O. Joshua, A. Olawale, F. Oluseyi, O. Sunday, O. John, Obaoye Afoluwajuwonlo
3 Internal Medicine, Yale University, USA ABSTRACT: Plastination is a modern method of preservation of biological specimens, including human cadavers. This study elucidated how temperature might affect plastination, noting that there is sparse scientific literature on this technique, especially from Africa. It is also relevant to the feasibility of adapting and adopting the technique as a feasible and useful laboratory technique in developing countries, where technological advancement, finance, and socio-cultural factors are suspected to be strong determinants to this effect. The S10 plastination technique is usually done at cold temperature (-25° C), but this study investigated and compared the effects of plastinating at room temperature (~25° C). The four main stages of plastination were carried for the control group while the ‘diffusion’ principle was employed for Group B. The forced impregnation process is typically carried out under vacuum at cold temperature (-25° C) with the use of an additional, relatively costly, refrigerated impregation chamber. Ten adult (n=10) human brains were randomly assigned to two groups (A and B), comprising 5 brains each. Forced impregnation of the Group A brains was performed at -25° C (cold temperature), and the ‘diffusion’ impregnation procedure was carried out for the Group B brains at 25° C (room temperature). The Group B brains required less time for draining compared to Group A. Both methods yielded brain plastinates with the basic features of plastination outcomes. The weights of the brains (g) were recorded at each stage of the process using the digital Sartorius ENTRIS 4202-1S balance. The volumes were also measured at each stage using Archimedes’ principles of fluid displacement in a calibrated glass jar (cm3). The room temperature specimens yielded better specimens in terms of relative weight loss, relative colour preservation, physical properties, and texture and preservation of surface features and brain surface topographies.
{"title":"Comparative Study of the Outcome of Forced Impregnation of Whole Brains at Cold Temperature, and an Alternative Diffusion/Impregnation Process","authors":"O. Joshua, A. Olawale, F. Oluseyi, O. Sunday, O. John, Obaoye Afoluwajuwonlo","doi":"10.56507/rtig2240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/rtig2240","url":null,"abstract":"3 Internal Medicine, Yale University, USA ABSTRACT: Plastination is a modern method of preservation of biological specimens, including human cadavers. This study elucidated how temperature might affect plastination, noting that there is sparse scientific literature on this technique, especially from Africa. It is also relevant to the feasibility of adapting and adopting the technique as a feasible and useful laboratory technique in developing countries, where technological advancement, finance, and socio-cultural factors are suspected to be strong determinants to this effect. The S10 plastination technique is usually done at cold temperature (-25° C), but this study investigated and compared the effects of plastinating at room temperature (~25° C). The four main stages of plastination were carried for the control group while the ‘diffusion’ principle was employed for Group B. The forced impregnation process is typically carried out under vacuum at cold temperature (-25° C) with the use of an additional, relatively costly, refrigerated impregation chamber. Ten adult (n=10) human brains were randomly assigned to two groups (A and B), comprising 5 brains each. Forced impregnation of the Group A brains was performed at -25° C (cold temperature), and the ‘diffusion’ impregnation procedure was carried out for the Group B brains at 25° C (room temperature). The Group B brains required less time for draining compared to Group A. Both methods yielded brain plastinates with the basic features of plastination outcomes. The weights of the brains (g) were recorded at each stage of the process using the digital Sartorius ENTRIS 4202-1S balance. The volumes were also measured at each stage using Archimedes’ principles of fluid displacement in a calibrated glass jar (cm3). The room temperature specimens yielded better specimens in terms of relative weight loss, relative colour preservation, physical properties, and texture and preservation of surface features and brain surface topographies.","PeriodicalId":36740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43651700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vuvi H. Nguyen, Philong Pham, K. Joo, Cameron B. Jeter
Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA . ABSTRACT: For centuries, cadavers have been the traditional model of teaching gross anatomy. However, with the large time investment and high cost of maintenance associated with cadavers, studying anatomy via plastinated specimens has become increasingly attractive. Plastination is a novel technique for preservation of the human body by replacing water content with polymers, creating specimens that are dry, odorless, durable, and nontoxic. In 2016, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry (UTSD) underwent a significant curriculum reform by replacing cadaveric specimens with plastinated prosections. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate our dental students’ and residents’ perceptions of learning anatomy from cadavers or plastinated specimens, and to determine if student performance in anatomy lab exams have changed since this reform. Methods: A survey was administered to dental students and residents who studied anatomy via cadavers and/or plastinated specimens. Lab exam scores from the past six years were compared in these two models of anatomy instruction. Results: More than half of students in all cohorts believed that plastinated prosections can effectively replace the need for dissection. ANOVA analysis revealed that the switch from cadavers to plastinated specimens had a significant improvement of lab exam scores. Conclusions: At UTSD, the shift in learning anatomy from cadavers to plastinated specimens increased student satisfaction with anatomy instruction and improved student performance in the course.
