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Unlocking the Potential of Agrifood Waste for Sustainable Innovation in Agriculture 释放农业食品废弃物的潜力,促进农业可持续创新
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9020025
Monica Voss, Carlotta Valle, Emanuela Calcio Gaudino, S. Tabasso, Claudio Forte, Giancarlo Cravotto
The United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP’s) Food Waste Index Report 2021 highlights a global annual food waste of 1 billion tons. The UNEP plays a crucial role in achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12.3, which aims to halve per capita global food waste (FW) at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains globally by 2030. On the other hand, the agricultural sector faces the challenge of increasing productivity to feed the world’s growing population while reducing the environmental impact on ecosystems and human health. In this context, the conversion of agri-food waste (AFW) into biocides, bio-based fertilizers (BBFs) and biostimulants could represent a successful approach to tackle all these issues. This review shows the latest findings on the different sources of AFW and the application of their bioactive compounds in agriculture. Increasing crop yields and improving plant physiology through the utilization of AFW-derived value products aligns with a circular economy approach, bolstering people’s confidence in managing food waste for improved food production.
联合国环境规划署(UNEP)发布的《2021 年食物浪费指数报告》指出,全球每年浪费的食物达 10 亿吨。环境署在实现可持续发展目标(SDG)12.3方面发挥着至关重要的作用,该目标旨在到2030年将全球零售和消费者层面的人均食物浪费(FW)减半,并在全球范围内减少生产和供应链中的食物损失。另一方面,农业部门面临着提高生产力以养活全球不断增长的人口,同时减少对生态系统和人类健康的环境影响的挑战。在这种情况下,将农业食品废弃物(AFW)转化为生物杀灭剂、生物基肥料(BBF)和生物刺激剂,可能是解决所有这些问题的成功方法。本综述介绍了有关农业食品废弃物不同来源及其生物活性化合物在农业中应用的最新研究成果。通过利用厨余垃圾衍生的有价值产品来提高作物产量和改善植物生理机能符合循环经济的方法,增强了人们管理厨余垃圾以提高粮食产量的信心。
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引用次数: 0
A Framework for Developing a National Research Strategy for Water Reuse 制定国家水回用研究战略的框架
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-03-16 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9020024
A. Ramaprasad, Thant Syn
Water reuse is critical to national development, sustenance, and survival in this era of climate, demographic, and social changes. There is no systemic national approach to systematically addressing this challenge. This paper presents a framework and method to develop a national research strategy for water reuse. It presents an ontology of water reuse strategies that encapsulates the combinatorial complexity of the problem clearly, concisely, and comprehensively. Subsequently, it discusses the method to use the framework to develop a national strategy, adapt it through feedback and learning, and ultimately effect a revolutionary change in the strategy for water reuse.
在这个气候、人口和社会不断变化的时代,水的再利用对于国家的发展、维持和生存至关重要。目前还没有系统性的国家方法来有条不紊地应对这一挑战。本文介绍了制定国家水回用研究战略的框架和方法。它提出了一个水回用战略本体论,清晰、简洁、全面地概括了问题的组合复杂性。随后,论文讨论了使用该框架制定国家战略的方法,并通过反馈和学习对其进行调整,最终实现水回用战略的革命性变革。
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引用次数: 0
A Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of GGBS-Based Geopolymer Concrete Activated by a Rice Husk Ash-Synthesised Sodium Silicate Solution and Sodium Hydroxide 用稻壳灰合成的硅酸钠溶液和氢氧化钠活化基于 GGBS 的土工聚合物混凝土的综合性能评估
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9020023
J. Oti, B. Adeleke, Prageeth R. Mudiyanselage, John Kinuthia
Commercial sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (SS) are commonly used as alkaline activators in geopolymer concrete production despite concerns about their availability and associated CO2 emissions. This study employs an alternative alkaline activator (AA) synthesized from a sodium silicate alternative (SSA) solution derived from rice husk ash (RHA) and a 10 M sodium hydroxide solution. The initial phase established an optimal water-to-binder (W/B) ratio of 0.50, balancing workability and structural performance. Subsequent investigations explored the influence of the alkali/precursor (A/P) ratio on geopolymer concrete properties. A control mix uses ordinary Portland cement (OPC), while ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)-based geopolymer concrete—GPC mixes (GPC1, GPC2, GPC3, GPC4) vary the A/P ratios (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) with a 1:1 ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide (SS: SH). The engineering performance was evaluated through a slump test, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and tensile splitting (TS) tests in accordance with the appropriate standards. The geopolymer mixes, excluding GPC3, offer suitable workability; UCS and TS, though lower than the control mix, peak at an A/P ratio of 0.4. Despite lower mechanical strength than OPC, geopolymers’ environmental benefits make them a valuable alternative. GPC2, with a 0.4 A/P ratio and 0.5 W/B (water to binder) ratio, is recommended for balanced workability and structural performance. Future research should focus on enhancing the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete for sustainable, high-performance mixtures.
