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Further investigation on solant–rectenna-based flexible Hilbert-shaped metamaterials 基于solant–rectenna的柔性希尔伯特形超材料的进一步研究
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0013
Taha A. Elwi, Sarah G. Abdulqader

This study discusses the design of a low-profile metamaterial-based antenna consisting of a 3 × 5 array of Hilbert shaped unit cells organised as a rectangular patch. The antenna is backed by with a partial ground plane loaded with square electromagnetic band gap defects for energy harvesting applications in the context of ultra-wideband self-powered wearable wireless devices. The antenna is mounted on a 28 × 32 mm FR4 substrate, with a thickness of 0.394 mm, a relative permittivity of 4.2 and a loss tangent of 0.02. The antenna is also printed on a flexible solar panel for self-powered devices through solant–rectenna output terminals. The proposed solant–rectenna is found to cover the frequency range from 0.8 up to 10 GHz. The IV characteristics of the solar panel are measured with and without the antenna structure to realize low shadowing effects. After that, the solant radiofrequency (RF) port is connected to a rectifier circuit to create a rectenna port that collects the RF energy and converts it to an output DC voltage at 0.915 GHz. It is found that the proposed rectenna provides an output DC voltage of 1.42 V with a conversion efficiency of 90%.

本研究讨论了一种低剖面超材料天线的设计,该天线由3 × 5阵列的希尔伯特形状的单位细胞组织为矩形贴片。该天线由部分接地平面支撑,该接地平面加载有方形电磁带隙缺陷,用于超宽带自供电可穿戴无线设备中的能量收集应用。天线安装在28 × 32毫米FR4基板,厚度为0.394毫米,相对介电常数为4.2,损耗角正切为0.02。该天线还通过solant–rectenna输出端子印刷在柔性太阳能电池板上,用于自供电设备。所提出的solant–rectenna覆盖了从0.8到10 GHz的频率范围。在有天线结构和没有天线结构的情况下测量太阳能电池板的I–V特性,以实现低阴影效应。之后,将solant射频(RF)端口连接到整流器电路,以创建一个整流天线端口,该整流天线端口收集RF能量并将其转换为0.915GHz的输出直流电压。研究发现,所提出的整流天线提供1.42V的输出直流电压,转换效率为90%。
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引用次数: 10
Effect of polyethylene glycol on BaTiO3 nanoparticles prepared by hydrothermal preparation 聚乙二醇对水热法制备BaTiO3纳米粒子的影响
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-06-18 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0007
Yanfen Peng, Huiling Chen, Feng Shi, Jing Wang

This work investigated the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as an additive on barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesised by a hydrothermal process. The structure, morphology, dispersion and crystallinity of BT NPs were tested by differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that the main phase of BT NPs includes the cubic BT phase with a tiny tetragonal phase. Also, the addition of PEG with different concentrations has a very positive effect on the control of the grain size and grain shape of the samples during the hydrothermal process. When the concentration of PEG is 1 g/l, BT NPs possess the best morphologies and highest dispersibility, and the average size is about 71.86 nm.

本工作研究了聚乙二醇(PEG)作为添加剂对水热合成钛酸钡(BaTiO3,BT)纳米颗粒(NP)的影响。分别通过差示扫描量热-热重分析、X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和拉曼光谱测试了BT NPs的结构、形态、分散度和结晶度。结果表明,BT NPs的主相包括立方BT相和微小的四方相。此外,在水热过程中,添加不同浓度的PEG对控制样品的晶粒尺寸和晶粒形状具有非常积极的作用。当PEG的浓度为1时 g/l,BT纳米粒子具有最佳的形貌和最高的分散性,平均尺寸约为71.86 nm。
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引用次数: 5
Dielectric characterisation of epoxy nanocomposite with barium titanate fillers 钛酸钡填充环氧纳米复合材料的介电特性
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-05-18 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0037
Romana Zafar, Nandini Gupta

