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A combined technique for power transformer fault diagnosis based on k-means clustering and support vector machine 基于均值聚类和支持向量机的电力变压器故障诊断组合技术
IF 3.8 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12088
Arnaud Nanfak, Abdelmoumene Hechifa, Samuel Eke, Abdelaziz Lakehal, Charles Hubert Kom, Sherif S. M. Ghoneim

This contribution presents a two-step hybrid diagnostic approach, combining k-means clustering for subset formation, followed by subset analysis conducted by human experts. As the feature input vector has a significant influence on the performance of unsupervised machine learning algorithms, seven feature input vectors derived from traditional methods, including Duval pentagon method, Rogers ratio method, three ratios technique, Denkyoken method, ensemble gas characteristics method, Duval triangle method, and Gouda triangle method were explored for the subset formation stage. The seven proposed individual methods, corresponding to the seven feature input vectors, were implemented using a dataset of 595 DGA samples and tested on an additional 254 DGA samples. Furthermore, a combined technique based on a support vector machine was introduced, utilising the diagnostic results of the individual methods as input features. From training and testing, with diagnostic outcomes of 91.09% and 90.94%, the combined technique demonstrated the highest overall diagnostic accuracies. Using the IEC TC10 database, the diagnosis accuracies of the proposed diagnostic methods were compared to existing methods of literature. From the results obtained, the combined technique outperformed the proposed individual methods and existing methods used for comparison.

本文提出了一种两步混合诊断方法,结合了用于形成子集的 k-means 聚类,以及由人类专家进行的子集分析。由于特征输入向量对无监督机器学习算法的性能有重要影响,因此在子集形成阶段探讨了从传统方法中衍生出的七个特征输入向量,包括杜瓦尔五边形法、罗杰斯比率法、三比率技术、Denkyoken 法、集合气体特征法、杜瓦尔三角形法和高达三角形法。使用 595 个 DGA 样本数据集实现了与七个特征输入向量相对应的七种拟议的单独方法,并在另外 254 个 DGA 样本上进行了测试。此外,还引入了一种基于支持向量机的组合技术,利用单个方法的诊断结果作为输入特征。通过训练和测试,综合技术的诊断结果分别为 91.09% 和 90.94%,总体诊断准确率最高。利用 IEC TC10 数据库,将所提出的诊断方法的诊断准确率与现有的文献方法进行了比较。从获得的结果来看,组合技术优于所建议的单个方法和用于比较的现有方法。
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引用次数: 0
Improvement in non-linear electrical conductivity of silicone rubber by incorporating zinc oxide fillers and grafting small polar molecules 通过加入氧化锌填料和接枝小极性分子改善硅橡胶的非线性导电性能
IF 3.8 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12080
Qingguo Chi, Huiyang Zhang, Zhaotong Meng, Changhai Zhang, Yongquan Zhang, Yue Zhang, Chao Yin, Tiandong Zhang

Silicone rubber (SiR) is commonly used in reinforced insulation parts for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable accessories due to its excellent insulation, elasticity, and high-temperature resistance. HVDC cable accessories always suffer from the local electric field concentration due to the electrical conductivity mismatch between reinforced insulation and main insulation, which can ultimately lead to electric breakdown. The non-linear conductive composites based on SiR have the ability to adaptively adjust the distribution of the electric field in cable accessories. This is expected to solve the problem of localised electric field concentration. The zinc oxide (ZnO) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) are used as fillers and grafted modifier respectively to improve the non-linear electrical conductivity of ZnO/SiR-GMA composites. The results indicate that grafting GMA can increase electrical conductivity of SiR, while doping ZnO filler enables SiR to have non-linear conductivity characteristics. The combination of doping and grafting modification of the composites achieves excellent non-linear conductive properties at lower ZnO filler content. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the modified composites are enhanced. The simulation results indicate that ZnO/SiR-GMA is the most effective material for homogenising the electric field when used as reinforced insulation for cable intermediate joints.

