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Review of dielectric elastomers for actuators, generators and sensors 致动器、发电机和传感器用电介质弹性体综述
IF 2.7 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-09-03 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0045
Yu Zhao, Li-Juan Yin, Shao-Long Zhong, Jun-Wei Zha, Zhi-Min Dang

Electroactive polymer (EAP) is a kind of smart material, which can change its shape under the stimulation of electric field. Dielectric elastomer (DE) is an important member of the EAP. DE has the characteristics of excellent performance, such as light weight, low noise, low cost, and so on, which guarantee its wide applications in the fields of actuators, generators, sensors. In this review, the principles of energy conversion, the research status and latest development of new technologies for DEs, and the performance characteristics of DEs are summarised. Simultaneously, it points out the development problems and feasible countermeasures. At last, the application prospects of DE are discussed, combined with the research direction of the international frontier.

电活性聚合物(EAP)是一种在电场刺激下可以改变形状的智能材料。介电弹性体(DE)是EAP的重要组成部分。DE具有重量轻、噪声低、成本低等优异性能,保证了其在执行器、发电机、传感器等领域的广泛应用。本文综述了能量转换的原理、DEs新技术的研究现状和最新发展,以及DEs的性能特点。同时指出了发展中存在的问题和可行的对策。最后,结合国际前沿的研究方向,对DE的应用前景进行了展望。
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引用次数: 28
Improved dielectric properties of PVDF nanocomposites with core–shell structured BaTiO3 @polyurethane nanoparticles 核壳结构batio3 @聚氨酯纳米颗粒改善PVDF纳米复合材料介电性能
IF 2.7 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0015
Ming-Sheng Zheng, Chong Zhang, Yu Yang, Zhao-Liang Xing, Xin Chen, Shao-Long Zhong, Zhi-Min Dang

Polymer nanocomposites with improved dielectric permittivity and high breakdown strength are extremely desirable for the flexible electronic devices and power systems. The compatibility of fillers and polymer matrix is important in determining the dielectric and breakdown strength properties. The core–shell structure concept is useful to improve the compatibility of fillers with polymer matrix. Herein, an organic thermoplastic urethanes (TPU) polymer shell was successfully grafted on the surface of barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) and such a TPU shell improved the permittivity and breakdown strength of TPU@BT/PVDF polymer nanocomposites greatly. The permittivity of TPU@BT/PVDF nanocomposites with 12 wt% fillers at 102 Hz was up to 13.5, which was 1.5 times higher than that of pure poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). The improvement of the dielectric properties could be attributed to the enhanced interfacial polarisation between BT nanoparticles and TPU shell. Besides, the compatibility of BT nanoparticles and PVDF matrix was improved after the introduction of TPU shell. Accordingly, a highest breakdown strength value about 373 MV/m was obtained for the TPU@BT/PVDF nanocomposites with 7 wt% fillers. The core–shell strategy could be extended to a variety of inorganic fillers to improve the dielectric and breakdown strength properties of polymer nanocomposites.

聚合物纳米复合材料具有较好的介电常数和较高的击穿强度,是柔性电子器件和电力系统的理想材料。填料与聚合物基体的相容性是决定介质和击穿强度的重要因素。核壳结构的概念有助于提高填料与聚合物基体的相容性。本文成功地在钛酸钡(BaTiO3, BT)表面接枝了有机热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)聚合物外壳,该TPU外壳大大提高了TPU@BT/PVDF聚合物纳米复合材料的介电常数和击穿强度。填充量为12 wt%的TPU@BT/PVDF纳米复合材料在102 Hz下的介电常数高达13.5,是纯聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)的1.5倍。这种介电性能的改善可归因于BT纳米颗粒与TPU壳之间的界面极化增强。此外,引入TPU壳层后,BT纳米颗粒与PVDF基体的相容性得到了改善。因此,当掺量为7 wt%时,TPU@BT/PVDF纳米复合材料的击穿强度最高可达373 MV/m。核壳策略可以推广到各种无机填料中,以提高聚合物纳米复合材料的介电和击穿强度。
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引用次数: 28
Evaluation of dielectric strength of SiR/TiO2 composites using feed-forward neural network 用前馈神经网络评价SiR/ tio2复合材料的介电强度
IF 2.7 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-07-06 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0001
Shaymaa A. Qenawy, Loai S. Nasrat, Hanafy M. Ismail, Jeannette N. Asaad

