Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838412
P. Moseley
The Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) came together in 1992 for the purpose of meeting the battery requirements of the new generation of electric vehicles (EVs). Spectacular progress was made, with cycle life increased by a factor of 10; specific energy improved by a factor of 10, specific energy improved by a factor approaching two and the recharge time shortened by an order of magnitude. Much of the progress made in this program is likely to be of value for improving the performance of VRLA batteries in other important markets. In some of these markets huge changes are foreseen for the next few years. Accordingly, ALABC is about to launch a further program, for the period 2000 to 2002, in which it is intended that performance advances equivalent to those achieved with the EV battery will be sought for the other major applications.
{"title":"ALABC 2000 [Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium]","authors":"P. Moseley","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838412","url":null,"abstract":"The Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) came together in 1992 for the purpose of meeting the battery requirements of the new generation of electric vehicles (EVs). Spectacular progress was made, with cycle life increased by a factor of 10; specific energy improved by a factor of 10, specific energy improved by a factor approaching two and the recharge time shortened by an order of magnitude. Much of the progress made in this program is likely to be of value for improving the performance of VRLA batteries in other important markets. In some of these markets huge changes are foreseen for the next few years. Accordingly, ALABC is about to launch a further program, for the period 2000 to 2002, in which it is intended that performance advances equivalent to those achieved with the EV battery will be sought for the other major applications.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134264271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838411
R. Brost
Field and experimental data are used to describe the relationship between the estimated initial separator saturation of VRLA traction batteries and the susceptibility of an EV battery pack to failure under shallow discharge conditions in climates such as that encountered in the southeastern United States. Arguments are made in support of the theory that low or reduced separator saturation leads to escalating oxygen recombination rates in VRLA, which in turn elevates the pack operating temperature and results in increased corrosion and electrolyte dryout. A method to estimate the charge acceptance based on thermal data is also described.
{"title":"The effect of VRLA separator saturation on EV battery life","authors":"R. Brost","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838411","url":null,"abstract":"Field and experimental data are used to describe the relationship between the estimated initial separator saturation of VRLA traction batteries and the susceptibility of an EV battery pack to failure under shallow discharge conditions in climates such as that encountered in the southeastern United States. Arguments are made in support of the theory that low or reduced separator saturation leads to escalating oxygen recombination rates in VRLA, which in turn elevates the pack operating temperature and results in increased corrosion and electrolyte dryout. A method to estimate the charge acceptance based on thermal data is also described.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114410902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838400
Jinchun Peng, Yaobin Chen, R. Eberhart
This paper presents a novel design of a battery pack state of charge (SOC) estimator for electric vehicles using computational intelligence techniques. The main framework of the estimator is a three-layer feedforward neural network with four inputs and one output (estimated SOC). The inputs are the battery pack current, accumulated ampere hours, average pack temperature and minimum voltage of the battery modules. A strategy is developed to select the training data set from a large amount of the original testing data sets under different drive cycles and operating conditions. A modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to train the proposed neural network. The designed SOC estimator is validated and evaluated using the testing data under different drive profiles and temperatures. The errors of the SOC estimates are well within the acceptable range compared to that obtained by using traditional mathematical models. The resulting SOC estimator is computationally efficient and can be easily implemented using low-cost microprocessors.
{"title":"Battery pack state of charge estimator design using computational intelligence approaches","authors":"Jinchun Peng, Yaobin Chen, R. Eberhart","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838400","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel design of a battery pack state of charge (SOC) estimator for electric vehicles using computational intelligence techniques. The main framework of the estimator is a three-layer feedforward neural network with four inputs and one output (estimated SOC). The inputs are the battery pack current, accumulated ampere hours, average pack temperature and minimum voltage of the battery modules. A strategy is developed to select the training data set from a large amount of the original testing data sets under different drive cycles and operating conditions. A modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to train the proposed neural network. The designed SOC estimator is validated and evaluated using the testing data under different drive profiles and temperatures. The errors of the SOC estimates are well within the acceptable range compared to that obtained by using traditional mathematical models. The resulting SOC estimator is computationally efficient and can be easily implemented using low-cost microprocessors.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115853466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838396
R. Gahan, G. Zguris
The melt blown process produces a fine fiber, small pore size, nonwoven web directly from polymer chips. The web is formed entirely of a given polymer without the need of added binders, finishes or thermal bonding of the fibers. A variety of additives can be put in with the polymer to affect the end properties of the web: similar to any other extrusion based process. The web can undergo further processing such as calendering to produce finer pore sizes. These webs have been found to be useful as a battery separator, especially in alkaline chemistries. This paper gives a general review of the process.