硅橡胶(SiR)具有优异的绝缘性、弹性和耐高温性,因此常用于高压直流(HVDC)电缆附件的增强绝缘部件。由于增强绝缘和主绝缘之间的导电性能不匹配,高压直流电缆附件总是存在局部电场集中的问题,最终可能导致电气击穿。基于 SiR 的非线性导电复合材料能够自适应地调整电缆附件中的电场分布。这有望解决局部电场集中的问题。氧化锌(ZnO)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)分别用作填料和接枝改性剂,以提高 ZnO/SiR-GMA 复合材料的非线性导电性。结果表明,接枝 GMA 可提高 SiR 的导电性,而掺杂 ZnO 填料可使 SiR 具有非线性导电特性。复合材料的掺杂和接枝改性相结合,可在较低的氧化锌填料含量下实现优异的非线性导电特性。此外,改性复合材料的机械性能也得到了提高。模拟结果表明,在用作电缆中间接头的增强绝缘材料时,ZnO/SiR-GMA 是均匀电场的最有效材料。
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引用次数: 0
Traditional fault diagnosis methods for mineral oil-immersed power transformer based on dissolved gas analysis: Past, present and future 基于溶解气体分析的矿物油浸式电力变压器传统故障诊断方法:过去、现在和未来
IF 3.8 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12082
Arnaud Nanfak, Eke Samuel, Issouf Fofana, Fethi Meghnefi, Martial Gildas Ngaleu, Charles Hubert Kom

A key factor in ensuring the efficient and safe operation of power transformers is the early and accurate diagnosis of incipient faults. Among the tools available to achieve this goal, dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is widely used by power transformers' maintenance professionals. It is a preventive maintenance tool, used for condition monitoring, fault diagnosis and unplanned outage prevention. With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), many intelligent-based methods using AI tools have been proposed in the literature for DGA data interpretation. Although these methods achieve high diagnostic accuracies and improve DGA efficiency, they are generally complicated and the research documented in these publications is difficult to replicate. Traditional DGA-based methods are simple, easy to understand and implement, and widely used by power transformers' maintenance professionals. Many methods proposed in recent years overcome the limitations of the pioneer methods and are increasingly effective. The authors present a detailed and comprehensive literature review of the traditional DGA-based methods for mineral oil-immersed power transformer faults diagnosis. This review also addresses ways to improve the efficiency of the available traditional methods. Some pitfalls that need to be taken into account to improve the efficiency of the DGA-based diagnostic methods are also presented.

确保电力变压器高效安全运行的一个关键因素是及早准确地诊断出初期故障。在可用于实现这一目标的工具中,溶解气体分析 (DGA) 被电力变压器维护专业人员广泛使用。它是一种预防性维护工具,用于状态监测、故障诊断和意外停电预防。随着人工智能(AI)的发展,文献中提出了许多使用人工智能工具的基于智能的 DGA 数据解读方法。虽然这些方法能达到很高的诊断精度并提高 DGA 效率,但它们一般都很复杂,而且这些出版物中记录的研究很难复制。传统的基于 DGA 的方法简单、易于理解和实施,被电力变压器维护专业人员广泛使用。近年来提出的许多方法克服了先驱方法的局限性,而且越来越有效。作者对基于 DGA 的矿物油浸式电力变压器故障诊断传统方法进行了详细而全面的文献综述。这篇综述还探讨了如何提高现有传统方法的效率。此外,还介绍了提高基于 DGA 诊断方法效率所需注意的一些误区。
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引用次数: 0
Enhanced thermal conductivity and self-healing property of PUDA/boron nitride micro-sheets composites with a small number of graphene nano-platelets 含有少量石墨烯纳米片的 PUDA/ 氮化硼微片复合材料的导热性和自愈合性能得到增强
IF 3.8 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12073
Shiyu Zhang, Zhihui Shang, Dongliang Ding, Xu Wang, Ya Wu, Shifeng Nian, Zhenguo Liu, Qiuyu Zhang, Yanhui Chen

Self-healing polyurethane diacrylate (PUDA) composites with outstanding thermal conductivity were prepared with variable boron nitride (BN) and a small number of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) (1 wt%). The thermal conductivity of PUDA composites containing 1 wt% GNPs and 29 wt% BN reached 1.73 W/(m·K), showing 27.2% increment compared to PUDA composites only with 30 wt% BN. BN and GNPs mutually promoted the dispersion in the PUDA matrix, and the small number of GNPs was enough to bridge the gaps between BN, so that GNPs and BN exerted a synergistic enhancement effect on the thermal conductivity of PUDA composites with a synergistic efficiency of 1.343. The PUDA composites maintained the tensile strength of 8.21 MPa with good electrical insulation (4.55 × 109 Ω cm). The high degrees of recovery of mechanical strength (>90%) and thermal conductivities (>84%) were also realised by the healing effect of the reversible DA reaction. The PUDA composites with excellent comprehensive properties show broad application potential in the thermal management of electronic devices.