High permittivity materials are currently in use for mitigation of electrical stress in high-voltage apparatus and energy storage systems. In this work, epoxy-based high permittivity nanocomposites with Barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanofillers are considered, for the purpose of stress mitigation. Uniform dispersion of the fillers in the polymer up to 10% by volume is achieved. Apart from the use of as-received fillers, the effect of using surface-functionalised nanoparticles (with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy-silane) before use is also investigated. The nanocomposite is characterised in terms of its complex permittivity, DC conductivity, short-term AC breakdown strength and space charge accumulation, to gauge its suitability for use in high-voltage insulation. Complex permittivity is measured using broadband dielectric spectroscopy over a broad frequency range of 1 mHz to 1 MHz. DC conductivity is studied from polarisation–depolarisation current measurements. Short-term AC breakdown strength tests are performed at power frequency (50 Hz). Space charge density along the sample thickness is obtained using pulsed electro-acoustic technique. A computational case-study is presented to show the feasibility of using the high permittivity nanocomposite for electric stress control in high-voltage equipment (viz., at mounting flanges of 69 kV bushings).

高介电常数材料目前用于减轻高压设备和能量存储系统中的电应力。在这项工作中,为了减轻应力,考虑了具有钛酸钡(BaTiO3)纳米填料的环氧基高介电常数纳米复合材料。填料在聚合物中的均匀分散达到10体积%。除了使用收到的填料外,还研究了在使用前使用表面官能化纳米颗粒(具有3-环氧丙氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷)的效果。纳米复合材料的特点是其复介电常数、直流电导率、短期交流击穿强度和空间电荷积累,以衡量其在高压绝缘中的适用性。复介电常数是使用宽带介电光谱在1的宽频率范围内测量的 mHz至1 MHz。通过极化-去极化电流测量来研究直流电导率。在工频(50 Hz)。使用脉冲电声技术获得了沿样品厚度的空间电荷密度。给出了一个计算案例研究,以表明在高压设备中使用高介电常数纳米复合材料进行电应力控制的可行性(即,在69的安装法兰处 kV套管)。
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引用次数: 10
Review on natural ester and nanofluids as an environmental friendly alternative to transformer mineral oil 天然酯和纳米流体作为环境友好型变压器矿物油替代品的研究进展
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0038
Joyce Jacob, P. Preetha, Sindhu Thiruthi Krishnan

The development of reliable, environmentally safe and economic insulating oil for the transformer is an endless effort of the electrical industry. Recent research is based on natural ester fluid, the green insulating oil which exhibits excellent dielectric performance and environment friendly characteristics. Nanofluids are also emerging as potential replacement for the conventional mineral oil used in transformers. Characterisation of nanoparticle filled mineral oil and natural esters have validated their improved dielectric behaviour in comparison to the unfilled oil. Although the applications are wide, the state of the art technology requires a deeper understanding of the underlying phenomenon. Much work is expected to be done in the application of nanofluids prepared with mineral oil and natural ester, particularly its effect on the cellulose insulation. The study provides an overview of the different materials that have been used as alternatives to the conventional transformer mineral oil, with special emphasis on natural esters and natural ester nanofluids, their advantages and challenges.

开发可靠、环保、安全、经济的变压器绝缘油是电气工业的不懈努力。最近的研究是基于天然酯流体的绿色绝缘油,它具有优异的介电性能和环境友好的特点。纳米流体也正在成为变压器中使用的传统矿物油的潜在替代品。纳米颗粒填充矿物油和天然酯的表征证实了它们与未填充油相比改善了介电行为。尽管应用范围很广,但最先进的技术要求对潜在现象有更深入的了解。在矿物油和天然酯制备的纳米流体的应用方面,特别是其对纤维素绝缘的影响,还有很多工作要做。该研究概述了用于替代传统变压器矿物油的不同材料,特别强调了天然酯和天然酯纳米流体的优势和挑战。
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引用次数: 30
Influence of xylene on the dielectric response of an organoclay-containing nanocomposite 二甲苯对含有机粘土纳米复合材料介电响应的影响
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-05-13 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0009
Allison V. Shaw, Alun S. Vaughan, Thomas Andritsch

