Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-9-33
E. Velmezova, K. Kull
The interviews with one of the founders of the Moscow-Tartu school, Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov (1929–2017) from August 2010 and from October 2012, describe V. V. Ivanov’s opinions on several scholars (Evgenij Polivanov, Mikhail Bakhtin, Andrej Kolmogorov, Nikolaj Marr etc.) and their work, on his relationships with his father Vsevolod Ivanov, as well as V. V. Ivanov’s views on the past and future of sciences, with some emphasis on neurosemiotics, zoosemiotics, semiotics of culture, cybernetics, history of linguistics, study and protection of small languages. The first interview also deals with V. V. Ivanov’s book Even and Odd; the second interview discusses the key notions of semiotics: sign, the very definition of semiotics, its connections with other disciplines, as well as V. V. Ivanov’s main achievements in the field of semiotics.
{"title":"Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov about Semiotics, Languages of the Brain and History of Ideas","authors":"E. Velmezova, K. Kull","doi":"10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-9-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-9-33","url":null,"abstract":"The interviews with one of the founders of the Moscow-Tartu school, Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov (1929–2017) from August 2010 and from October 2012, describe V. V. Ivanov’s opinions on several scholars (Evgenij Polivanov, Mikhail Bakhtin, Andrej Kolmogorov, Nikolaj Marr etc.) and their work, on his relationships with his father Vsevolod Ivanov, as well as V. V. Ivanov’s views on the past and future of sciences, with some emphasis on neurosemiotics, zoosemiotics, semiotics of culture, cybernetics, history of linguistics, study and protection of small languages. The first interview also deals with V. V. Ivanov’s book Even and Odd; the second interview discusses the key notions of semiotics: sign, the very definition of semiotics, its connections with other disciplines, as well as V. V. Ivanov’s main achievements in the field of semiotics.","PeriodicalId":36800,"journal":{"name":"Kritika i Semiotika","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69314551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-52-69
H. Duda
The most important translations of the Bible into Polish, i.e. the Catholic Jakub Wujek Bible (1599) and the Protestant Gdańsk Bible (1632) were written at the end of the reformation period and were renewed and used in catholic churches and protestant communities until the first half of the 20 th century. The reprints were systematically updated. In the 20 th century the need to translate again the Holy Scripture into Polish was recognized. There were a few attempts at that in the second half of the previous century. They were always accompanied by heated debates which referred to the need of new translations as well the ways translators adopted to render in Polish selected books, sentences or even words. A religious text functions in a specific system of a higher level, i.e. religion. Religion is understood here as a culture text according to the Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School. Owing to this interpretation, religion has its own language built onto natural language. Text in natural language constitutes only a fragment of a bigger sign entity. To put it most simply, since a natural text is a subcomponent of a semiotic religious text, any change introduced in the former disrupts the coherence of cultural meaning on a higher level. Because of “a secondary modeling system” (a term coined by Yuri M. Lotman) the language of religious texts is always a bit archaic. This very modeling system prevents the propellers of modernization from a more thorough linguistic update of old biblical translations in Poland and, more often than not, does not let translators depart too far from the translation tradition.
最重要的波兰语圣经译本，即天主教的Jakub Wujek圣经(1599)和新教的Gdańsk圣经(1632)是在改革时期结束时写成的，直到20世纪上半叶，天主教教堂和新教社区都在更新和使用。重印版已系统更新。在20世纪，人们认识到有必要将《圣经》再次翻译成波兰语。上世纪下半叶曾有过几次这样的尝试。它们总是伴随着激烈的争论，这些争论涉及到新译本的需要，以及译者采用的将精选的书籍、句子甚至单词翻译成波兰语的方式。宗教文本在更高层次的特定系统中发挥作用，即宗教。根据塔尔图-莫斯科符号学，宗教在这里被理解为一种文化文本。由于这种解释，宗教有自己的语言建立在自然语言之上。自然语言中的文本只是一个更大的符号实体的一个片段。简单地说，由于自然文本是符号学宗教文本的子组成部分，因此在前者中引入的任何变化都会破坏更高层次上文化意义的一致性。由于“二级建模系统”(Yuri M. Lotman创造的术语)，宗教文本的语言总是有点过时。这种模型系统阻止了现代化的推动者对波兰古老的圣经翻译进行更彻底的语言更新，而且往往不会让译者偏离翻译传统太远。
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Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-401-412
Yu. V. Shatin, I. V. Silantev
The article discusses the main methods of argumentation in the judicial discourse of two large Russian lawyers of the second half of the 19 th century – A. F. Koni and F. N. Plevako for compliance with the argumentative scheme developed by the Cambridge School (D. Walton and others). The authors believe that, without any reliable theoretical support in connection with the decline of traditional rhetoric, the best jurists intuitively discovered the outlines that later laid the foundation for Ch. Perelman’s rhetoric. First of all, it was a question of quasi-logical arguments and arguments with which either reality is constructed or the subjective position of the person involved in the rhetorical process is affirmed.