尽管人们对商用氢氧化钠(NaOH)和硅酸钠(SS)的可获得性和相关二氧化碳排放量表示担忧,但它们在土工聚合物混凝土生产中通常被用作碱性活化剂。本研究采用了一种替代性碱性活化剂(AA),由稻壳灰(RHA)提取的硅酸钠替代物(SSA)溶液和 10 M 氢氧化钠溶液合成。初始阶段确定的最佳水与粘合剂(W/B)比率为 0.50,以平衡施工性和结构性能。随后的研究探讨了碱/前驱体(A/P)比对土工聚合物混凝土性能的影响。对照组混合料使用普通波特兰水泥(OPC),而基于磨细高炉矿渣(GGBS)的土工聚合物混凝土-GPC 混合料(GPC1、GPC2、GPC3、GPC4)的 A/P 比率(0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8)各不相同,硅酸钠与氢氧化钠(SS:SH)的比率为 1:1。根据相应的标准,通过坍落度试验、无侧限抗压强度(UCS)和拉伸劈裂(TS)试验对工程性能进行了评估。除 GPC3 外,土工聚合物混合料均具有适当的施工性;UCS 和 TS 虽然低于对照混合料,但在 A/P 比为 0.4 时达到峰值。尽管机械强度低于 OPC,但土工聚合物的环境效益使其成为一种有价值的替代品。建议使用 A/P 比率为 0.4、W/B(水与粘合剂)比率为 0.5 的 GPC2,以实现施工性和结构性能的平衡。未来的研究应侧重于提高土工聚合物混凝土的机械性能,以获得可持续的高性能混合物。
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引用次数: 0
Measurements of the Permeability Coefficient of Waste Coal Ash under Hydrostatic Pressure to Identify the Feasibility of Its Use in Construction 测量废煤灰在静水压力下的渗透系数以确定其在建筑中使用的可行性
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9020022
B. Dutka, K. Godyń, Przemysław Skotniczny, Katarzyna Tokarczyk, Maciej Tram
The aim of this research was to measure the filtration properties of waste coal ash under the influence of hydrostatic pressure generated in a three-axial compression apparatus. The scope of work included determining the compactibility parameters, maximum bulk density and optimal moisture content. Permeability tests were performed for a sample with an average grain composition at three compaction indices IS: 0.964, 0.98 and 1.00. The hydrostatic pressure ranging from 0.5 to 1.8 bar corresponded to the layer depths from 2.17 to 7.83 m. Gradually increasing the pressure during the first loading cycle caused irreversible changes in the structure of the sample by local material agglomeration or grain interlocking. The water permeability coefficient was higher in the second loading cycle than in the first cycle. It was shown that waste coal ash cannot be used as a construction material on its own. To obtain constant filtration properties, the waste coal ash material should be doped, or an optimal compactionshould be used (IS = 1.00). The results presented in this study are important for assessing the use of waste coal ash for construction engineering purposes.