The dielectric effect, investigated using dielectric spectroscopy and DC dielectric breakdown strength measurements, of introducing xylene into a composite system containing polyethylene, a co-polymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate and an organoclay can be understood in light of X-ray diffraction data. In dielectric spectroscopy, although organoclay alone changes the dielectric response of the polymer blend and xylene has no effect on the unfilled polymer blend, when both xylene and organoclay are present, a synergistic response is revealed at the 1 Vrms amplitude voltage used to acquire the dielectric data. In contrast to this, in DC, dielectric breakdown strength measurements revealed that, under high field conditions, both the xylene and organoclay, independently, caused a decreased breakdown strength. This work was undertaken in order to examine the generality of the possible effects of labile, low molar mass impurities on electrical properties of comparable systems, which may be processed through solvent-based routes.

使用介电光谱和直流介电击穿强度测量研究了将二甲苯引入含有聚乙烯、乙烯和乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物以及有机粘土的复合体系中的介电效应,可以根据X射线衍射数据来理解。在介电光谱中,尽管有机粘土单独改变了聚合物共混物的介电响应,二甲苯对未填充的聚合物共混物没有影响,但当二甲苯和有机粘土都存在时,在1 Vrms振幅电压,用于获取介电数据。与此相反,在DC中,介电击穿强度测量显示,在高场条件下,二甲苯和有机粘土都独立地导致击穿强度降低。开展这项工作是为了检验不稳定、低摩尔质量杂质对可通过溶剂路线处理的类似系统的电性能可能产生的影响的普遍性。
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引用次数: 2
Analysis of space charge and charge trap characteristics of gamma irradiated silicone rubber nanocomposites 辐照硅橡胶纳米复合材料空间电荷和电荷阱特性分析
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-04-20 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0041
Baskar Thangabalan, Ramanujam Sarathi, Noureddine Harid, Huw Griffiths

Silicone rubber is widely used for electrical insulation and may be exposed to a harsh environment. The present study envisaged to improve insulation properties of silicone rubber by adding an optimised quantity of nanofillers. The fundamental space charge and charge trap characteristics were studied by adopting the pulsed electroacoustic analysis technique and through surface potential measurement. The dielectric properties of the materials were analysed through measurement of permittivity and loss factor of the material at different frequencies and temperatures. The influence of gamma irradiation on variations in fundamental properties of the material was characterised. The results of the study indicate that 5 wt.% alumina added nanocomposites had better space charge performance under gamma irradiation compared with virgin silicone rubber.

硅橡胶广泛用于电气绝缘,可能暴露在恶劣的环境中。本研究设想通过添加优化量的纳米填料来改善硅橡胶的绝缘性能。采用脉冲电声分析技术,通过表面电势测量,研究了空间电荷和电荷陷阱的基本特性。通过测量材料在不同频率和温度下的介电常数和损耗因子,分析了材料的介电性能。表征了伽马辐射对材料基本性能变化的影响。研究结果表明,与原始硅橡胶相比,添加5wt.%氧化铝的纳米复合材料在γ辐照下具有更好的空间电荷性能。
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引用次数: 5
Dielectric spectroscopy of epoxy-based barium titanate nanocomposites: effect of temperature and humidity 环氧基钛酸钡纳米复合材料的介电光谱:温度和湿度的影响
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-02-28 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0036
Romana Zafar, Nandini Gupta

