate feed rate (0.25–1.5 kg h−1), and their effect on the responses were observed. The optimum response yields of the fuel oil (89.34 %), solid residue (2.74%), and gas yield (7.92%) were obtained with an optimized temperature (481 °C), a nitrogen flow rate (13 mL min−1), and a feed rate (0.61 kg h−1). The quadratic model obtained for the fuel oil response denotes the greater R2 value (0.99). The specific gravity and calorific value of the fuel oil were found to be 0.787 and 45.42 MJ kg−1, respectively. The fuel oil had higher research octane number (RON) (100.0 min) and motor octane number (MON) (85.1 min) values. These characteristics of the fuel oil were matched with conventional petroleum fuels. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) were used to analyze the fuel oil, and the results revealed that the fuel oil was enriched with different hydrocarbons, namely, alkane (paraffins) and alkene (olefins), in the carbon range of C4–C20. These results, and also the fractional distillation of the fuel oil, show the presence of petroleum-range hydrocarbons in the waste PP fuel oil.
倾倒塑料垃圾对地球上不同生态系统的影响是显而易见的。人们采用了多种方法来处理这些废物,以回收能源。本研究首次提出了箱式贝肯设计技术(Box-Behnken design technique),利用半间歇式热解反应器优化从废弃聚丙烯(PP)食品袋生产燃料油的热解工艺参数。开发了半间歇式热解反应器,并将其用于利用废聚丙烯杂货袋生产燃料油。采用响应面方法(RSM)并结合方框-贝肯设计(BBD),全面分析了不同工艺参数对燃料油生产的影响。方框-贝肯设计(BBD)通过建立响应模型来预测输入变量变化时的响应变量。利用 BBD 对反应温度(400-550 °C)、氮气流速(5-20 mL min-1)和基质进料速率(0.25-1.5 kg h-1)等工艺参数进行了优化,并观察了它们对反应的影响。在优化温度(481 °C)、氮气流速(13 毫升/分钟-1)和进料速率(0.61 千克/小时-1)的条件下,燃料油产率(89.34%)、固体残渣产率(2.74%)和气体产率(7.92%)均达到最佳响应。燃料油响应的二次方模型显示出较大的 R2 值(0.99)。燃料油的比重和热值分别为 0.787 和 45.42 MJ kg-1。燃料油的研究辛烷值(RON)(100.0 分钟)和发动机辛烷值(MON)(85.1 分钟)较高。燃料油的这些特性与传统石油燃料相匹配。此外,还利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对燃料油进行了分析,结果表明燃料油富含不同的碳氢化合物,即碳原子范围为 C4-C20 的烷烃(石蜡)和烯烃(烯烃)。这些结果以及燃料油的分馏结果表明,废 PP 燃料油中含有石油范围的碳氢化合物。
{"title":"Optimization of Pyrolysis Process Parameters for Fuel Oil Production from the Thermal Recycling of Waste Polypropylene Grocery Bags Using the Box–Behnken Design","authors":"Balasubramaniam Prabha, D. Ramesh, Srinivasan Sriramajayam, Doraiswamy Uma","doi":"10.3390/recycling9010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9010015","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of dumping plastic waste is realized in different ecosystems of the planet. Several methods have been adopted to dispose of these wastes for energy recovery. This study, for the first time, proposed the Box–Behnken design technique to optimize the pyrolysis process parameters for fuel oil production from waste polypropylene (PP) grocery bags using a semibatch-type pyrolytic reactor. The semibatch-type pyrolytic reactor was developed and employed to produce fuel oil from waste PP grocery bags. The effect of different process parameters on fuel oil production was comprehensively analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM) with the conjunction of the Box–Behnken design (BBD). The BBD facilitates the prediction of the response variables with respect to changes in the input variables by developing a response model. The BBD was used to optimize the process parameters, such as the reaction temperature (400–550 °C), nitrogen flow rate (5–20 mL min−1), and substrate feed rate (0.25–1.5 kg h−1), and their effect on the responses were observed. The optimum response yields of the fuel oil (89.34 %), solid residue (2.74%), and gas yield (7.92%) were obtained with an optimized temperature (481 °C), a nitrogen flow rate (13 mL min−1), and a feed rate (0.61 kg h−1). The quadratic model obtained for the fuel oil response denotes the greater R2 value (0.99). The specific gravity and calorific value of the fuel oil were found to be 0.787 and 45.42 MJ kg−1, respectively. The fuel oil had higher research octane number (RON) (100.0 min) and motor octane number (MON) (85.1 min) values. These characteristics of the fuel oil were matched with conventional petroleum fuels. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) were used to analyze the fuel oil, and the results revealed that the fuel oil was enriched with different hydrocarbons, namely, alkane (paraffins) and alkene (olefins), in the carbon range of C4–C20. These results, and also the fractional distillation of the fuel oil, show the presence of petroleum-range hydrocarbons in the waste PP fuel oil.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139802194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of Surface Condition on the Results of Chemical Composition Measurements of Scrap Copper Alloys 表面条件对废铜合金化学成分测量结果的影响
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010014