{"title":"Dental Students’ and Residents’ Opinions and Performance of Anatomy Learning via Cadavers or Plastinated Specimens","authors":"Vuvi H. Nguyen, Philong Pham, K. Joo, Cameron B. Jeter","doi":"10.56507/kmzl8564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/kmzl8564","url":null,"abstract":"Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA . ABSTRACT: For centuries, cadavers have been the traditional model of teaching gross anatomy. However, with the large time investment and high cost of maintenance associated with cadavers, studying anatomy via plastinated specimens has become increasingly attractive. Plastination is a novel technique for preservation of the human body by replacing water content with polymers, creating specimens that are dry, odorless, durable, and nontoxic. In 2016, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry (UTSD) underwent a significant curriculum reform by replacing cadaveric specimens with plastinated prosections. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate our dental students’ and residents’ perceptions of learning anatomy from cadavers or plastinated specimens, and to determine if student performance in anatomy lab exams have changed since this reform. Methods: A survey was administered to dental students and residents who studied anatomy via cadavers and/or plastinated specimens. Lab exam scores from the past six years were compared in these two models of anatomy instruction. Results: More than half of students in all cohorts believed that plastinated prosections can effectively replace the need for dissection. ANOVA analysis revealed that the switch from cadavers to plastinated specimens had a significant improvement of lab exam scores. Conclusions: At UTSD, the shift in learning anatomy from cadavers to plastinated specimens increased student satisfaction with anatomy instruction and improved student performance in the course.","PeriodicalId":36740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46885797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Sultana, M. Khan, T. Amin, I. Uddin, J. Owolabi, V. O., Adeteye, O. Fabiyi, S. Olatunji, J. A. Olanrewaju, A. Obaoye, M. Cook, P. Hill, T. S. I Komarnitki, D. Dziedzic, M. Grzegorczyk, B. Ciszek
2 Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agency, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh ABSTRACT: Plastination is a process of long-term preservation of biological tissue. This process is gaining popularity for its benefits as a teaching and research tool in anatomy. The process is based on replacement of water and fat by forced impregnation, after replacing the water by an intermediate solvent, to produce hard, dry and odorless specimens. However, due to the specialized equipment and expensive chemicals, such as polymer, that are needed for plastination, we desired to simplify the process and embed the samples completely in paraffin wax. In this process, the water and fat were replaced by paraffin, yielding specimens that can be touched, that do not smell or decay, and that even retain most properties of the original sample. Various freshlycollected visceral organs of goat were used for preparing specimens. These organs were dissected out to expose different gross anatomical features. The specimens were fixed in 10% formalin, hardened in a deep freeze, dehydrated and dried in freeze dryer, impregnated with melted paraffin, cured, and then stored at room temperature for further use as educational tool. The prepared wax-impregnated specimens were clean, dry, odorless, durable, non-toxic, and can be handled by bare hands and do not require any special storage care. This method will strengthen the appearance, clarity of surface anatomy, and description of other parts, as well as practical demonstrations in undergraduate teaching, and enhance the anatomical museum collection. The anatomical accuracy and durability of these specimens make them powerful tools to accelerate knowledge acquisition, and strengthens diagnostic abilities for veterinary students utilizing a wider variety of learning strategies.
