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Reassessing the need for carbon dioxide removal: moral implications of alternative climate target pathways 重新评估清除二氧化碳的必要性:替代气候目标路径的道德影响
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2023.21
L. Voget-Kleschin, Christian Baatz, Clare Heyward, D. V. van Vuuren, N. Mengis
Abstract Non-technical summary Scenarios compatible with the Paris agreement's temperature goal of 1.5 °C involve carbon dioxide removal measures – measures that actively remove CO2 from the atmosphere – on a massive scale. Such large-scale implementations raise significant ethical problems. Van Vuuren et al. (2018), as well as the current IPCC scenarios, show that reduction in energy and or food demand could reduce the need for such activities. There is some reluctance to discuss such societal changes. However, we argue that policy measures enabling societal changes are not necessarily ethically problematic. Therefore, they should be discussed alongside techno-optimistic approaches in any kind of discussions about how to respond to climate change. Technical summary The 1.5 °C goal has given impetus to carbon dioxide removal (CDR) measures, such as bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage, or afforestation. However, land-based CDR options compete with food production and biodiversity protection. Van Vuuren et al. (2018) looked at alternative pathways including lifestyle changes, low-population projections, or non-CO2 greenhouse gas mitigation, to reach the 1.5 °C temperature objective. Underlined by the recently published IPCC AR6 WGIII report, they show that demand-side management measures are likely to reduce the need for CDR. Yet, policy measures entailed in these scenarios could be associated with ethical problems themselves. In this paper, we therefore investigate ethical implications of four alternative pathways as proposed by Van Vuuren et al. (2018). We find that emission reduction options such as lifestyle changes and reducing population, which are typically perceived as ethically problematic, might be less so on further inspection. In contrast, options associated with less societal transformation and more techno-optimistic approaches turn out to be in need of further scrutiny. The vast majority of emission reduction options considered are not intrinsically ethically problematic; rather everything rests on the precise implementation. Explicitly addressing ethical considerations when developing, advancing, and using integrated assessment scenarios could reignite debates about previously overlooked topics and thereby support necessary societal discourse. Social media summary Policy measures enabling societal changes are not necessarily as ethically problematic as commonly presumed and reduce the need for large-scale CDR.
摘要 非技术性摘要 与《巴黎协定》的 1.5 °C 温度目标相符的方案涉及大规模清除二氧化碳的措施--从大气中主动清除二氧化碳的措施。这种大规模的实施会引发重大的伦理问题。Van Vuuren 等人(2018 年)以及目前的 IPCC 情景都表明,减少能源和或粮食需求可以减少对此类活动的需求。有些人不愿意讨论这种社会变革。然而,我们认为,促进社会变革的政策措施并不一定存在伦理问题。因此,在任何有关如何应对气候变化的讨论中,这些措施都应与技术乐观主义方法一起讨论。技术摘要 1.5 °C的目标推动了二氧化碳清除(CDR)措施的发展,如生物能源与碳捕集与封存的结合,或植树造林。然而,陆基 CDR 方案与粮食生产和生物多样性保护存在竞争。Van Vuuren 等人(2018 年)研究了实现 1.5 °C 温度目标的替代途径,包括改变生活方式、低人口预测或非二氧化碳温室气体减排。最近发布的 IPCC 第六次评估报告第三工作组报告强调,他们表明需求方管理措施可能会减少对 CDR 的需求。然而,这些设想方案中的政策措施本身也可能存在伦理问题。因此,我们在本文中研究了 Van Vuuren 等人(2018 年)提出的四种替代路径的伦理影响。我们发现,改变生活方式和减少人口等减排方案通常被认为存在伦理问题,但进一步研究发现,这些方案的伦理问题可能较少。与此相反,与社会转型程度较低和技术乐观主义较强相关的方案则需要进一步审查。所考虑的绝大多数减排方案在本质上并不存在伦理问题,而是取决于具体的实施。在制定、推进和使用综合评估方案时,明确解决伦理方面的考虑,可以重新引发对以前被忽视的话题的讨论,从而支持必要的社会讨论。社会媒体总结 有利于社会变革的政策措施并不一定像人们通常认为的那样存在伦理问题,而且还能减少对大规模 CDR 的需求。
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引用次数: 0
Justice in benefitting from carbon removal 从碳清除中受益的公正性
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2023.22
Dominic Lenzi, H. Schübel, Ivo Wallimann-Helmer