本文探讨了19世纪下半叶两位俄罗斯大律师柯尼(A. F. Koni)和普列瓦科(F. N. Plevako)遵循剑桥学派(沃尔顿等人)发展的辩论体系的司法话语中的主要辩论方法。作者认为，在没有任何与传统修辞学衰落有关的可靠理论支持的情况下，最优秀的法学家直觉地发现了后来为佩雷尔曼修辞学奠定基础的轮廓。首先，这是一个准逻辑论证的问题，通过论证，现实要么被构建，要么被卷入修辞过程的人的主观立场得到肯定。
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Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-302-314
A. E. Bochkarev
This article focuses on the recurring food imagery in the Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”. More specifically, the publication defines these images in terms of evaluative criteria according to the dish properties given in form of sensations, performed actions, and opinions expressed by the subject of evaluation. At the same time, the dishes depicted in the novel do more than describe some subjective taste experiences, or Russian cooking in the specified period of time. It is also a panegyric to the Russian appetite and stomach, symbolically reinterpreted – in addition to their physical interpretation – as a symbolic equivalent of the endless possibilities for transforming the world by the “gentlemen of the middling sort”.
{"title":"On the Cabbage Soup, Mutton Side, Pancakes and Other Culinary Dishes in the Gogol’s Poem “Dead Souls”: ...fortitude of the Russian stomach","authors":"A. E. Bochkarev","doi":"10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-302-314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-302-314","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the recurring food imagery in the Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”. More specifically, the publication defines these images in terms of evaluative criteria according to the dish properties given in form of sensations, performed actions, and opinions expressed by the subject of evaluation. At the same time, the dishes depicted in the novel do more than describe some subjective taste experiences, or Russian cooking in the specified period of time. It is also a panegyric to the Russian appetite and stomach, symbolically reinterpreted – in addition to their physical interpretation – as a symbolic equivalent of the endless possibilities for transforming the world by the “gentlemen of the middling sort”.","PeriodicalId":36800,"journal":{"name":"Kritika i Semiotika","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69314363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-167-190
T. A. Golovaneva, N. Fedina
The Chalkan and Alyutor languages are not related, however their current conditions are simlar, meaning that they exist in comparable sociolin- guistic environments of uneven bi- and triligualism. The writing systems of the- se unwritten languages are still being developed, which is being further compli- cated by the influence of the writing norms of the dominant languages. The handwritten and published materials in Chalkan and Alyutor demonstrate the variety in graphic forms of national texts. The choice of graphemes for the spe- cific sounds of national speech is also a major issue. For the Alyutor writing system, the graphic representations of the super-short vowel [ә], the fricative [ɣ], the glottal stop [ʔ] and the epiglottal stop [ʕ] have not yet been developed. In the following article, we present the analysis of three versions of Alyutor writing systems developed by native Alyutor speakers M. I. Popov, M. V. Nu- tayulgin, A. A. Sorokin. The problem of graphic variety of the written form of the Chalkan languages stems from the following two reasons: the absence of graphemes for specific Chalkan sounds ғ [ɣі], җ [ʒ”], қ [q], њ [n’] and the in- fluence of the Standard Altai orthographic norms.
查尔坎语和阿尤托语没有关系，但它们目前的情况相似，这意味着它们存在于不平衡的双语和三语的可比社会语言环境中。非书面语的书写系统仍在发展中，并因主流语言书写规范的影响而变得更加复杂。Chalkan和Alyutor的手写和出版材料展示了民族文本图形形式的多样性。民族语言中特定语音的字素选择也是一个主要问题。对于Alyutor书写系统来说，超短元音[]、摩擦音[j]、声门塞音[j]和外音塞音[j]的图形表示还没有发展出来。在下一篇文章中，我们将分析由Alyutor母语使用者M. I. Popov, M. V. Nu- tayulgin, A. A. Sorokin开发的三个版本的Alyutor书写系统。Chalkan语言书面形式的图形多样性问题源于以下两个原因:缺乏特定的Chalkan音的字形素，例如:_ [j]， _ [j]， _ [q]， _ [n ']，以及阿尔泰标准正字法规范的影响。
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Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-380-387
A. I. Kulyapin
The article analyzes the semiotics of bodily deformations of the heroes of the story by Vasily Belov “For Carriage”. All male characters of the story are endowed with physical inferiority. The main character of the story, Senka Gruzdev, lost his right hand fingers in the war, and once in his youth, he licked an ax brought from the cold and left a half-tongue on that ax. Senka’s irreconcilable enemy – the brigadier Ilyukha – is one-eyed. As a result, a triad conceptually significant for the author arises: armless – tongueless – eyeless. The defective corporeality of the heroes is correlated with their defective spirituality, semi-faith. Belov very persistently and consistently draws parallels between people and animals in the text. In the story there are two representatives of the animal world with an indefinite gender identity: a rooster that has lost its crest and a horse Sparrow – half stallion half gelding. The masculine dignity of the main character of the story Senka Gruzdev is also metaphorically halved. Senka Gruzdev fails when he tries to demonstrate one hundred percent manifestation of masculinity. Senka usually speaks about himself in the third person. Psychologists and linguists noted that self-name from a third person is peculiar primarily to the speech of young children, as well as to adults who enter into communication with them. Senka was clearly stuck at the infantile stage of development; he does not have a sense of self as a full-fledged personality. The figure of Senka Gruzdeva is typical of the artistic world of Vasily Belov. The most famous hero of the writer is Ivan Afrikanovich from the story “A Habitual Affair” “himself sometimes as a small child”.