利用可变氮化硼(BN)和少量石墨烯纳米颗粒(GNPs)(1 wt%)制备了具有出色导热性能的自愈合聚氨酯二丙烯酸酯(PUDA)复合材料。含有 1 wt% GNPs 和 29 wt% BN 的 PUDA 复合材料的热导率达到了 1.73 W/(m-K),与仅含有 30 wt% BN 的 PUDA 复合材料相比提高了 27.2%。BN 和 GNPs 相互促进在 PUDA 基体中的分散,少量的 GNPs 足以弥合 BN 之间的间隙,因此 GNPs 和 BN 对 PUDA 复合材料的热导率产生了协同增强效应,协同效率为 1.343。PUDA 复合材料保持了 8.21 MPa 的拉伸强度和良好的电绝缘性(4.55 × 109 Ω cm)。通过可逆 DA 反应的愈合作用,还实现了机械强度(大于 90%)和热导率(大于 84%)的高度恢复。具有优异综合性能的 PUDA 复合材料在电子设备的热管理方面具有广阔的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Improving the dielectric properties of polypropylene for metallised film capacitors based on cyclic olefin copolymer blending 基于环状烯烃共聚物混合物改善金属化薄膜电容器用聚丙烯的介电性能
IF 3.8 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12072
Meng Xiao, Mengdie Zhang, Boxue Du, Kailun Fan

High conductivity loss and low breakdown strength of traditional polypropylene (PP) film in the high-temperature environment are the key factors limiting the application of metallised film capacitors (MFCs). The effect of cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs) with different glass transition temperatures (Tgs) on the dielectric performance of PP/COC composites at high temperature are studied. The results showed that the addition of COC enhanced the intermolecular interaction force, which led to the reduction of defects in the films. In addition, COC with high Tg inhibits the movement of molecular chains and enhances the thermal stability of the film, which limits the transport of carriers at high temperatures. The conductivity and breakdown strength of the modified films (with a Tg of 134°C for COC) at 125°C are 91.6% lower and 45.7% higher, respectively, than that of pure PP. This method shows great potential in improving the dielectric properties of PP at high temperatures.

传统聚丙烯(PP)薄膜在高温环境下的高电导损耗和低击穿强度是限制金属化薄膜电容器(MFC)应用的关键因素。研究了不同玻璃化转变温度(Tgs)的环烯烃共聚物(COC)对 PP/COC 复合材料高温下介电性能的影响。结果表明,COC 的加入增强了分子间的相互作用力,从而减少了薄膜中的缺陷。此外,高 Tg 的 COC 可抑制分子链的运动,增强薄膜的热稳定性,从而限制载流子在高温下的传输。改性薄膜(COC 的 Tg 为 134°C)在 125°C 时的导电率和击穿强度分别比纯 PP 低 91.6% 和高 45.7%。这种方法在改善 PP 在高温下的介电性能方面显示出巨大的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Data sonification of film capacitors 薄膜电容器的数据超声处理
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12078
Yong-Xin Zhang, Di-Fan Liu, Xin-Yi Wei, Xin-Jie Wang, Fang-Yi Chen, Qi-Kun Feng, Wen-Yuan Cao, Wen-Zhuo Dong, Faisal Mehmood Shah, Yu-Xiao Liu, Zhi-Yuan Wu, Jian-Tao Wang, Shao-Long Zhong, Zhi-Min Dang

Film capacitors are playing an increasingly important role in power-related fields, driven by the continuous development of dielectric materials and practical needs. Long-term accumulation has also led to an increasing wealth of data related to film capacitors. Sonification opens up a new way for people to make good use of data from film capacitors. A framework for sonifying film capacitors data based on TwoTone is presented. Based on the analysis and discussion, it is clear that the sonification results can easily represent the monotonic variation pattern of film capacitors data. What's more, the sonification results increase the possibility that people pay attention to the changing trend of film capacitors data when there is no significant difference in the visual perception of the data. In addition to providing a new way of music generation of electrical equipment, the method proposed is expected to contribute to theory reference in typical scenarios, such as factory calibration of film capacitors, monitoring of film capacitor operation status, and presentation of statistical data of film capacitors' dielectric materials, which will help us to better understand the distribution characteristics of polymer films.