Łukasz Bernat, Tomasz Jurtsch, Grzegorz Moryson, Jan Moryson, Grzegorz Wiczyński
The processing of copper-bearing scrap makes it possible to reduce the costs and energy consumption of obtaining copper alloy products compared to producing them from primary raw materials. To achieve this, it is necessary to quickly and accurately determine the content of alloying elements in individual scrap elements. However, the copper-bearing scrap obtained at secondary raw materials collection points consists of elements with various surface conditions (due to contamination, shape, paint coatings, roughness, etc.). The paper contains research results on the influence of surface roughness and paint coatings on the measurement result of the content of alloying elements in copper-bearing scrap. Three mobile spectrometers were used for measurements: spark-induced optical emission spectroscopy (OES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The tests used elements with different surface roughness (from Ra = 0.03 μm to 6.7 μm) and covered with various types of varnish (alkyd, water-based, oil-phthalic, acrylic, oil-alkyd). It was found that the roughness of Ra < 2 μm does not significantly affect the results of the measurements with the OES and LIBS spectrometers, and a larger scatter of measurement results was observed for the XRF spectrometer compared to OES and LIBS. For Ra > 2 μm, a significant impact of roughness was found on the measurement results (this may result in the erroneous classification of the scrap as an incorrect material group). The influence of paint coatings on the measurement is much stronger compared to surface roughness. Even a single layer of paint can cause a change in the measurement result of the content of alloying elements by more than 10%. In the case of an OES spectrometer, paint coatings may prevent the measurement from being performed (which means that no measurement result can be acquired).
与使用初级原材料生产铜合金产品相比,对含铜废料进行加工可以降低获得铜合金产品的成本和能耗。要做到这一点,就必须快速准确地确定各个废料中合金元素的含量。然而,在二次原料收集点获得的含铜废料由各种表面状况(由于污染、形状、油漆涂层、粗糙度等)的元素组成。本文研究了表面粗糙度和油漆涂层对含铜废料中合金元素含量测量结果的影响。测量使用了三种移动光谱仪:火花诱导光学发射光谱(OES)、X 射线荧光光谱(XRF)和激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)。测试使用了不同表面粗糙度(从 Ra = 0.03 μm 到 6.7 μm)的元素,并覆盖了不同类型的清漆(醇酸树脂、水基、油邻苯二甲酸、丙烯酸、油醇酸树脂)。研究发现,Ra < 2 μm 的粗糙度对 OES 和 LIBS 光谱仪的测量结果影响不大,与 OES 和 LIBS 相比,XRF 光谱仪的测量结果散差较大。在 Ra > 2 μm 的情况下,粗糙度对测量结果的影响很大(这可能导致废料被错误地归类为错误的材料组)。与表面粗糙度相比,油漆涂层对测量的影响要大得多。即使是一层油漆也会导致合金元素含量的测量结果发生 10% 以上的变化。对于 OES 光谱仪,油漆涂层可能会导致无法进行测量(这意味着无法获得测量结果)。
{"title":"Effect of Surface Condition on the Results of Chemical Composition Measurements of Scrap Copper Alloys","authors":"Łukasz Bernat, Tomasz Jurtsch, Grzegorz Moryson, Jan Moryson, Grzegorz Wiczyński","doi":"10.3390/recycling9010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9010014","url":null,"abstract":"The processing of copper-bearing scrap makes it possible to reduce the costs and energy consumption of obtaining copper alloy products compared to producing them from primary raw materials. To achieve this, it is necessary to quickly and accurately determine the content of alloying elements in individual scrap elements. However, the copper-bearing scrap obtained at secondary raw materials collection points consists of elements with various surface conditions (due to contamination, shape, paint coatings, roughness, etc.). The paper contains research results on the influence of surface roughness and paint coatings on the measurement result of the content of alloying elements in copper-bearing scrap. Three mobile spectrometers were used for measurements: spark-induced optical emission spectroscopy (OES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The tests used elements with different surface roughness (from Ra = 0.03 μm to 6.7 μm) and covered with various types of varnish (alkyd, water-based, oil-phthalic, acrylic, oil-alkyd). It was found that the roughness of Ra < 2 μm does not significantly affect the results of the measurements with the OES and LIBS spectrometers, and a larger scatter of measurement results was observed for the XRF spectrometer compared to OES and LIBS. For Ra > 2 μm, a significant impact of roughness was found on the measurement results (this may result in the erroneous classification of the scrap as an incorrect material group). The influence of paint coatings on the measurement is much stronger compared to surface roughness. Even a single layer of paint can cause a change in the measurement result of the content of alloying elements by more than 10%. In the case of an OES spectrometer, paint coatings may prevent the measurement from being performed (which means that no measurement result can be acquired).","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139866523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Battery Waste Management in Europe: Black Mass Hazardousness and Recycling Strategies in the Light of an Evolving Competitive Regulation 欧洲的电池废物管理:不断演变的竞争法规下的黑体危害和回收战略