Among the recently insulating materials broadly utilized in high voltage outdoor insulation, silicone rubber (SiR) has gotten the foremost consideration. Actually, SiR is becoming an efficient countermeasure to insulator contamination issues. To enhance different properties of polymeric materials, micro- and nanofillers have been used for dielectric applications. In this study, micron-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) and nano-sized TiO2 fillers were added to the SiR matrix to improve electrical and mechanical properties. Dielectric strength, tensile strength, and elongation at break tests were monitored. Also, a scanning electron microscope was carried out. The samples were prepared by mixing micro-TiO2 into SiR with the content of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% and also mixing nano-TiO2 into SiR with the content of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%. A feed-forward neural network technique was used to estimate the dielectric strength in different conditions and different percentages of fillers. Adding nano TiO2 filler enhances the electrical and mechanical properties of SiR composites. SiR with 5 wt% nano TiO2 showed the best improvement in electrical and mechanical properties.

在近年来广泛应用于高压室外绝缘的绝缘材料中,硅橡胶(SiR)受到了最广泛的关注。实际上,SiR已成为解决绝缘子污染问题的有效对策。为了提高高分子材料的不同性能,微纳米填料已被应用于介电介质中。在本研究中,在SiR基体中加入微米级二氧化钛(TiO2)和纳米级二氧化钛填料,以改善其电学和力学性能。对介电强度、抗拉强度和断裂伸长率进行了监测。并对其进行了扫描电镜观察。将微tio2分别以0、10、20、30、40 wt%的质量分数混合到SiR中,并将纳米tio2分别以0、1、3、5、7 wt%的质量分数混合到SiR中。采用前馈神经网络技术对不同条件和不同填料含量下的介质强度进行了估计。添加纳米TiO2填料可以提高SiR复合材料的电性能和力学性能。纳米TiO2添加量为5 wt%时,SiR的电学性能和力学性能得到了最好的改善。
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引用次数: 8
Charge trapped mechanism for semi-crystalline polymer electrets: quasi-dipole model 半结晶聚合物驻极体的电荷捕获机制:准偶极子模型
IF 2.7 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-07-03 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0003
Gangjin Chen, Jianfeng Zhang, Xiaoyan Shi, Huili Peng, Xi Chen

Polymer electrets are increasingly getting application in a very wide range. However, its charge trapped mechanism is still poorly understood. It is always challenging how to improve its charge trapped ability and to enhance its performance stability. In this study, a charge trapped mechanism, quasi-dipole model, is proposed for semi-crystalline polymer electrets. Every grain of crystallite is viewed as a dipole based on the polarisation effect between crystalline and amorphous region when charged. The energy level of the charge trap has a dependence on the crystallite structure. The more regular the crystallite grain structure the better charge stability is. The melt-blown polypropylene (MBPP) electret fabrics with α or mesomorphic crystallite are used as the model material to verify the rationality of the mechanism. The experiment results from thermally stimulating discharge and X-ray diffraction proved that the charge-trapped stability could be improved by means of transformation from meso-crystalline to α crystalline structure. The MBPP fabric containing α-crystallite shows much better charge trapped performance than one containing mesomorphic-crystallite because of more regular structure in α crystallite. The findings not only present new insight into charge-trapped phenomena in polymer electrets, but also provide innovation for the processing technology of polymer electret materials.