在介电材料不断发展和实际需求的推动下,薄膜电容器在电力相关领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。长期的积累也使得与薄膜电容器相关的数据日益丰富。声学技术为人们充分利用薄膜电容器的数据开辟了一条新途径。本文介绍了基于 TwoTone 的薄膜电容器数据声化框架。通过分析和讨论,我们可以清楚地看到,声化结果可以轻松地表示薄膜电容器数据的单调变化规律。更重要的是,当人们对薄膜电容器数据的视觉感知没有明显差异时,声化结果增加了人们关注薄膜电容器数据变化趋势的可能性。除了提供一种新的电气设备音乐生成方式外,所提出的方法还有望在典型场景中为理论参考做出贡献,例如薄膜电容器的工厂校准、薄膜电容器运行状态的监测以及薄膜电容器介电材料统计数据的呈现,这将有助于我们更好地了解聚合物薄膜的分布特性。
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引用次数: 0
Electromagnetic optimization of piezoelectric ceramic and its application in mechanical antenna 压电陶瓷的电磁优化及其在机械天线中的应用
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12077
Song Gao, Liwei Wang, Jingtong Lu, Shuai Zhang, Hongyu Sun, Kai Huang, Jianchun Xu, Yanan Hao

Mechanical antennas have garnered considerable attention due to their ability to address the challenges posed by the significant size and high energy consumption associated with traditional electric antennas when operating at low frequencies. Here, a compact and structurally stable mechanical antenna design is presented. The proposed antenna is constructed using cylindrical piezoelectric ceramics, which have dimensions smaller than 1/1000 of the wavelength. The scrutiny of the influence exerted by the antenna feed area and material thickness on the radiation performance was undertaken, followed by an exhaustive discourse on these effects. Experimental measurements demonstrate the practical functionalities of signal coding, transmission, and reception in the low-frequency communication system. Notably, at a frequency of 288 kHz, a single proposed antenna achieves an effective information transmission distance of 60 m using binary information coding. This remarkable outcome underscores the potential of this design in facilitating the development of portable and cost-effective wireless communication equipment for low-frequency applications.

机械天线能够解决传统电动天线在低频工作时体积大、能耗高的难题,因此备受关注。本文介绍了一种结构紧凑、性能稳定的机械天线设计。该天线采用圆柱形压电陶瓷制成,其尺寸小于波长的 1/1000。我们仔细研究了天线馈电面积和材料厚度对辐射性能的影响,并对这些影响进行了详尽的论述。实验测量证明了低频通信系统中信号编码、传输和接收的实用功能。值得注意的是,在频率为 288 kHz 时,使用二进制信息编码,单个拟议的天线可实现 60 米的有效信息传输距离。这一引人注目的成果凸显了这一设计在促进低频应用领域便携式、低成本无线通信设备开发方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
A strong dependence of sputtering power on c-axis oriented aluminium nitride on Si (111): A structural and electrical study 溅射功率对 Si (111) 上 c 轴取向氮化铝的强烈依赖性:结构和电学研究
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12076
Sandeep Sanjeeva, Jyothilakshmi Rudresh, K. B. Vinayakumar, K. K. Nagaraja

Growing and controlling the c-axis orientation of the aluminium nitride (AlN) thin film on unheated Si (111) substrates using reactive magnetron sputtering are challenging. Sputtering parameters such as nitrogen concentration and sputtering power were effectively tuned to grow the c-axis oriented AlN thin film. The results show that a low concentration of (25%) N2 is enough for forming AlN at a reduced flow rate, whereas a higher flow rate requires a higher concentration of N2. Low concentration with a low flow rate is preferred to grow AlN at low temperature and power. The poor crystallinity of AlN with (100) orientation was improved by varying the power from 75 to 175 W. The X-ray diffraction results confirmed the improvisation of crystallinity of grown AlN films and indicated the strong dependence of preferred c-axis orientation on sputtering power. Also, the dependence of sputtering power on microstrain and stress was analysed. The surface morphology study by field emission scanning electron microscopy and topography measured by an atomic force microscope shows a dependence on sputtering power. The high c-axis orientation was observed at 175 W with low surface roughness, low leakage current density (2 × 10−9 A/cm2) and low dielectric constant (6.8).

利用反应磁控溅射技术在未加热的硅(111)基板上生长和控制氮化铝(AlN)薄膜的 c 轴取向是一项挑战。我们对氮浓度和溅射功率等溅射参数进行了有效调整,以生长出 c 轴取向的氮化铝薄膜。结果表明,低浓度(25%)的氮气足以在较低的流速下形成氮化铝,而较高的流速则需要较高浓度的氮气。要在低温和低功率条件下生长氮化铝,最好采用低浓度和低流速。X 射线衍射结果证实了生长的 AlN 薄膜结晶度的提高,并表明优先 c 轴取向与溅射功率密切相关。此外,还分析了溅射功率对微应变和应力的影响。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜进行的表面形貌研究和原子力显微镜测量的形貌显示了对溅射功率的依赖性。在表面粗糙度低、漏电流密度低(2 × 10-9 A/cm2)和介电常数低(6.8)的情况下,175 W 时观察到高 c 轴取向。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) units on the dielectric and energy storage properties of P(VDF-CTFE) 三氟氯乙烯 (CTFE) 单元对 P(VDF-CTFE) 介电和储能特性的影响
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12075
Haoran Xie, Xi Yuan, Hang Luo, Dou Zhang