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010013
Mattia Gianvincenzi, E. Mosconi, Marco Marconi, Francesco Tola
The increasing significance of batteries in the 21st century and the challenges posed by the anticipated surge in end-of-life batteries, particularly within the European context, are examined in this study. Forecasts predict a notable escalation in battery waste, necessitating a focus on the recycling of black mass (BM)—a complex and hazardous byproduct of the battery recycling process. Employing systematic analysis, this research investigates the hazardous nature of BM derived from various battery types. The study underscores the urgent need for definitive legislative classification of BM’s hazardous properties (HPs), in accordance with European regulations. This comprehensive examination of BM’s HPs contributes significantly to the understanding of BM recycling complexities, proving essential for industry stakeholders and guiding future developments in this field. Additionally, the study explores innovative technologies and strategies that could improve recycling efficiency and reduce associated risks. A pivotal finding of this investigation is the inherently hazardous nature of BM, leading to the recommendation that BM should be classified at a minimum under the “HP3—Flammable” category. This discovery underscores the critical need for stringent management protocols and robust regulatory frameworks to address the burgeoning challenge of battery waste in Europe.
本研究探讨了电池在 21 世纪日益重要的作用,以及预期报废电池激增所带来的挑战,尤其是在欧洲范围内。据预测,电池废弃物将显著增加,因此有必要关注电池回收过程中产生的复杂而危险的副产品--黑质(BM)的回收。通过系统分析,本研究调查了各种类型电池产生的黑质的危险性质。该研究强调,迫切需要根据欧洲法规对 BM 的危险特性 (HP) 进行明确的立法分类。对 BM 危险特性的全面研究极大地促进了人们对 BM 回收复杂性的理解,对行业利益相关者至关重要,并为该领域的未来发展提供了指导。此外,本研究还探讨了可提高回收效率和降低相关风险的创新技术和战略。这项调查的一个重要发现是生物材料本身具有危险性,因此建议至少将生物材料归入 "HP3-易燃 "类别。这一发现突出表明,欧洲亟需严格的管理规程和健全的监管框架,以应对电池废弃物日益增多的挑战。
{"title":"Battery Waste Management in Europe: Black Mass Hazardousness and Recycling Strategies in the Light of an Evolving Competitive Regulation","authors":"Mattia Gianvincenzi, E. Mosconi, Marco Marconi, Francesco Tola","doi":"10.3390/recycling9010013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9010013","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing significance of batteries in the 21st century and the challenges posed by the anticipated surge in end-of-life batteries, particularly within the European context, are examined in this study. Forecasts predict a notable escalation in battery waste, necessitating a focus on the recycling of black mass (BM)—a complex and hazardous byproduct of the battery recycling process. Employing systematic analysis, this research investigates the hazardous nature of BM derived from various battery types. The study underscores the urgent need for definitive legislative classification of BM’s hazardous properties (HPs), in accordance with European regulations. This comprehensive examination of BM’s HPs contributes significantly to the understanding of BM recycling complexities, proving essential for industry stakeholders and guiding future developments in this field. Additionally, the study explores innovative technologies and strategies that could improve recycling efficiency and reduce associated risks. A pivotal finding of this investigation is the inherently hazardous nature of BM, leading to the recommendation that BM should be classified at a minimum under the “HP3—Flammable” category. This discovery underscores the critical need for stringent management protocols and robust regulatory frameworks to address the burgeoning challenge of battery waste in Europe.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139867686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of Surface Condition on the Results of Chemical Composition Measurements of Scrap Copper Alloys 表面条件对废铜合金化学成分测量结果的影响
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010014
Łukasz Bernat, Tomasz Jurtsch, Grzegorz Moryson, Jan Moryson, Grzegorz Wiczyński