聚合物驻极体的应用越来越广泛。然而,人们对其电荷捕获机制仍知之甚少。如何提高其电荷捕获能力和提高其性能稳定性一直是一个挑战。在本研究中,提出了半结晶聚合物驻极体的电荷捕获机制,准偶极模型。基于带电时晶体和非晶体区域之间的极化效应,微晶的每一个晶粒都被视为偶极。电荷陷阱的能级依赖于微晶结构。晶粒结构越规则,电荷稳定性越好。以具有α或中晶晶粒的熔喷聚丙烯(MBPP)驻极体织物为模型材料,验证了该机理的合理性。热刺激放电和X射线衍射的实验结果表明,由细晶结构向α晶结构转变可以提高电荷捕获的稳定性。含有α-微晶的MBPP织物由于其结构更加规则,表现出比含有介晶微晶的MB聚丙烯织物更好的电荷捕获性能。这些发现不仅为聚合物驻极体中的电荷捕获现象提供了新的见解,而且为聚合物驻电体材料的加工技术提供了创新。
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引用次数: 6
Further investigation on solant–rectenna-based flexible Hilbert-shaped metamaterials 基于solant–rectenna的柔性希尔伯特形超材料的进一步研究
IF 2.7 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0013
Taha A. Elwi, Sarah G. Abdulqader

This study discusses the design of a low-profile metamaterial-based antenna consisting of a 3 × 5 array of Hilbert shaped unit cells organised as a rectangular patch. The antenna is backed by with a partial ground plane loaded with square electromagnetic band gap defects for energy harvesting applications in the context of ultra-wideband self-powered wearable wireless devices. The antenna is mounted on a 28 × 32 mm FR4 substrate, with a thickness of 0.394 mm, a relative permittivity of 4.2 and a loss tangent of 0.02. The antenna is also printed on a flexible solar panel for self-powered devices through solant–rectenna output terminals. The proposed solant–rectenna is found to cover the frequency range from 0.8 up to 10 GHz. The IV characteristics of the solar panel are measured with and without the antenna structure to realize low shadowing effects. After that, the solant radiofrequency (RF) port is connected to a rectifier circuit to create a rectenna port that collects the RF energy and converts it to an output DC voltage at 0.915 GHz. It is found that the proposed rectenna provides an output DC voltage of 1.42 V with a conversion efficiency of 90%.

本研究讨论了一种低剖面超材料天线的设计,该天线由3 × 5阵列的希尔伯特形状的单位细胞组织为矩形贴片。该天线由部分接地平面支撑,该接地平面加载有方形电磁带隙缺陷,用于超宽带自供电可穿戴无线设备中的能量收集应用。天线安装在28 × 32毫米FR4基板,厚度为0.394毫米,相对介电常数为4.2,损耗角正切为0.02。该天线还通过solant–rectenna输出端子印刷在柔性太阳能电池板上,用于自供电设备。所提出的solant–rectenna覆盖了从0.8到10 GHz的频率范围。在有天线结构和没有天线结构的情况下测量太阳能电池板的I–V特性,以实现低阴影效应。之后,将solant射频(RF)端口连接到整流器电路,以创建一个整流天线端口,该整流天线端口收集RF能量并将其转换为0.915GHz的输出直流电压。研究发现,所提出的整流天线提供1.42V的输出直流电压,转换效率为90%。
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引用次数: 10
Effect of polyethylene glycol on BaTiO3 nanoparticles prepared by hydrothermal preparation 聚乙二醇对水热法制备BaTiO3纳米粒子的影响
IF 2.7 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-06-18 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2020.0007
Yanfen Peng, Huiling Chen, Feng Shi, Jing Wang

This work investigated the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as an additive on barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesised by a hydrothermal process. The structure, morphology, dispersion and crystallinity of BT NPs were tested by differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that the main phase of BT NPs includes the cubic BT phase with a tiny tetragonal phase. Also, the addition of PEG with different concentrations has a very positive effect on the control of the grain size and grain shape of the samples during the hydrothermal process. When the concentration of PEG is 1 g/l, BT NPs possess the best morphologies and highest dispersibility, and the average size is about 71.86 nm.