这项研究的目的是测量废弃煤灰在三轴压缩设备产生的静水压力影响下的过滤特性。工作范围包括确定可压缩性参数、最大体积密度和最佳含水量。对具有平均颗粒成分的样品进行了渗透性测试,测试条件为三个压实指数 IS:0.964、0.98 和 1.00。静水压力从 0.5 巴到 1.8 巴,对应的层深为 2.17 米到 7.83 米。在第一个加载周期内逐渐增加压力会导致样品结构发生不可逆的变化,如局部材料聚集或颗粒交错。第二个加载周期的透水系数高于第一个加载周期。结果表明,废煤灰本身不能用作建筑材料。要获得恒定的过滤性能,应掺入废煤灰材料,或使用最佳压实度(IS = 1.00)。本研究得出的结果对于评估建筑工程中废弃煤灰的使用非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Carbonate as Alkali Catalysts in Ethanol Organosolv Treatment of Cotton Stalks for the Release of Hydroxycinnamates 比较氢氧化钠和碳酸钠作为碱催化剂在乙醇有机溶胶处理棉秆以释放羟基肉桂酸盐的效果
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9020021
Georgia Papadimitriou, Vassiliki Zarnavalou, Theodoros G. Chatzimitakos, D. Palaiogiannis, V. Athanasiadis, S. Lalas, D. Makris
Cotton stalks are residual biomass resulting from cotton bud harvesting, and they are composed primarily of lignocellulosic material. This material could be a source of functional polyphenols. To investigate this prospect, this study was undertaken with the view to examining whether an ethanol-based organosolv treatment could be suitable for producing extracts enriched in polyphenolic compounds. To this end, alkali catalysis was employed, and two catalysts, sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate, were tested. The initial approach based on treatment severity showed that both catalysts may be equally effective in the recovery of polyphenols, yet in most cases studied, no clear trend between treatment severity and total polyphenol yield was recorded. The following study, based on response surface methodology, provided optimized conditions for both treatments, sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate, where the recommended catalyst concentrations were 0.67 and 4%, respectively. Under a constant temperature of 90 °C and residence time of 300 min, the treatments with sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate afforded total polyphenol yields of 18.4 ± 1 and 15.6 ± 1.9 mg CAE g−1 DM, respectively, which showed no significant statistical difference (p > 0.05). However, high-performance liquid chromatography analyses revealed that the sodium carbonate-catalyzed treatment produced extract particularly enriched in two hydroxycinnamate derivatives, ferulic and p-coumaric acid. This extract also exhibited increased antioxidant activity. The outcome of this study strongly suggests cotton stalks as a bioresource of functional substances, while mild alkali-catalyzed ethanol organosolv treatment appears to be a very promising technique for effectively delivering hydroxycinnamate-enriched extracts.