The information contained in the dielectric response of materials is useful to study the charge transport behaviour of dielectric materials at the molecular level. Therefore, in this work, broadband dielectric spectroscopy is used to measure complex permittivity of epoxy resin and its nanocomposites over a wide frequency range of 10−3 –10+6 Hz. Measurements are carried out at different temperatures (25–90°C) and relative humidities of 50% RH and 90% RH. Nanocomposites are prepared with as-received and surface-functionalised barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanofillers incorporated into epoxy. Filler loading of 1–10% by volume are achieved and investigated. A detailed study of the effect of filler loading and surface functionalisation of particles before incorporation into the nanocomposite is included. It is seen that the addition of nanofillers increases both real and imaginary relative permittivity of the composite. Experiments are carried out to understand the effect of water content on epoxy and its nanocomposites. It reveals that low-frequency dispersion or quasi-DC conduction is exhibited at high humidity (90% RH) and high temperature (90°C).

材料介电响应中包含的信息有助于在分子水平上研究介电材料的电荷传输行为。因此,在这项工作中,宽带介电光谱被用于测量环氧树脂及其纳米复合材料在10−3–10+6的宽频率范围内的复介电常数 赫兹。测量在不同的温度(25–90°C)和相对湿度(50%RH和90%RH)下进行。将收到的和表面官能化的钛酸钡(BaTiO3)纳米填料掺入环氧树脂中制备纳米复合材料。实现并研究了1–10%体积的填料负载。详细研究了在掺入纳米复合材料之前填料负载和颗粒表面功能化的影响。可以看出,纳米填料的加入增加了复合材料的真实和虚相对介电常数。通过实验了解了含水量对环氧树脂及其纳米复合材料的影响。结果表明,在高湿度(90%RH)和高温(90°C)条件下表现出低频色散或准直流传导。
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引用次数: 8
Barium titanate/polydimethylsiloxane nano/microcomposites fabrication, morphology, dielectric response and functionality 钛酸钡/聚二甲基硅氧烷纳米/微复合材料的制备、形态、介电响应和功能
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-02-25 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0043
Anastasios C. Patsidis

Polymer matrix composites with embedded ferroelectric and/or piezoelectric particles, constitute a novel and interesting class of engineering materials. The incorporation of ferroelectric and/or piezoelectric particles within a polymer matrix is expected to add functionality to the resulting composite, due to the variation of polarisation of the ceramic particles with temperature. In this work, an elastomeric matrix such as polydimethylsiloxane and BaTiO3 nano and microparticles were used for the fabrication of composites at various concentrations and sizes of the reinforcing phase. Morphological and structural characteristics were investigated via scanning electron microscopy images and X-ray diffraction patterns. The dielectric behaviour of all fabricated specimens was investigated via broadband dielectric spectroscopy, in a wide frequency (10−1 Hz–10 MHz) and temperature (30–200°C) range. In the dielectric spectra, two relaxation processes were detected, namely cold crystallisation and interfacial polarisation. Values of dielectric permittivity enhance with filler content, and particles’ size, while diminishes significantly with frequency. Finally, the ability of the prepared systems to store energy was examined by calculating their energy density. The higher energy-storing efficiency is exhibited by the micro-BaTiO3 reinforced composites, while functional behaviour is induced via the thermally activated structural changes of ferroelectric particles.

嵌入铁电和/或压电颗粒的聚合物基复合材料构成了一类新颖而有趣的工程材料。由于陶瓷颗粒的极化随温度的变化,铁电和/或压电颗粒在聚合物基体中的结合有望为所得复合材料增加功能。在这项工作中,弹性体基体如聚二甲基硅氧烷和BaTiO3纳米颗粒和微米颗粒被用于制备各种浓度和尺寸的增强相的复合材料。通过扫描电子显微镜图像和X射线衍射图研究了其形态和结构特征。通过宽带介电光谱在宽频带(10−1 Hz–10 MHz)和温度(30–200°C)范围。在介电光谱中,检测到两个弛豫过程,即冷结晶和界面极化。介电常数的值随着填料含量和颗粒尺寸的增加而增加,而随着频率的增加而显著减小。最后,通过计算其能量密度来检验所制备的系统存储能量的能力。微BaTiO3增强复合材料表现出更高的储能效率,而铁电颗粒的热激活结构变化则诱导了其功能行为。
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引用次数: 1
Deep trap sites suppressing space charge injection in polycyclic aromatic compounds doped XLPE composite 多环芳烃掺杂交联聚乙烯复合材料中深陷阱位抑制空间电荷注入
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-02-12 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0035
Jin Li, Chenlei Han, Boxue Du, Tatsuo Takada

