Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838412
P. Moseley
The Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) came together in 1992 for the purpose of meeting the battery requirements of the new generation of electric vehicles (EVs). Spectacular progress was made, with cycle life increased by a factor of 10; specific energy improved by a factor of 10, specific energy improved by a factor approaching two and the recharge time shortened by an order of magnitude. Much of the progress made in this program is likely to be of value for improving the performance of VRLA batteries in other important markets. In some of these markets huge changes are foreseen for the next few years. Accordingly, ALABC is about to launch a further program, for the period 2000 to 2002, in which it is intended that performance advances equivalent to those achieved with the EV battery will be sought for the other major applications.
{"title":"ALABC 2000 [Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium]","authors":"P. Moseley","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838412","url":null,"abstract":"The Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) came together in 1992 for the purpose of meeting the battery requirements of the new generation of electric vehicles (EVs). Spectacular progress was made, with cycle life increased by a factor of 10; specific energy improved by a factor of 10, specific energy improved by a factor approaching two and the recharge time shortened by an order of magnitude. Much of the progress made in this program is likely to be of value for improving the performance of VRLA batteries in other important markets. In some of these markets huge changes are foreseen for the next few years. Accordingly, ALABC is about to launch a further program, for the period 2000 to 2002, in which it is intended that performance advances equivalent to those achieved with the EV battery will be sought for the other major applications.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134264271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838400
Jinchun Peng, Yaobin Chen, R. Eberhart
This paper presents a novel design of a battery pack state of charge (SOC) estimator for electric vehicles using computational intelligence techniques. The main framework of the estimator is a three-layer feedforward neural network with four inputs and one output (estimated SOC). The inputs are the battery pack current, accumulated ampere hours, average pack temperature and minimum voltage of the battery modules. A strategy is developed to select the training data set from a large amount of the original testing data sets under different drive cycles and operating conditions. A modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to train the proposed neural network. The designed SOC estimator is validated and evaluated using the testing data under different drive profiles and temperatures. The errors of the SOC estimates are well within the acceptable range compared to that obtained by using traditional mathematical models. The resulting SOC estimator is computationally efficient and can be easily implemented using low-cost microprocessors.
{"title":"Battery pack state of charge estimator design using computational intelligence approaches","authors":"Jinchun Peng, Yaobin Chen, R. Eberhart","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838400","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel design of a battery pack state of charge (SOC) estimator for electric vehicles using computational intelligence techniques. The main framework of the estimator is a three-layer feedforward neural network with four inputs and one output (estimated SOC). The inputs are the battery pack current, accumulated ampere hours, average pack temperature and minimum voltage of the battery modules. A strategy is developed to select the training data set from a large amount of the original testing data sets under different drive cycles and operating conditions. A modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to train the proposed neural network. The designed SOC estimator is validated and evaluated using the testing data under different drive profiles and temperatures. The errors of the SOC estimates are well within the acceptable range compared to that obtained by using traditional mathematical models. The resulting SOC estimator is computationally efficient and can be easily implemented using low-cost microprocessors.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115853466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838413
K. Snyder
Eagle-Picher is investigating the use of composites for Nickel Hydrogen battery packaging structures. This paper discusses the design and testing of 50-mil thick, 4.5" diameter K1100 composite thermal sleeves. The test article is commonly known as "center-mount", with a flange located at the center of the sleeve. The objective is to compare the thermal, structural, and mass characteristics of the K1100 composite sleeve with another flight-qualified material, 6061-T6 aluminum. The test results show that the K1100 sleeve is very well suited for this application, allowing the nickel-hydrogen test cell to run up to 5/spl deg/C cooler (dome-to-baseplate) during C/2 discharge in the thermal vacuum chamber. In addition, the K1100 had better structural properties and weighed one-third less than aluminum of the same thickness.
{"title":"High conductivity composite sleeves for large nickel hydrogen cells","authors":"K. Snyder","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838413","url":null,"abstract":"Eagle-Picher is investigating the use of composites for Nickel Hydrogen battery packaging structures. This paper discusses the design and testing of 50-mil thick, 4.5\" diameter K1100 composite thermal sleeves. The test article is commonly known as \"center-mount\", with a flange located at the center of the sleeve. The objective is to compare the thermal, structural, and mass characteristics of the K1100 composite sleeve with another flight-qualified material, 6061-T6 aluminum. The test results show that the K1100 sleeve is very well suited for this application, allowing the nickel-hydrogen test cell to run up to 5/spl deg/C cooler (dome-to-baseplate) during C/2 discharge in the thermal vacuum chamber. In addition, the K1100 had better structural properties and weighed one-third less than aluminum of the same thickness.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115937359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838390
D. Sieminski
The primary zinc-air electrochemical couple is an attractive power source for use in portable electronic consumer products because it has excellent characteristics for several key requirements of this market. Up until now, the use of primary zinc-air in the portable product market has been problematic because abbreviated operating life caused by water transpiration between the electrolyte and the atmosphere precluded consideration for most applications. The development of a "diffusion air manager" technology has addressed this problem making primary zinc-air batteries with operating life suited to portable consumer products possible. A zinc-air battery design incorporating diffusion air manager technology applicable to portable products is examined.