棉花秆是收获棉花蕾后产生的剩余生物质,主要由木质纤维素材料组成。这种材料可能是功能性多酚的来源。为了探究这一前景,本研究采用了乙醇有机溶液处理法,以检验这种方法是否适合生产富含多酚化合物的提取物。为此,采用了碱催化法,并对氢氧化钠和碳酸钠两种催化剂进行了测试。基于处理严重程度的初步方法表明,这两种催化剂在回收多酚方面可能同样有效,但在研究的大多数情况下,处理严重程度与多酚总产量之间没有明显的趋势。接下来的研究基于响应面方法,为氢氧化钠和碳酸钠两种处理提供了优化条件,其中推荐的催化剂浓度分别为 0.67% 和 4%。在恒温 90 °C、停留时间 300 分钟的条件下,氢氧化钠和碳酸钠处理的多酚总产率分别为 18.4 ± 1 和 15.6 ± 1.9 mg CAE g-1 DM,没有明显的统计学差异(p > 0.05)。不过,高效液相色谱分析显示,碳酸钠催化处理产生的提取物特别富含两种羟基肉桂酸衍生物,即阿魏酸和对香豆酸。这种提取物还显示出更强的抗氧化活性。这项研究的结果有力地证明了棉花秆是一种功能性物质的生物资源,而温和的碱催化乙醇有机溶剂处理似乎是一种非常有前途的技术,可以有效地提供富含羟基肉桂酸的提取物。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Essential Features and Optimal Operational Parameters of an RF-ICP Torch for Waste Treatment Applications 分析用于废物处理应用的射频-ICP 火炬的基本特征和最佳运行参数
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010020
Mustafa A. Aldeeb, Sharif Abu Darda, Vahid Damideh, Isaac Hassen, Hossam A. Gabbar
Recently, plasma-based pyrolysis has gained increasing prominence as a technology in response to the growing challenges in waste disposal and the recognition of opportunities to generate valuable by-products. The efficiency of the pyrolysis process is intricately tied to the characteristics of the plasma involved, particularly the effective electron temperature (Teff) and plasma density (ne). This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive examination of the essential features and optimal operational parameters of a developed RF-ICP torch specifically designed for small-scale municipal solid waste (MSW) pyrolysis (mixture of paper and polypropylene) with the goal of controlling both the torch and the overall process. Using optical emission spectroscopy (OES), we measured plasma parameters, specifically (Teff) and (ne), while varying argon gas flow rates and RF powers. The (Teff) and (ne)were determined using the Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening, respectively. The RF torch was found to generate (ne) up to approximately 2.8×1020 cm−3 and (Teff) up to around 8200 K, with both parameters being controlled by the discharge power and gas flow rate. Additionally, a power-losing mechanism, namely the anomalous skin effect, was detected during the study, which is uncommon in atmospheric plasma discharge.
近来,等离子体热解技术作为一种技术,在应对日益严峻的废物处理挑战以及认识到产生有价值副产品的机会方面日益突出。热解过程的效率与等离子体的特性密切相关,特别是有效电子温度(Teff)和等离子体密度(ne)。本研究旨在对专为小规模城市固体废物(MSW)热解(纸张和聚丙烯的混合物)而开发的射频-ICP 焊枪的基本特征和最佳运行参数进行全面检查,目的是控制焊枪和整个过程。我们使用光学发射光谱 (OES) 测量等离子体参数,特别是(Teff)和(ne),同时改变氩气流速和射频功率。(Teff)和(ne)分别通过玻尔兹曼图和史塔克展宽来确定。研究发现,射频炬可产生高达约 2.8×1020 cm-3 的(ne)和高达约 8200 K 的(Teff),而这两个参数均受放电功率和气体流速的控制。此外,研究还发现了一种功率损耗机制,即异常集肤效应,这在大气等离子体放电中并不常见。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Essential Features and Optimal Operational Parameters of an RF-ICP Torch for Waste Treatment Applications 分析用于废物处理应用的射频-ICP 火炬的基本特征和最佳运行参数
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010020
Mustafa A. Aldeeb, Sharif Abu Darda, Vahid Damideh, Isaac Hassen, Hossam A. Gabbar
Recently, plasma-based pyrolysis has gained increasing prominence as a technology in response to the growing challenges in waste disposal and the recognition of opportunities to generate valuable by-products. The efficiency of the pyrolysis process is intricately tied to the characteristics of the plasma involved, particularly the effective electron temperature (Teff) and plasma density (ne). This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive examination of the essential features and optimal operational parameters of a developed RF-ICP torch specifically designed for small-scale municipal solid waste (MSW) pyrolysis (mixture of paper and polypropylene) with the goal of controlling both the torch and the overall process. Using optical emission spectroscopy (OES), we measured plasma parameters, specifically (Teff) and (ne), while varying argon gas flow rates and RF powers. The (Teff) and (ne)were determined using the Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening, respectively. The RF torch was found to generate (ne) up to approximately 2.8×1020 cm−3 and (Teff) up to around 8200 K, with both parameters being controlled by the discharge power and gas flow rate. Additionally, a power-losing mechanism, namely the anomalous skin effect, was detected during the study, which is uncommon in atmospheric plasma discharge.