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Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-87-113
Jinfeng Lin, D. M. Semyonova, S. L. Pushchin, T. G. Petrov, M. N. Babariko, Sergey Viktorovich Chebanov
Изучение статистики концептов предполагает работу с размеченными корпусами. В принципе, такая разметка может быть только ручной на основе экспертных оценок с привлечением нескольких экспертов. Однако в ряде случаев такая возможность исключена, и разметка делается одним разметчиком – автором исследования. Экспликация принципов разметки и воспроизводимые количественные закономерности (покрытие 80 % использования концептов 7 ± 2 из них), полученные на материале русского, китайского, французского, английского языков семью разметчиками (6 русскими и 1 китаянкой, 6 девушками и 1 юношей), дают основание считать такую разметку удовлетворительной.
{"title":"Corpora with Special Markup for Studying Concept Statistics","authors":"Jinfeng Lin, D. M. Semyonova, S. L. Pushchin, T. G. Petrov, M. N. Babariko, Sergey Viktorovich Chebanov","doi":"10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-87-113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-87-113","url":null,"abstract":"Изучение статистики концептов предполагает работу с размеченными корпусами. В принципе, такая разметка может быть только ручной на основе экспертных оценок с привлечением нескольких экспертов. Однако в ряде случаев такая возможность исключена, и разметка делается одним разметчиком – автором исследования. Экспликация принципов разметки и воспроизводимые количественные закономерности (покрытие 80 % использования концептов 7 ± 2 из них), полученные на материале русского, китайского, французского, английского языков семью разметчиками (6 русскими и 1 китаянкой, 6 девушками и 1 юношей), дают основание считать такую разметку удовлетворительной.","PeriodicalId":36800,"journal":{"name":"Kritika i Semiotika","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69314972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-129-151
I. E. Kim
This article is devoted to a new phenomenon in modern Russian language. Earlier, a native speaker of Russian chose a noun case form depending on the “requirements” of the grammatically dominant word. Nowadays, more and more often, a native speaker chooses a noun case taking into account the influence of several words included in its lexical and grammatical environment. The article discusses in detail all the potential elements of the lexical and grammatical environment of a noun that can influence on the choice of its case form, and provides facts of their consolidated or contradictory influence, which creates a choice problem. The lexical and grammatical environment of a noun potentially includes a controlling word, homogeneous terms of a sentence and generalizing word for them, a preposition that can be combined with several case forms, an adjective, participle or number dependent on the noun, as well as other nouns nearby. Each of the elements of the environment influences the choice of case in its own way, so the speaker often chooses a case form incorrectly. The phenomenon illustrates the antinomy of language: 1) being singled out as part of a syntagm, a linguistic expression seeks to expand its existence at the expense of other linguistic expressions; 2) being singled out as part of a syntagm, a linguistic expression is subjected to pressure from neighboring linguistic expressions.