{"title":"Preservation of Internal Organs of Goat by An Alternative Method to Plastination","authors":"N. Sultana, M. Khan, T. Amin, I. Uddin, J. Owolabi, V. O., Adeteye, O. Fabiyi, S. Olatunji, J. A. Olanrewaju, A. Obaoye, M. Cook, P. Hill, T. S. I Komarnitki, D. Dziedzic, M. Grzegorczyk, B. Ciszek","doi":"10.56507/cmzk7885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/cmzk7885","url":null,"abstract":"2 Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agency, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh ABSTRACT: Plastination is a process of long-term preservation of biological tissue. This process is gaining popularity for its benefits as a teaching and research tool in anatomy. The process is based on replacement of water and fat by forced impregnation, after replacing the water by an intermediate solvent, to produce hard, dry and odorless specimens. However, due to the specialized equipment and expensive chemicals, such as polymer, that are needed for plastination, we desired to simplify the process and embed the samples completely in paraffin wax. In this process, the water and fat were replaced by paraffin, yielding specimens that can be touched, that do not smell or decay, and that even retain most properties of the original sample. Various freshlycollected visceral organs of goat were used for preparing specimens. These organs were dissected out to expose different gross anatomical features. The specimens were fixed in 10% formalin, hardened in a deep freeze, dehydrated and dried in freeze dryer, impregnated with melted paraffin, cured, and then stored at room temperature for further use as educational tool. The prepared wax-impregnated specimens were clean, dry, odorless, durable, non-toxic, and can be handled by bare hands and do not require any special storage care. This method will strengthen the appearance, clarity of surface anatomy, and description of other parts, as well as practical demonstrations in undergraduate teaching, and enhance the anatomical museum collection. The anatomical accuracy and durability of these specimens make them powerful tools to accelerate knowledge acquisition, and strengthens diagnostic abilities for veterinary students utilizing a wider variety of learning strategies.","PeriodicalId":36740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45530834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The purpose of this study was to develop a plastinated model of a male and female pelvis that could be manipulated to allow students to remove organs, blood vessels and nerves from the pelvis. The pelvis of one male (70 years old) and one female (75 years old, para 2), with no known pelvic surgery or disease, were dissected by removing the organs, major arterial trunks and sacral nerves individually. All of the soft tissue was removed from the bony pelvis in each, except for the muscles of the pelvic floor, obturator membrane, sacrotuberous ligaments and sacrospinous ligaments. The erectile tissues were also dissected and removed en bloc. The pelvic components were then plastinated to replace the tissue fluids with silicone. The resulting plastinated pelvic models accurately represent the anatomy of the male and female pelvis, with removable parts. The dissection and plastination technique require a skilled dissector, a plastination lab, and can be repeated as necessary to represent desired pelvic anatomy variability. The plastinated pelvic models also resulted in excellent scanned images that were then used to print 3D models.
{"title":"Method for Creating Interactive Plastinated Models of the Male and Female Pelvis for Medical Anatomy Education","authors":"M. Cook, P. Hill","doi":"10.56507/mldc2237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/mldc2237","url":null,"abstract":": The purpose of this study was to develop a plastinated model of a male and female pelvis that could be manipulated to allow students to remove organs, blood vessels and nerves from the pelvis. The pelvis of one male (70 years old) and one female (75 years old, para 2), with no known pelvic surgery or disease, were dissected by removing the organs, major arterial trunks and sacral nerves individually. All of the soft tissue was removed from the bony pelvis in each, except for the muscles of the pelvic floor, obturator membrane, sacrotuberous ligaments and sacrospinous ligaments. The erectile tissues were also dissected and removed en bloc. The pelvic components were then plastinated to replace the tissue fluids with silicone. The resulting plastinated pelvic models accurately represent the anatomy of the male and female pelvis, with removable parts. The dissection and plastination technique require a skilled dissector, a plastination lab, and can be repeated as necessary to represent desired pelvic anatomy variability. The plastinated pelvic models also resulted in excellent scanned images that were then used to print 3D models.","PeriodicalId":36740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47619985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Remembering the Past While Looking to the Future: The First Ten Years of the Journal of Plastination","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/fwxp2281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/fwxp2281","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49281817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Remembering