Abstract Non-Technical Summary Climate stabilization requires scaling-up technologies to capture and store carbon. Carbon removal could be very profitable, and some of the agents best placed to benefit are ‘carbon majors’, i.e. fossil fuel companies. We argue that in ordinary circumstances only agents without significant historical climate responsibilities would be entitled to the full benefits from carbon removal. Under non-ideal conditions, carbon majors might be entitled to benefit, provided that no other agent could remove similar quantities of carbon at similar costs. This burden of proof is only likely to be met in countries with poor governance capacities. Technical Summary Climate stabilization requires scaling up technologies to capture and store carbon. Some of the agents best placed to profit from carbon removal are ‘carbon majors’, especially fossil fuel companies. Yet incentivizing carbon majors to undertake carbon removal poses an ethical dilemma: carbon majors have made significant historical contributions to climate change and have significantly benefitted from such contributions without being made to compensate for resulting climate harm. This is why it seems unfair to reward them with additional economic benefits. However, carbon majors possess the technological skills and infrastructure to upscale carbon removal efficiently. We argue that in ordinary circumstances, only agents without significant climate responsibilities would be morally entitled to fully benefit from carbon removal. Yet under non-ideal conditions, it might be permissible to reward carbon majors if no other agent were capable of removing as much carbon at similar costs and on similar timeframes. We believe this argument faces an imposing burden of proof that is only likely to be met in countries with poor governance capacities. In more favorable circumstances, including those of most OECD countries, rewarding carbon majors without having them pay for their historical climate responsibilities remains impermissible. Social Media Summary Rewarding carbon majors to undertake carbon dioxide removal is unjust due to their historical climate responsibilities. Where possible, governments should empower other agents to remove CO2.
气候稳定需要大规模的技术来捕获和储存碳。除碳可能是非常有利可图的,一些最有可能受益的代理商是“碳巨头”,即化石燃料公司。我们认为,在一般情况下,只有没有重大历史气候责任的主体才有资格从碳去除中获得全部利益。在非理想条件下,如果没有其他药剂能够以同样的成本去除同样数量的碳,那么碳巨头可能会受益。这种举证责任只有在治理能力较差的国家才有可能得到履行。气候稳定需要扩大碳捕获和储存技术的规模。一些最能从碳去除中获利的机构是“碳巨头”,尤其是化石燃料公司。然而,鼓励大型碳公司进行碳清除会带来一个道德困境:大型碳公司对气候变化做出了重大的历史贡献,并从这些贡献中获得了巨大的利益,而没有为由此造成的气候损害做出补偿。这就是为什么用额外的经济利益奖励他们似乎是不公平的。然而,碳专业拥有技术技能和基础设施,可以有效地提高碳去除水平。我们认为,在一般情况下,只有没有重大气候责任的主体才有资格从碳去除中充分受益。然而,在非理想条件下,如果没有其他代理能够以类似的成本和类似的时间框架去除同样多的碳,那么可能允许奖励碳巨头。我们认为,这一论点面临着沉重的举证责任,只有在治理能力较差的国家才有可能做到这一点。在更有利的情况下,包括大多数经合组织国家,奖励碳巨头而不让它们为其历史气候责任买单,这是不允许的。鉴于碳专业的历史气候责任,奖励他们承担二氧化碳减排任务是不公平的。在可能的情况下,政府应该授权其他机构去除二氧化碳。
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引用次数: 0
Attitudes toward water resilience and potential for improvement 对水复原力的态度和改进潜力
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2023.23
Julia Baird, Gillian Dale, Gary Pickering
Abstract Non-technical summary There is a global water crisis, brought on by human actions. The ways we make decisions about water must transform to solve it. We focused on the attitudes that people in society hold toward water to understand how close or far away we are from a broadly accepted worldview that supports this transformation (what we call ‘water resilience’). We found that, across six countries in the Global South and North, attitudes showed moderate support for water resilience. Many people also showed potential to increase their support. Technical summary Water in the Anthropocene is threatened. Water governance aligned with the complex, dynamic, and uncertain nature of social–ecological systems (a ‘water resilience’ paradigm) is needed, and requires transformative change. We queried the potential for transformative change from the perspective that societal worldviews/paradigms offer an important leverage point for system change. Our study aimed to identify attitudes about water resilience and the extent to which there was potential for greater endorsement of water resilience. We surveyed individuals in six countries using vignettes to determine their level of water resilience endorsement (n = 2649). Overall water resilience endorsement was moderate (M = 2.86 out of 4). In some countries, a vignette related to a personally relevant water issue resulted in higher water resilience endorsement. More than half of the respondents held the potential for greater water resilience endorsement. Those with the greatest potential were younger, had children, considered religion more important, were more likely to live in urban areas, and lived in the same area for 10+ years. These findings provide guidance how to engage with the public (e.g. age-specific or parent-focused framing) to potentially increase societal water resilience endorsement. Social media summary General public in six countries moderately supports water resilience to address the water crisis, with room to improve.