Polyvinylidene fluoride-based ferroelectric polymers are favoured in the field of advanced high-energy-storage dielectric capacitors due to their strong spontaneous polarisation and high dielectric constant (εr). It has been confirmed that the ferroelectric behaviour and energy storage performance can be regulated by copolymerising polyvinylidene fluoride with bulky monomers such as chlorotrifluoroethylene, and hexafluoropropylene. Past research based on these copolymers mostly focused on the preparation of composites, yet with limited discussion on the effect of copolymer composition. In this work, a series of P(VDF-CTFE) films with different chlorotrifluoroethylene contents were fabricated through a solution-casting method. The introduction of bulky chlorotrifluoroethylene units can tune the polymer crystal structure and crystallinity, alter the state of polymer chains and the response of dipoles to electric fields, and lead to dramatic changes in dielectric properties, breakdown strength (Eb), and energy storage density (Ue). As a result, the copolymer with a chlorotrifluoroethylene content of 15 wt% obtained the best overall performance, and the Ue reached 16.73 J/cm3 at 650 kV/mm. This work provides a basis for the optimisation of the properties of polyvinylidene fluoride-based ferroelectric polymers and the development of high Ue dielectric.

聚偏氟乙烯基铁电聚合物具有强自发极化性和高介电常数(εr),因此在先进的高储能介质电容器领域备受青睐。研究证实,聚偏氟乙烯与氯三氟乙烯和六氟丙烯等大体积单体共聚可调节铁电行为和储能性能。以往基于这些共聚物的研究大多集中于复合材料的制备,但对共聚物成分的影响讨论有限。在这项研究中,我们通过溶液浇铸法制备了一系列氯代三氟乙烯含量不同的 P(VDF-CTFE)薄膜。引入大体积的三氟氯乙烯单元可以调整聚合物晶体结构和结晶度,改变聚合物链的状态和偶极子对电场的响应,并导致介电性能、击穿强度(Eb)和储能密度(Ue)发生巨大变化。结果,氯三氟乙烯含量为 15 wt% 的共聚物获得了最佳的综合性能,在 650 kV/mm 时,Ue 达到 16.73 J/cm3。这项研究为优化聚偏氟乙烯基铁电聚合物的性能和开发高 Ue 介电体奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Flexible smart surface coating for GIS/GIL epoxy insulators 用于 GIS/GIL 环氧绝缘子的柔性智能表面涂层
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1049/nde2.12074
Yu-Huai Wang, Zhuo Chen, Jin Li, Zhi-Xiang Liu, Rong Chen, Hein Htet Aung, Hu-Cheng Liang, Bo-Xue Du

A flexible smart coating with electroluminescence effect was designed and fabricated on the surface of gas insulated switch gear (GIS)/gas insulated transmission line (GIL) epoxy insulators based on two-step curing process. As the AC voltage increases, the luminous area on the insulator surface expands from the centre to the periphery, and the light intensity shows a linear relationship with the applied voltage. Besides, the flexible smart coating can effectively identify the location of metal particle defects and the degree of electric field distortion. The flexible smart coating enhances the surface flashover voltage due to its higher dielectric constant. Simultaneously, metal particle contamination can substantially reduce the insulation performance of epoxy insulators, particularly when they are located near the high-voltage side. It is hoped that this study can provide a reference for the smart detection of surface defects GIS/GIL basin insulators.

基于两步固化工艺,在气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)/气体绝缘输电线路(GIL)环氧绝缘子表面设计并制造了一种具有电致发光效果的柔性智能涂层。随着交流电压的增加,绝缘体表面的发光面积从中心向外围扩展,发光强度与所加电压呈线性关系。此外,柔性智能涂层还能有效识别金属颗粒缺陷的位置和电场畸变程度。由于柔性智能涂层的介电常数较高,它能增强表面闪络电压。同时,金属颗粒污染会大大降低环氧绝缘体的绝缘性能,尤其是当它们位于高压侧附近时。希望本研究能为 GIS/GIL 盆式绝缘子表面缺陷的智能检测提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
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