In this study, the space charge characteristics in the polycyclic aromatic compounds doped cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) composite were analysed by integration current (Q (t)) method and quantum chemical calculation. Experimentally, the space charge behaviours of XLPE composites modified by the three selected polycyclic aromatic compounds during polarisation and depolarisation process at 25 and 80°C were measured by Q (t) method, respectively. The energy levels and 3D potential distributions of the three polycyclic aromatic compounds were calculated by density functional theory. The experimental and calculation results indicate that the polycyclic aromatic compound C with deep carrier traps and stronger polarity exhibits outstanding ability to reduce space charge injection than the others at both 25 and 80°C. Generally, 4,4′-bis (dimethyl amino) benyil has great potential as the organic additive for DC cable insulation from the view of space charge suppression.

本研究采用积分电流(Q(t))法和量子化学计算方法分析了多环芳烃掺杂交联聚乙烯(XLPE)复合材料的空间电荷特性。实验上,用Q(t)法分别测量了三种选定的多环芳烃改性的交联聚乙烯复合材料在25°C和80°C极化和去极化过程中的空间电荷行为。用密度泛函理论计算了三种多环芳烃的能级和三维势分布。实验和计算结果表明,在25°C和80°C温度下,具有深载流子陷阱和较强极性的多环芳香族化合物C都表现出显著的减少空间电荷注入的能力。从空间电荷抑制的角度来看,4,4′-双(二甲基氨基)苯乙酰作为直流电缆绝缘的有机添加剂具有很大的潜力。
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引用次数: 10
Differentiation of roughness and surface defect impact on dielectric strength of polymeric thin films 粗糙度和表面缺陷的差异对聚合物薄膜介电强度的影响
IF 2.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2020-02-10 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0031
Daniel Qi Tan

Increasing the dielectric strength of polymer films has been a key theme as it is directly responsible for increasing energy density of relevant components such as film capacitors and insulation tapes. Dielectric films with higher roughness and surface defects are subject to the formation of an air gap at the interface between dielectric film and metallised polymer electrodes, which results in inaccurate dielectric strength. The air gap due to roughness was found to result in dielectric strength of 25% higher than that using depositing metal on dielectric films (integral electrode). The integral electrode method is proven to be a better way to test the genuine dielectric strength of thin and rough dielectric films. Surface defects, on the other hand, were revealed to cause lowering of dielectric strength because of their contribution to the localised electric field and charge injection. The detrimental effect of surface defects can be suppressed by submerging the film in oil or coating the film with an oxide layer.

提高聚合物薄膜的介电强度一直是一个关键的主题,因为它直接关系到薄膜电容器和绝缘胶带等相关部件的能量密度的提高。具有较高粗糙度和表面缺陷的介电膜会在介电膜和金属化聚合物电极之间的界面处形成气隙,从而导致不准确的介电强度。发现由于粗糙度造成的气隙导致介电强度比使用沉积金属在介电薄膜(整体电极)上高25%。结果表明,积分电极法是一种较好的测试薄、粗介质薄膜真实介电强度的方法。另一方面,表面缺陷由于对局域电场和电荷注入的贡献而导致介电强度的降低。表面缺陷的有害影响可以通过将薄膜浸入油中或在薄膜上涂上氧化层来抑制。
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引用次数: 19
期刊
IET Nanodielectrics
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