摘要:人类活动导致了全球性的水危机。为了解决这个问题,我们必须改变用水决策的方式。我们关注社会上人们对水的态度,以了解我们与支持这种转变的广泛接受的世界观(我们称之为“水弹性”)有多近或远。我们发现,在全球南方和北方的六个国家中,人们对水复原力的态度表现出适度的支持。许多人也表现出增加支持的潜力。人类世的水受到威胁。需要与社会生态系统的复杂性、动态性和不确定性相一致的水治理(“水恢复力”范式),并且需要变革。我们从社会世界观/范式为系统变革提供重要杠杆点的角度,询问了变革的潜力。我们的研究旨在确定人们对水弹性的态度,以及在多大程度上有可能更大程度地认可水弹性。我们对六个国家的个人进行了调查,使用小插曲来确定他们的水恢复力认可水平(n = 2649)。总体的水恢复力认可是中等的(M = 2.86 / 4)。在一些国家,与个人相关的水问题相关的小插曲导致更高的水恢复力认可。超过一半的受访者认为有可能获得更大的水复原力认可。那些最有潜力的人更年轻,有孩子,认为宗教更重要,更有可能生活在城市地区,并在同一个地区生活了10年以上。这些发现为如何与公众接触提供了指导(例如,针对特定年龄或以父母为中心的框架),以潜在地增加社会对水复原力的认可。六个国家的公众对水复原力的支持程度中等,但仍有改善空间。
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引用次数: 0
Ten New Insights in Climate Science 2023/2024 2023/2024 年气候科学十大新发现
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2023.25
Mercedes Bustamante, Joyashree Roy, Daniel Ospina, P. Achakulwisut, Anubha Aggarwal, Ana Bastos, Wendy Broadgate, J. Canadell, Edward R. Carr, Deliang Chen, H. Cleugh, K. Ebi, Clea Edwards, Carol Farbotko, M. Fernández‐Martínez, T. Frölicher, Sabine Fuss, Oliver Geden, Nicolas Gruber, Luke J. Harrington, Judith Hauck, Z. Hausfather, S. Hebden, A. Hebinck, S. Huq, Matthias Huss, M. L. P. Jamero, S. Juhola, Nilushi Kumarasinghe, S. Lwasa, Bishawjit Mallick, Maria Martin, Steven R. McGreevy, Paula Mirazo, Aditi Mukherji, G. Muttitt, Gregory F. Nemet, D. Obura, C. Okereke, Tom Oliver, Ben Orlove, Nadia S. Ouedraogo, Prabir K. Patra, M. Pelling, Laura Pereira, Å. Persson, J. Pongratz, Anjal Prakash, A. Rammig, Colin Raymond, Aaron Redman, Cristobal Reveco, J. Rockström, Regina Rodrigues, D. Rounce, E. L. F. Schipper, Peter Schlosser, O. Selomane, G. Semieniuk, Yunne-Jai Shin, Tasneem A. Siddiqui, Vartika Singh, G. B. Sioen, Y. Sokona, D. Stammer, N. J. Steinert, Sunhee Suk, Rowan Sutton, Lisa Thalheimer, Vikki T
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引用次数: 0
From climate science to climate action 从气候科学到气候行动
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2023.19
Paul Shrivastava, Fumiko Kasuga, John Grant
Abstract Non-technical summary Despite 50 years of good science showing the urgency for action on remedying climate change, the business and political worlds have been exceedingly slow in actualizing climate solutions. Now excess climate-related deaths have mounted to more than 5 million people per year. In this Intelligence Briefing, we identify a few targeted driving actions through economic taxation, ending subsidies, and pursuit of legal cases for climate homicide, among many others. Scientists can play a vital role in providing supporting scientific evidence for policies and prosecutions, and model climate behaviors in their personal and professional lives. Technical summary Based on our analysis of the current global situation regarding carbon (CO2) in the atmosphere, we note that the earth has reached a dangerous 420 ppm, compared to staying under the 350 ppm necessary for human sustainability; and carbon concentration in the atmosphere is still climbing, as fossil fuel firms are continuing to delay and dilute regulatory efforts. This paper suggests action on several fronts. Governments can impose improved taxation regimes that involve unitary, windfall, and luxury taxes on carbon and the consumption of natural assets. Cutting subsidies to fossil fuel firms via COP actions can reduce carbon, by making renewable energy more competitive. We suggest recognizing the excess deaths by carbon pollution as homicide and charging responsible companies as was done in the case of asbestos and tobacco. If timely action is not taken, we caution about the potential rise of climate violence of emerging ‘new politics’ and increased global population displacement. Science, government, and business sectors need to collaborate in transdisciplinary ways to produce further actionable knowledge. Scientists can lead by example by reducing their own carbon footprints. Social media summary Fund climate action by taxing billionaires, eliminating subsidies, and suing fossil companies for climate homicide. The science community is focused on and committed to systems changes – seeking both natural systems, and social and economic systems to be sustainable. Yet systems that are in-place now producing carbon dioxide (herein aka carbon), are not taking adequate scientifically recommended actions; or worse, they are changing in the wrong directions. How can we move from producing more scientific knowledge to science-based actions, and what can scientists do to support such actions? In this Intelligence Briefing, we suggest some pathways for action.