本工作研究了聚乙二醇(PEG)作为添加剂对水热合成钛酸钡(BaTiO3,BT)纳米颗粒(NP)的影响。分别通过差示扫描量热-热重分析、X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和拉曼光谱测试了BT NPs的结构、形态、分散度和结晶度。结果表明,BT NPs的主相包括立方BT相和微小的四方相。此外,在水热过程中,添加不同浓度的PEG对控制样品的晶粒尺寸和晶粒形状具有非常积极的作用。当PEG的浓度为1时 g/l,BT纳米粒子具有最佳的形貌和最高的分散性,平均尺寸约为71.86 nm。
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引用次数: 5
Dielectric characterisation of epoxy nanocomposite with barium titanate fillers 钛酸钡填充环氧纳米复合材料的介电特性
IF 2.7 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-05-18 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0037
Romana Zafar, Nandini Gupta

High permittivity materials are currently in use for mitigation of electrical stress in high-voltage apparatus and energy storage systems. In this work, epoxy-based high permittivity nanocomposites with Barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanofillers are considered, for the purpose of stress mitigation. Uniform dispersion of the fillers in the polymer up to 10% by volume is achieved. Apart from the use of as-received fillers, the effect of using surface-functionalised nanoparticles (with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy-silane) before use is also investigated. The nanocomposite is characterised in terms of its complex permittivity, DC conductivity, short-term AC breakdown strength and space charge accumulation, to gauge its suitability for use in high-voltage insulation. Complex permittivity is measured using broadband dielectric spectroscopy over a broad frequency range of 1 mHz to 1 MHz. DC conductivity is studied from polarisation–depolarisation current measurements. Short-term AC breakdown strength tests are performed at power frequency (50 Hz). Space charge density along the sample thickness is obtained using pulsed electro-acoustic technique. A computational case-study is presented to show the feasibility of using the high permittivity nanocomposite for electric stress control in high-voltage equipment (viz., at mounting flanges of 69 kV bushings).

高介电常数材料目前用于减轻高压设备和能量存储系统中的电应力。在这项工作中,为了减轻应力,考虑了具有钛酸钡(BaTiO3)纳米填料的环氧基高介电常数纳米复合材料。填料在聚合物中的均匀分散达到10体积%。除了使用收到的填料外,还研究了在使用前使用表面官能化纳米颗粒(具有3-环氧丙氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷)的效果。纳米复合材料的特点是其复介电常数、直流电导率、短期交流击穿强度和空间电荷积累,以衡量其在高压绝缘中的适用性。复介电常数是使用宽带介电光谱在1的宽频率范围内测量的 mHz至1 MHz。通过极化-去极化电流测量来研究直流电导率。在工频(50 Hz)。使用脉冲电声技术获得了沿样品厚度的空间电荷密度。给出了一个计算案例研究,以表明在高压设备中使用高介电常数纳米复合材料进行电应力控制的可行性(即,在69的安装法兰处 kV套管)。
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引用次数: 10
Review on natural ester and nanofluids as an environmental friendly alternative to transformer mineral oil 天然酯和纳米流体作为环境友好型变压器矿物油替代品的研究进展
IF 2.7 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0038
Joyce Jacob, P. Preetha, Sindhu Thiruthi Krishnan

The development of reliable, environmentally safe and economic insulating oil for the transformer is an endless effort of the electrical industry. Recent research is based on natural ester fluid, the green insulating oil which exhibits excellent dielectric performance and environment friendly characteristics. Nanofluids are also emerging as potential replacement for the conventional mineral oil used in transformers. Characterisation of nanoparticle filled mineral oil and natural esters have validated their improved dielectric behaviour in comparison to the unfilled oil. Although the applications are wide, the state of the art technology requires a deeper understanding of the underlying phenomenon. Much work is expected to be done in the application of nanofluids prepared with mineral oil and natural ester, particularly its effect on the cellulose insulation. The study provides an overview of the different materials that have been used as alternatives to the conventional transformer mineral oil, with special emphasis on natural esters and natural ester nanofluids, their advantages and challenges.