近来,等离子体热解技术作为一种技术,在应对日益严峻的废物处理挑战以及认识到产生有价值副产品的机会方面日益突出。热解过程的效率与等离子体的特性密切相关,特别是有效电子温度(Teff)和等离子体密度(ne)。本研究旨在对专为小规模城市固体废物(MSW)热解(纸张和聚丙烯的混合物)而开发的射频-ICP 焊枪的基本特征和最佳运行参数进行全面检查,目的是控制焊枪和整个过程。我们使用光学发射光谱 (OES) 测量等离子体参数,特别是(Teff)和(ne),同时改变氩气流速和射频功率。(Teff)和(ne)分别通过玻尔兹曼图和史塔克展宽来确定。研究发现,射频炬可产生高达约 2.8×1020 cm-3 的(ne)和高达约 8200 K 的(Teff),而这两个参数均受放电功率和气体流速的控制。此外,研究还发现了一种功率损耗机制,即异常集肤效应,这在大气等离子体放电中并不常见。
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引用次数: 0
Drivers and Barriers in the Production and Utilization of Second-Generation Bioethanol in India 印度生产和利用第二代生物乙醇的动力和障碍
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010019
Falguni Pattnaik, B. Patra, S. Nanda, Mahendra K. Mohanty, Ajay K. Dalai, Jaya Rawat
Second-generation biorefinery refers to the production of different types of biofuels, biomaterials, and biochemicals by using agri-based and other lignocellulosic biomasses as substrates, which do not compete with arable lands, water for irrigation, and food supply. From the perspective of transportation fuels, second-generation bioethanol plays a crucial role in minimizing the dependency on fossil-based fuels, especially gasoline. Significant efforts have been invested in the research and development of second-generation bioethanol for commercialization in both developing and developed countries. However, in different developing countries like India, commercialization of second-generation bioethanol has been obstructed despite the abundance and variety of agricultural feedstocks. This commercial obstruction was majorly attributed to the recalcitrance of the feedstock, by-product management, and marginal subsidies compared to other nations. This article reviews the major roadblocks to the viability and commercialization of second-generation biofuels, especially bioethanol in India and a few other leading developed and developing nations. This article also reviews the biomass availability, technological advancements, investments, policies, and scale-up potential for biorefineries. A thorough discussion is made on the prospects and barriers to research, development, and demonstration as well as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the commercialization of second-generation bioethanol.
第二代生物精炼是指以农业生物质和其他木质纤维素生物质为基质,生产不同类型的生物燃料、生物材料和生物化学品,这些生物质不与耕地、灌溉用水和粮食供应竞争。从运输燃料的角度来看,第二代生物乙醇在尽量减少对化石燃料(尤其是汽油)的依赖方面发挥着至关重要的作用。发展中国家和发达国家都在第二代生物乙醇的商业化研发方面投入了大量精力。然而,在印度等发展中国家,尽管农业原料丰富多样,但第二代生物乙醇的商业化一直受阻。这种商业化障碍主要归咎于原料的顽固性、副产品管理以及与其他国家相比微不足道的补贴。本文回顾了第二代生物燃料,特别是生物乙醇在印度和其他一些主要发达国家和发展中国家的可行性和商业化的主要障碍。本文还回顾了生物质的可用性、技术进步、投资、政策以及生物炼油厂的规模化潜力。文章对研究、开发和示范的前景和障碍,以及第二代生物乙醇商业化的优势、劣势、机遇和威胁进行了深入探讨。
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引用次数: 0
Drivers and Barriers in the Production and Utilization of Second-Generation Bioethanol in India 印度生产和利用第二代生物乙醇的动力和障碍
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010019
Falguni Pattnaik, B. Patra, S. Nanda, Mahendra K. Mohanty, Ajay K. Dalai, Jaya Rawat
Second-generation biorefinery refers to the production of different types of biofuels, biomaterials, and biochemicals by using agri-based and other lignocellulosic biomasses as substrates, which do not compete with arable lands, water for irrigation, and food supply. From the perspective of transportation fuels, second-generation bioethanol plays a crucial role in minimizing the dependency on fossil-based fuels, especially gasoline. Significant efforts have been invested in the research and development of second-generation bioethanol for commercialization in both developing and developed countries. However, in different developing countries like India, commercialization of second-generation bioethanol has been obstructed despite the abundance and variety of agricultural feedstocks. This commercial obstruction was majorly attributed to the recalcitrance of the feedstock, by-product management, and marginal subsidies compared to other nations. This article reviews the major roadblocks to the viability and commercialization of second-generation biofuels, especially bioethanol in India and a few other leading developed and developing nations. This article also reviews the biomass availability, technological advancements, investments, policies, and scale-up potential for biorefineries. A thorough discussion is made on the prospects and barriers to research, development, and demonstration as well as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the commercialization of second-generation bioethanol.