{"title":"A review of the melt blown process","authors":"R. Gahan, G. Zguris","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838396","url":null,"abstract":"The melt blown process produces a fine fiber, small pore size, nonwoven web directly from polymer chips. The web is formed entirely of a given polymer without the need of added binders, finishes or thermal bonding of the fibers. A variety of additives can be put in with the polymer to affect the end properties of the web: similar to any other extrusion based process. The web can undergo further processing such as calendering to produce finer pore sizes. These webs have been found to be useful as a battery separator, especially in alkaline chemistries. This paper gives a general review of the process.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115359818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The efficacy of employing battery condition management equipment and procedures is demonstrated on the solid basis of field experience in which the host batteries were found either to be flawed or operated in ways that would compromise reliability. Examples found using such equipment and reported in this paper include a cell whose voltage vacillated daily while on float, post/strap joints whose accept/reject connection integrity was erratic with time, chargers whose voltages were improperly set (both high and low), and a battery room environment whose conditions were life-shortening to electrolytic cells.
{"title":"Battery condition management an important way to protect a critical asset","authors":"T. Churchill","doi":"10.1109/62.854023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/62.854023","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy of employing battery condition management equipment and procedures is demonstrated on the solid basis of field experience in which the host batteries were found either to be flawed or operated in ways that would compromise reliability. Examples found using such equipment and reported in this paper include a cell whose voltage vacillated daily while on float, post/strap joints whose accept/reject connection integrity was erratic with time, chargers whose voltages were improperly set (both high and low), and a battery room environment whose conditions were life-shortening to electrolytic cells.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124691456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838385
Robert A Powers
Ni-Cd secondary cells have almost doubled in capacity since 1980 after being stagnate for twenty years. Ni-MH cells, introduced in 1992, have shown a 170 percent increase in energy density to be competitive on a volume basis with lithium ion.
{"title":"Advances in sealed nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride cells","authors":"Robert A Powers","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838385","url":null,"abstract":"Ni-Cd secondary cells have almost doubled in capacity since 1980 after being stagnate for twenty years. Ni-MH cells, introduced in 1992, have shown a 170 percent increase in energy density to be competitive on a volume basis with lithium ion.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124153948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838409
N. Pinsky, J. Argueta, T. J. Knipe, V. L. Grosvenor, L. Gaillac, M.H. Merchant, A. Cabrera
Different types of VRLA technologies from five manufacturers were evaluated and compared for their suitability for fast charging and the effect of successive fast charging on cycle life. Testing was performed on both laboratory bench packs and in vehicle packs. Pulsed current type algorithms were developed in-house and optimized for each battery pack. The packs were life cycled in a partial state of charge (PSOC) mode. It was found that a 70 to 80% charge return could be accomplished, starting from an initial 20% SOC, in a range of 13 to 17 minutes at 3C to 4.6C charge rates. Fast charging of selected lead acid batteries has shown the favorable capability of extending daily EV range without a significant reduction in cycle life.