摘要 非技术性摘要 尽管 50 年来有充分的科学依据表明,采取行动应对气候变化迫在眉睫,但商界和政界在落实气候解决方案方面却极为缓慢。现在,每年与气候相关的过量死亡人数已超过 500 万。在本期情报简报中,我们提出了一些有针对性的推动行动,包括征收经济税、停止补贴、对气候杀人案提起诉讼等。科学家可以发挥重要作用,为政策和起诉提供支持性科学证据,并在个人和职业生活中示范气候行为。技术摘要 根据我们对当前全球大气中碳(CO2)状况的分析,我们注意到,地球上的碳浓度已经达到了危险的 420 ppm,而人类可持续发展所需的碳浓度则保持在 350 ppm 以下;由于化石燃料公司不断拖延和削弱监管工作,大气中的碳浓度仍在攀升。本文建议在几个方面采取行动。政府可以改进税收制度,对碳和自然资产消费征收单一税、暴利税和奢侈税。通过缔约方大会行动削减对化石燃料企业的补贴,可使可再生能源更具竞争力,从而减少碳排放。我们建议将碳污染造成的超额死亡认定为杀人罪,并像石棉和烟草那样对负有责任的公司进行指控。如果不及时采取行动,我们要警惕新出现的 "新政治 "可能引发的气候暴力,以及全球人口流离失所现象的加剧。科学、政府和商业部门需要以跨学科的方式开展合作,以产生更多可操作的知识。科学家可以以身作则,减少自己的碳足迹。社会媒体总结 通过向亿万富翁征税、取消补贴、起诉化石公司对气候的谋杀,来资助气候行动。科学界关注并致力于系统变革--寻求自然系统以及社会和经济系统的可持续发展。然而,现在产生二氧化碳(又名碳)的现有系统并没有采取足够的科学建议行动;或者更糟的是,它们正在朝着错误的方向改变。我们如何才能从提供更多科学知识转向采取以科学为基础的行动?在本情报简报中,我们提出了一些行动路径。
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引用次数: 0
Contextualizing discourses of climate delay: a response to Lamb et al. (2020) 气候延迟论述的语境化:对 Lamb 等人(2020 年)的回应
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-11-17 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2023.18
Géraldine Pflieger, Kari De Pryck
Non-technical summary Individuals and institutions seeking to delay climate action use a variety of new discursive strategies, emphasizing the downsides, spreading fatalism, or betting on technological fixes. This commentary highlights the importance of context when investigating discourses of climate delay. Depending on who holds them and why, some discourses can take on different meanings, hinder or enhance climate action. Technical summary In this commentary, we propose a review of ‘Discourses of climate delay’ by Lamb et al. (2020). While we agree that discursive strategies of climate delay are taking new forms, we argue that such analysis should go beyond discourses and investigate the context in which they are enunciated to avoid oversimplifying the complexity of the debate about climate (in)action. Discourses, and the context in which they are enacted, hold an important place in climate deliberations and should be carefully analyzed from a multicultural perspective, open to social diversity. Social media summary Are all discourses of climate delay discourses of delay? Context matters when debating whether a discourse promotes (in)action.