Professor Lance Graham Nash","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/hvbc4404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/hvbc4404","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43943235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Establishing for the First Time the Use of the Standard S10 Technique for Plastination in The Sudan","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/baxu9458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/baxu9458","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44344484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The 19th International Conference on Plastination, Dalian, China, July 19 -July 22, 2018","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/todj6401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/todj6401","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42677738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bleaching of specimens before dehydration in plastination: a small-scale pilot study using human intestine","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/wkbg4910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/wkbg4910","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45755535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. F. Monteiro, L.S. Juvenato, V. ANAPAULAS., Bittencourt, Bruno Siqueira, F. C. Monteiro, C. A. Baptista, S. Athelson
: The objective of this work was to test the influence of temperature on the viscosity of three silicones of different molecular weights (Biodur® S10, Polisil® P10 and P1) commonly used in the plastination technique. For the study, the RheolabQC model rotational rheometer was used to measure the dynamic viscosities of the chosen polymers at the following temperatures: -5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C. From the 9 measurements of viscosities obtained from each sample, a viscosity vs. temperature graph was constructed. The equation of the dynamic viscosity curve of each polymer was analyzed. Polisil® P1 silicone had a much lower viscosity compared to other silicones (about 80 mPa.s at 25 °C and 550 mPa.s at -25 °C). Polisil® P10 silicone presented the highest viscosity of the polymers analyzed (approximately 1180 mPa.s at 25 °C and 3730 mPa.s at -25 °C). The Biodur®'s S10 silicone showed an intermediate viscosity (about 410 mPa.s at 25 ° C and 1500 mPa.s at -25 °C). We conclude that Polisil® P1 silicone presented the best physico-chemical characteristics of the tested silicones for plastination, because it has high fluidity and low viscosity. It is noteworthy that the viscosity of Polisil® P1 in cold impregnation temperature (-15 °C) is still lower than the viscosity of the Biodur® S10 (control) at room temperature (20-25 °C). We also conclude that the knowledge of the intrinsic and extrinsic physicochemical characteristics of the silicone and its dynamic viscosity is helpful in choosing the ideal silicone for use in the cold or room temperature plastination techniques.
{"title":"Influence of the Temperature on the Viscosity of Different Types of Silicone","authors":"Y. F. Monteiro, L.S. Juvenato, V. ANAPAULAS., Bittencourt, Bruno Siqueira, F. C. Monteiro, C. A. Baptista, S. Athelson","doi":"10.56507/hett9088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/hett9088","url":null,"abstract":": The objective of this work was to test the influence of temperature on the viscosity of three silicones of different molecular weights (Biodur® S10, Polisil® P10 and P1) commonly used in the plastination technique. For the study, the RheolabQC model rotational rheometer was used to measure the dynamic viscosities of the chosen polymers at the following temperatures: -5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C. From the 9 measurements of viscosities obtained from each sample, a viscosity vs. temperature graph was constructed. The equation of the dynamic viscosity curve of each polymer was analyzed. Polisil® P1 silicone had a much lower viscosity compared to other silicones (about 80 mPa.s at 25 °C and 550 mPa.s at -25 °C). Polisil® P10 silicone presented the highest viscosity of the polymers analyzed (approximately 1180 mPa.s at 25 °C and 3730 mPa.s at -25 °C). The Biodur®'s S10 silicone showed an intermediate viscosity (about 410 mPa.s at 25 ° C and 1500 mPa.s at -25 °C). We conclude that Polisil® P1 silicone presented the best physico-chemical characteristics of the tested silicones for plastination, because it has high fluidity and low viscosity. It is noteworthy that the viscosity of Polisil® P1 in cold impregnation temperature (-15 °C) is still lower than the viscosity of the Biodur® S10 (control) at room temperature (20-25 °C). We also conclude that the knowledge of the intrinsic and extrinsic physicochemical characteristics of the silicone and its dynamic viscosity is helpful in choosing the ideal silicone for use in the cold or room temperature plastination techniques.","PeriodicalId":36740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plastination","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43668302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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