{"title":"Fast charge of lead acid batteries at the SCE EV Tech Center","authors":"N. Pinsky, J. Argueta, T. J. Knipe, V. L. Grosvenor, L. Gaillac, M.H. Merchant, A. Cabrera","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838409","url":null,"abstract":"Different types of VRLA technologies from five manufacturers were evaluated and compared for their suitability for fast charging and the effect of successive fast charging on cycle life. Testing was performed on both laboratory bench packs and in vehicle packs. Pulsed current type algorithms were developed in-house and optimized for each battery pack. The packs were life cycled in a partial state of charge (PSOC) mode. It was found that a 70 to 80% charge return could be accomplished, starting from an initial 20% SOC, in a range of 13 to 17 minutes at 3C to 4.6C charge rates. Fast charging of selected lead acid batteries has shown the favorable capability of extending daily EV range without a significant reduction in cycle life.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125877219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838355
L. Jarvis, T. Atwater, P. Cygan
Hybrid systems utilizing a zinc-air battery or a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the high-energy density component coupled with a rechargeable battery (lead-acid or nickel-metal hydride) or electrochemical capacitor (EC) bank as the high power density component were tested under a high-pulse application load, the Land Warrior (LW). The hybrid power sources successfully operated the LW cyclic load beyond the capabilities of the specific single chemistry systems studied. The zinc-air battery hybrids allowed approximately triple the operation time of PEMFC hybrids. The best performing hybrid system was the zinc-air battery/lead-acid battery. It provided the greatest operating voltage and longest operating time.
{"title":"Alternate power source for Land Warrior [integrated fighting system]","authors":"L. Jarvis, T. Atwater, P. Cygan","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838355","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid systems utilizing a zinc-air battery or a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the high-energy density component coupled with a rechargeable battery (lead-acid or nickel-metal hydride) or electrochemical capacitor (EC) bank as the high power density component were tested under a high-pulse application load, the Land Warrior (LW). The hybrid power sources successfully operated the LW cyclic load beyond the capabilities of the specific single chemistry systems studied. The zinc-air battery hybrids allowed approximately triple the operation time of PEMFC hybrids. The best performing hybrid system was the zinc-air battery/lead-acid battery. It provided the greatest operating voltage and longest operating time.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129322356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838373
Y. Matsuda
Advanced materials of electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) were investigated, and the performances of the capacitors with aqueous and organic electrolyte solutions and gel polymer electrolytes were measured. Furthermore, the prospect of the development of power EDLCs was discussed.
{"title":"Advanced materials for electric double layer capacitors","authors":"Y. Matsuda","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838373","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced materials of electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) were investigated, and the performances of the capacitors with aqueous and organic electrolyte solutions and gel polymer electrolytes were measured. Furthermore, the prospect of the development of power EDLCs was discussed.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127686369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838413
K. Snyder
Eagle-Picher is investigating the use of composites for Nickel Hydrogen battery packaging structures. This paper discusses the design and testing of 50-mil thick, 4.5" diameter K1100 composite thermal sleeves. The test article is commonly known as "center-mount", with a flange located at the center of the sleeve. The objective is to compare the thermal, structural, and mass characteristics of the K1100 composite sleeve with another flight-qualified material, 6061-T6 aluminum. The test results show that the K1100 sleeve is very well suited for this application, allowing the nickel-hydrogen test cell to run up to 5/spl deg/C cooler (dome-to-baseplate) during C/2 discharge in the thermal vacuum chamber. In addition, the K1100 had better structural properties and weighed one-third less than aluminum of the same thickness.
{"title":"High conductivity composite sleeves for large nickel hydrogen cells","authors":"K. Snyder","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838413","url":null,"abstract":"Eagle-Picher is investigating the use of composites for Nickel Hydrogen battery packaging structures. This paper discusses the design and testing of 50-mil thick, 4.5\" diameter K1100 composite thermal sleeves. The test article is commonly known as \"center-mount\", with a flange located at the center of the sleeve. The objective is to compare the thermal, structural, and mass characteristics of the K1100 composite sleeve with another flight-qualified material, 6061-T6 aluminum. The test results show that the K1100 sleeve is very well suited for this application, allowing the nickel-hydrogen test cell to run up to 5/spl deg/C cooler (dome-to-baseplate) during C/2 discharge in the thermal vacuum chamber. In addition, the K1100 had better structural properties and weighed one-third less than aluminum of the same thickness.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115937359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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