The processing of copper-bearing scrap makes it possible to reduce the costs and energy consumption of obtaining copper alloy products compared to producing them from primary raw materials. To achieve this, it is necessary to quickly and accurately determine the content of alloying elements in individual scrap elements. However, the copper-bearing scrap obtained at secondary raw materials collection points consists of elements with various surface conditions (due to contamination, shape, paint coatings, roughness, etc.). The paper contains research results on the influence of surface roughness and paint coatings on the measurement result of the content of alloying elements in copper-bearing scrap. Three mobile spectrometers were used for measurements: spark-induced optical emission spectroscopy (OES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The tests used elements with different surface roughness (from Ra = 0.03 μm to 6.7 μm) and covered with various types of varnish (alkyd, water-based, oil-phthalic, acrylic, oil-alkyd). It was found that the roughness of Ra < 2 μm does not significantly affect the results of the measurements with the OES and LIBS spectrometers, and a larger scatter of measurement results was observed for the XRF spectrometer compared to OES and LIBS. For Ra > 2 μm, a significant impact of roughness was found on the measurement results (this may result in the erroneous classification of the scrap as an incorrect material group). The influence of paint coatings on the measurement is much stronger compared to surface roughness. Even a single layer of paint can cause a change in the measurement result of the content of alloying elements by more than 10%. In the case of an OES spectrometer, paint coatings may prevent the measurement from being performed (which means that no measurement result can be acquired).
与使用初级原材料生产铜合金产品相比,对含铜废料进行加工可以降低获得铜合金产品的成本和能耗。要做到这一点,就必须快速准确地确定各个废铜元素中合金元素的含量。然而,在二次原料收集点获得的含铜废料由各种表面状况(由于污染、形状、油漆涂层、粗糙度等)的元素组成。本文研究了表面粗糙度和油漆涂层对含铜废料中合金元素含量测量结果的影响。测量使用了三种移动光谱仪:火花诱导光学发射光谱(OES)、X 射线荧光光谱(XRF)和激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)。测试使用了不同表面粗糙度(从 Ra = 0.03 μm 到 6.7 μm)的元素,并覆盖了不同类型的清漆(醇酸树脂、水基、油邻苯二甲酸、丙烯酸、油醇酸树脂)。研究发现,Ra < 2 μm 的粗糙度对 OES 和 LIBS 光谱仪的测量结果影响不大,与 OES 和 LIBS 相比,XRF 光谱仪的测量结果散差较大。在 Ra > 2 μm 的情况下,粗糙度对测量结果的影响很大(这可能导致废料被错误地归类为错误的材料组)。与表面粗糙度相比,油漆涂层对测量的影响要大得多。即使是一层油漆也会导致合金元素含量的测量结果发生 10% 以上的变化。对于 OES 光谱仪,油漆涂层可能会导致无法进行测量(这意味着无法获得测量结果)。
{"title":"Effect of Surface Condition on the Results of Chemical Composition Measurements of Scrap Copper Alloys","authors":"Łukasz Bernat, Tomasz Jurtsch, Grzegorz Moryson, Jan Moryson, Grzegorz Wiczyński","doi":"10.3390/recycling9010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9010014","url":null,"abstract":"The processing of copper-bearing scrap makes it possible to reduce the costs and energy consumption of obtaining copper alloy products compared to producing them from primary raw materials. To achieve this, it is necessary to quickly and accurately determine the content of alloying elements in individual scrap elements. However, the copper-bearing scrap obtained at secondary raw materials collection points consists of elements with various surface conditions (due to contamination, shape, paint coatings, roughness, etc.). The paper contains research results on the influence of surface roughness and paint coatings on the measurement result of the content of alloying elements in copper-bearing scrap. Three mobile spectrometers were used for measurements: spark-induced optical emission spectroscopy (OES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The tests used elements with different surface roughness (from Ra = 0.03 μm to 6.7 μm) and covered with various types of varnish (alkyd, water-based, oil-phthalic, acrylic, oil-alkyd). It was found that the roughness of Ra < 2 μm does not significantly affect the results of the measurements with the OES and LIBS spectrometers, and a larger scatter of measurement results was observed for the XRF spectrometer compared to OES and LIBS. For Ra > 2 μm, a significant impact of roughness was found on the measurement results (this may result in the erroneous classification of the scrap as an incorrect material group). The influence of paint coatings on the measurement is much stronger compared to surface roughness. Even a single layer of paint can cause a change in the measurement result of the content of alloying elements by more than 10%. In the case of an OES spectrometer, paint coatings may prevent the measurement from being performed (which means that no measurement result can be acquired).","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139806375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Recycling
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1