第二代生物精炼是指以农业生物质和其他木质纤维素生物质为基质,生产不同类型的生物燃料、生物材料和生物化学品,这些生物质不与耕地、灌溉用水和粮食供应竞争。从运输燃料的角度来看,第二代生物乙醇在尽量减少对化石燃料(尤其是汽油)的依赖方面发挥着至关重要的作用。发展中国家和发达国家都在第二代生物乙醇的商业化研发方面投入了大量精力。然而,在印度等发展中国家,尽管农业原料丰富多样,但第二代生物乙醇的商业化一直受阻。这种商业化障碍主要归咎于原料的顽固性、副产品管理以及与其他国家相比微不足道的补贴。本文回顾了第二代生物燃料,特别是生物乙醇在印度和其他一些主要发达国家和发展中国家的可行性和商业化的主要障碍。本文还回顾了生物质的可用性、技术进步、投资、政策以及生物炼油厂的规模化潜力。文章对研究、开发和示范的前景和障碍,以及第二代生物乙醇商业化的优势、劣势、机遇和威胁进行了深入探讨。
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引用次数: 0
Performance of the Food Waste Recycling Law in Japan with Reference to SDG 12.3 参照可持续发展目标 12.3,日本《厨余回收法》的执行情况
IF 4.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.3390/recycling9010018
Tomoko Okayama, Kohei Watanabe
SDG target 12.3 calls for halving food waste in retail, food service, and households by 2030. The food waste index developed for this purpose includes parts attached to food that are usually removed intentionally (“unavoidable food waste”) and counts conversion into animal feed and utilisation as biomaterial as a means of reduction. In Japan, the “Food Waste Recycling Law”, which has been in effect since 2001, promotes the recycling of food waste generated from businesses, designating feed conversion as a top priority. On the other hand, based on the more recent “Food Loss Reduction Promotion Act” of 2019, the government is currently promoting reduction in avoidable food waste to meet the SDG target. Based on statistical sources and interviews with ministry officers, this paper explains the history and achievements of Japan’s 23-year policy based on the Food Recycling Law, as well as the tension between the two legislations.
可持续发展目标的具体目标 12.3 要求到 2030 年将零售、餐饮服务和家庭中的食物浪费减半。为此制定的厨余指数包括通常有意去除的食物附着部分("不可避免的厨余"),并将转化为动物饲料和作为生物材料利用作为减少厨余的一种手段。在日本,自 2001 年开始实施的 "食物垃圾回收利用法 "促进了企业产生的食物垃圾的回收利用,并将饲料转化作为重中之重。另一方面,根据最新的 2019 年《减少食物损失促进法》,政府目前正在推动减少可避免的食物浪费,以实现可持续发展目标。本文基于统计资料和对省厅官员的访谈,解释了日本基于《食物循环法》的 23 年政策的历史和成就,以及这两项立法之间的矛盾。
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引用次数: 0
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Recycling
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