非技术性摘要 试图推迟气候行动的个人和机构使用了各种新的话语策略,强调不利因素,散布宿命论,或寄希望于技术修复。这篇评论强调了调查气候延迟论述时背景的重要性。根据持有者和持有原因的不同,一些论述可能具有不同的含义,阻碍或促进气候行动。技术摘要 在本评论中,我们建议对 Lamb 等人(2020 年)的 "气候延迟论述 "进行回顾。虽然我们同意气候延迟的话语策略正在以新的形式出现,但我们认为,此类分析应超越话语,并调查其阐述的背景,以避免过度简化气候(不)行动辩论的复杂性。话语及其产生的背景在气候讨论中占有重要地位,应从多元文化的角度对其进行仔细分析,并对社会多样性持开放态度。社交媒体摘要 是否所有关于气候延迟的论述都是延迟的论述?在讨论一种话语是否促进(不)行动时,语境很重要。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing domestic consumption to deliver food security in a volatile world 加强国内消费,在动荡的世界中实现粮食安全
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2023.17
David F Willer, David C. Aldridge
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引用次数: 0
Will Steffen - the father of Earth System science Will Steffen——地球系统科学之父
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2023.16
Carl Folke, Johan Rockström, Katherine Richardson
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引用次数: 0
Transitioning to sustainable academic conferences needs more experimentation and reflection 向可持续学术会议的过渡需要更多的实验和反思
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2023.15
Rob Raven, Paris Hadfield, Brianna Butler, Jennifer Eagleton, Gael Giraud, Merin Jacob, Jochen Markard, Katharina Schiller, Mark Swilling, Mapula Tshangela
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引用次数: 0
Earth stewardship, water resilience, and ethics in the Anthropocene 人类世的地球管理、水的复原力和伦理
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2023.13
Jeremy J. Schmidt
Non-technical summary This article uses water to examine how the relationships of ethics to science are modified through the pursuit of Earth stewardship. Earth stewardship is often defined as the use of science to actively shape social–ecological relations by enhancing resilience. The changing relations of science to values are explored by considering how ideas of resilience operate to translate different ways of knowing water into the framework of Earth stewardship. This is not a neutral process, and Earth stewardship requires careful appraisal to ensure other ways of knowing water are not oppressed. Technical summary Scientific disclosures of anthropogenic impacts on the Earth system – the Anthropocene – increasingly come with ethical diagnoses for value transformation and, often, Earth stewardship. This article examines the changing relationship of science to values in calls for Earth stewardship with special attention to water resilience. The article begins by situating recent efforts to reconceptualize human–water relations in view of anthropogenic impacts on the global water system. It then traces some of the ways that Earth stewardship has been articulated, especially as a framework supporting the use of science to actively shape social–ecological relations by enhancing resilience. The shift in relations of ethics and science entailed by Earth stewardship is placed in historical context before the issues of water resilience are examined. Resilience, and critiques of it, are then discussed for how they operate to translate different ways of knowing water into the framework of Earth stewardship. The ethical stakes of such translations are a core concern of the conclusion. Rather than reducing different ways of knowing water to those amendable to the framework of Earth stewardship, the article advances a pluralized approach as needed to respect multiple practices for knowing and relating to water – and resilience. Social media summary Water resilience is key to Earth stewardship; Jeremy Schmidt examines how it changes relations of science and ethics.
非技术性摘要本文利用水来研究伦理与科学的关系是如何通过追求地球管理而改变的。地球管理通常被定义为利用科学通过增强韧性来积极塑造社会-生态关系。科学与价值观之间不断变化的关系是通过考虑弹性思想如何将了解水的不同方式转化为地球管理的框架来探索的。这不是一个中立的过程,地球管理需要仔细评估,以确保其他了解水的方式不会受到压迫。技术摘要人类世对地球系统的人为影响的科学披露越来越多地伴随着价值转变的伦理诊断,通常还有地球管理。这篇文章探讨了科学与价值观之间不断变化的关系,呼吁对地球进行管理,特别关注水的恢复力。文章首先介绍了最近从人为影响全球水系统的角度重新定义人与水关系的努力。然后,它追溯了地球管理的一些方式,特别是作为一个框架,支持利用科学通过增强韧性来积极塑造社会-生态关系。在研究水的复原力问题之前,地球管理所带来的伦理和科学关系的转变被置于历史背景下。然后讨论了韧性及其批评,以及它们如何将了解水的不同方式转化为地球管理的框架。这类翻译的伦理利害关系是结论的核心问题。这篇文章没有将了解水的不同方式减少到那些可以修改为地球管理框架的方式,而是根据需要提出了一种多元化的方法,以尊重了解水和与水相关的多种实践——以及复原力。社交媒体摘要水的复原力是地球管理的关键;Jeremy Schmidt研究了它如何改变科学和伦理的关系。
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引用次数: 0
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Global Sustainability
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