开发可靠、环保、安全、经济的变压器绝缘油是电气工业的不懈努力。最近的研究是基于天然酯流体的绿色绝缘油,它具有优异的介电性能和环境友好的特点。纳米流体也正在成为变压器中使用的传统矿物油的潜在替代品。纳米颗粒填充矿物油和天然酯的表征证实了它们与未填充油相比改善了介电行为。尽管应用范围很广,但最先进的技术要求对潜在现象有更深入的了解。在矿物油和天然酯制备的纳米流体的应用方面,特别是其对纤维素绝缘的影响,还有很多工作要做。该研究概述了用于替代传统变压器矿物油的不同材料,特别强调了天然酯和天然酯纳米流体的优势和挑战。
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引用次数: 30
Influence of xylene on the dielectric response of an organoclay-containing nanocomposite 二甲苯对含有机粘土纳米复合材料介电响应的影响
IF 2.7 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-05-13 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0009
Allison V. Shaw, Alun S. Vaughan, Thomas Andritsch

The dielectric effect, investigated using dielectric spectroscopy and DC dielectric breakdown strength measurements, of introducing xylene into a composite system containing polyethylene, a co-polymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate and an organoclay can be understood in light of X-ray diffraction data. In dielectric spectroscopy, although organoclay alone changes the dielectric response of the polymer blend and xylene has no effect on the unfilled polymer blend, when both xylene and organoclay are present, a synergistic response is revealed at the 1 Vrms amplitude voltage used to acquire the dielectric data. In contrast to this, in DC, dielectric breakdown strength measurements revealed that, under high field conditions, both the xylene and organoclay, independently, caused a decreased breakdown strength. This work was undertaken in order to examine the generality of the possible effects of labile, low molar mass impurities on electrical properties of comparable systems, which may be processed through solvent-based routes.

使用介电光谱和直流介电击穿强度测量研究了将二甲苯引入含有聚乙烯、乙烯和乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物以及有机粘土的复合体系中的介电效应,可以根据X射线衍射数据来理解。在介电光谱中,尽管有机粘土单独改变了聚合物共混物的介电响应,二甲苯对未填充的聚合物共混物没有影响,但当二甲苯和有机粘土都存在时,在1 Vrms振幅电压,用于获取介电数据。与此相反,在DC中,介电击穿强度测量显示,在高场条件下,二甲苯和有机粘土都独立地导致击穿强度降低。开展这项工作是为了检验不稳定、低摩尔质量杂质对可通过溶剂路线处理的类似系统的电性能可能产生的影响的普遍性。
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引用次数: 2
Analysis of space charge and charge trap characteristics of gamma irradiated silicone rubber nanocomposites 辐照硅橡胶纳米复合材料空间电荷和电荷阱特性分析
IF 2.7 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-04-20 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nde.2019.0041
Baskar Thangabalan, Ramanujam Sarathi, Noureddine Harid, Huw Griffiths

Silicone rubber is widely used for electrical insulation and may be exposed to a harsh environment. The present study envisaged to improve insulation properties of silicone rubber by adding an optimised quantity of nanofillers. The fundamental space charge and charge trap characteristics were studied by adopting the pulsed electroacoustic analysis technique and through surface potential measurement. The dielectric properties of the materials were analysed through measurement of permittivity and loss factor of the material at different frequencies and temperatures. The influence of gamma irradiation on variations in fundamental properties of the material was characterised. The results of the study indicate that 5 wt.% alumina added nanocomposites had better space charge performance under gamma irradiation compared with virgin silicone rubber.

硅橡胶广泛用于电气绝缘,可能暴露在恶劣的环境中。本研究设想通过添加优化量的纳米填料来改善硅橡胶的绝缘性能。采用脉冲电声分析技术,通过表面电势测量,研究了空间电荷和电荷陷阱的基本特性。通过测量材料在不同频率和温度下的介电常数和损耗因子,分析了材料的介电性能。表征了伽马辐射对材料基本性能变化的影响。研究结果表明,与原始硅橡胶相比,添加5wt.%氧化铝的纳米复合材料在γ辐照下具有更好的空间电荷性能。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
IET Nanodielectrics
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