{"title":"Lexical and Grammatical Environment and Its Influence on the Noun Case Form in Russian Language","authors":"I. E. Kim","doi":"10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-129-151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-129-151","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to a new phenomenon in modern Russian language. Earlier, a native speaker of Russian chose a noun case form depending on the “requirements” of the grammatically dominant word. Nowadays, more and more often, a native speaker chooses a noun case taking into account the influence of several words included in its lexical and grammatical environment. The article discusses in detail all the potential elements of the lexical and grammatical environment of a noun that can influence on the choice of its case form, and provides facts of their consolidated or contradictory influence, which creates a choice problem. The lexical and grammatical environment of a noun potentially includes a controlling word, homogeneous terms of a sentence and generalizing word for them, a preposition that can be combined with several case forms, an adjective, participle or number dependent on the noun, as well as other nouns nearby. Each of the elements of the environment influences the choice of case in its own way, so the speaker often chooses a case form incorrectly. The phenomenon illustrates the antinomy of language: 1) being singled out as part of a syntagm, a linguistic expression seeks to expand its existence at the expense of other linguistic expressions; 2) being singled out as part of a syntagm, a linguistic expression is subjected to pressure from neighboring linguistic expressions.","PeriodicalId":36800,"journal":{"name":"Kritika i Semiotika","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69313564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-256-285
T. Simyan
The article is devoted to the visual and speech genres of Old Tiflis, which are revealed in the visual and verbal texts of famous artists N. Pirosmani, V. Elibekyan and Armenian writer A. Ayvazyan. The carnival spirit of Old Tiflis influenced the visual and verbal signs of the gastronomic infrastructure. The article is written by a semiotic, typological method, as well as an interdiscursive approach (painting, fiction). In addition, Bakhtin’s theory has become a metalanguage for identifying speech genres of urban space. An empirical analysis of the material showed that Pirosmani's paintings were a vivid example of visual advertising and, in fact, were multichannel creolized texts. Only later, when the symbolic capital of Pirosmani increased, his paint- ings began to be perceived as glowing examples of primitivism. In other words, they were “connected” to global discourse, and their primary function was for- gotten. In the main function of the signage, the paintings were the products of demand of the gastronomic infrastructure of Old Tiflis: they depicted the frames “food”, “feast”, they were also visual menus of Tiflis gastropubs (dukhans). The utilitarian demand for signs generated the brilliant paintings of Pirosmani, and at the same time, he became the author of urban space. This phenomenon is also affected in the literary discourse (A. Ayvazyan), in which two methods of modeling urban space are manifested. Firstly, the city is mod- eled in consciousness, expressed at the level of the signified (maps, sketches), and then embodied in life. That is how many cities of historical Armenia were built in diachronic point of view. Secondly, the painter (Pirosmani, Grigor – the hero of the story of Ayvazyan) painted and created in the city space (interior, exterior). The motives of his work were his own inner experiences. The multilingualism of urban space created a demand for advertising signs in different languages. Since the “social bottom” did not possess the linguistic norm of the Russian language, in the eyes of native speakers the urban texts seemed ridiculous, perceived with humor. Similar texts are found in various artists of Old Tiflis (Pirosmani, Gudiashvili, Elibekyan ect.). The same thing appears in the art discourse (Ayvazyan), which gives examples of playing with names, with language (toasts of fun and burial), etc. In addition, an analysis of such a speech genre as toast revealed that it incorporates proverbs, sayings, and in the thematic plan, the following manifestations can be called: spell-wish, wish-curse, wish-criticism, etc. The presence of a similar speech genre and the revealing of the functioning of the toast showed that eating was comprehended by different wishes, and the thematic and syntagmatic analysis of toasts can become a tool for reconstructing the axiological system of Old Tiflis society (homeland, city, parents, children, sisters and brothers, uncles and aunts, etc.).
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Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-427-440
I. Kudryashov
This article proposes the detailed research of difficulties with the term «gameplay» which plays an important role in game studies. This term is not easy to translate because of several reasons and it makes difficult to define it. Our research of this reasons allow us to criticize some of the previous translations and definitions. Translation of the gameplay as a gaming process or playability cannot used as valid approach, instead of them we claim interpretation of gameplay as an organization of game’s components. After this we suggest a new one, based on videogame`s main element (rules and confines). Consideration of the gameplay’s and game`s elements lead us to conclusion about two processes forming gameplay: one of them aimed on playability of this videogame, another – on the interesting of the fictional world of the game or its element. In conclusion we present several examples of usage of these concepts to understand some aspects of reception and design of videogames.
{"title":"A Gameplay: Translation, Definition and Analyses of Structure","authors":"I. Kudryashov","doi":"10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-427-440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-427-440","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes the detailed research of difficulties with the term «gameplay» which plays an important role in game studies. This term is not easy to translate because of several reasons and it makes difficult to define it. Our research of this reasons allow us to criticize some of the previous translations and definitions. Translation of the gameplay as a gaming process or playability cannot used as valid approach, instead of them we claim interpretation of gameplay as an organization of game’s components. After this we suggest a new one, based on videogame`s main element (rules and confines). Consideration of the gameplay’s and game`s elements lead us to conclusion about two processes forming gameplay: one of them aimed on playability of this videogame, another – on the interesting of the fictional world of the game or its element. In conclusion we present several examples of usage of these concepts to understand some aspects of reception and design of videogames.","PeriodicalId":36800,"journal":{"name":"Kritika i Semiotika","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69314297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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