{"title":"Primary zinc-air for portable electronic consumer products","authors":"D. Sieminski","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838390","url":null,"abstract":"The primary zinc-air electrochemical couple is an attractive power source for use in portable electronic consumer products because it has excellent characteristics for several key requirements of this market. Up until now, the use of primary zinc-air in the portable product market has been problematic because abbreviated operating life caused by water transpiration between the electrolyte and the atmosphere precluded consideration for most applications. The development of a \"diffusion air manager\" technology has addressed this problem making primary zinc-air batteries with operating life suited to portable consumer products possible. A zinc-air battery design incorporating diffusion air manager technology applicable to portable products is examined.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132616069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metallic Power has demonstrated a regenerative zinc/air fuel cell for applications in industrial and specialty vehicles. The fuel cell uses zinc pellets and atmospheric oxygen to generate electric current. The reaction product is zinc oxide, which is collected in a tank. In its present stage of development, the 36 V fuel cell will deliver approximately 6 kWh, with a maximum power of 4 kW. The device is refuelled at a zinc recycling/refuelling station where zinc pellets are pumped into each cell. ZnO is pumped from the tank and replaced with KOH electrolyte. The recycling/refuelling unit uses an electrolytic process to convert zinc oxide powder into zinc pellets.
{"title":"A regenerative zinc air fuel cell for industrial and specialty vehicles","authors":"S. Smedley","doi":"10.1109/62.891975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/62.891975","url":null,"abstract":"Metallic Power has demonstrated a regenerative zinc/air fuel cell for applications in industrial and specialty vehicles. The fuel cell uses zinc pellets and atmospheric oxygen to generate electric current. The reaction product is zinc oxide, which is collected in a tank. In its present stage of development, the 36 V fuel cell will deliver approximately 6 kWh, with a maximum power of 4 kW. The device is refuelled at a zinc recycling/refuelling station where zinc pellets are pumped into each cell. ZnO is pumped from the tank and replaced with KOH electrolyte. The recycling/refuelling unit uses an electrolytic process to convert zinc oxide powder into zinc pellets.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121107417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838396
R. Gahan, G. Zguris
The melt blown process produces a fine fiber, small pore size, nonwoven web directly from polymer chips. The web is formed entirely of a given polymer without the need of added binders, finishes or thermal bonding of the fibers. A variety of additives can be put in with the polymer to affect the end properties of the web: similar to any other extrusion based process. The web can undergo further processing such as calendering to produce finer pore sizes. These webs have been found to be useful as a battery separator, especially in alkaline chemistries. This paper gives a general review of the process.
{"title":"A review of the melt blown process","authors":"R. Gahan, G. Zguris","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838396","url":null,"abstract":"The melt blown process produces a fine fiber, small pore size, nonwoven web directly from polymer chips. The web is formed entirely of a given polymer without the need of added binders, finishes or thermal bonding of the fibers. A variety of additives can be put in with the polymer to affect the end properties of the web: similar to any other extrusion based process. The web can undergo further processing such as calendering to produce finer pore sizes. These webs have been found to be useful as a battery separator, especially in alkaline chemistries. This paper gives a general review of the process.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115359818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838385
Robert A Powers
Ni-Cd secondary cells have almost doubled in capacity since 1980 after being stagnate for twenty years. Ni-MH cells, introduced in 1992, have shown a 170 percent increase in energy density to be competitive on a volume basis with lithium ion.
{"title":"Advances in sealed nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride cells","authors":"Robert A Powers","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838385","url":null,"abstract":"Ni-Cd secondary cells have almost doubled in capacity since 1980 after being stagnate for twenty years. Ni-MH cells, introduced in 1992, have shown a 170 percent increase in energy density to be competitive on a volume basis with lithium ion.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124153948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838354
T. Squires, P.B. Keller, C. Winchester, P.H. Smith
The US Navy needs a high-power battery for an advanced sonobuoy. Several chemistries and designs have been examined and reported upon. The main focus at this point is on thermal batteries and lithium/sulfur dioxide (Li/SO/sub 2/) batteries. Other chemistries have been evaluated (e.g. lithium/manganese dioxide and lithium/thionyl chloride), however only lithium/sulfur dioxide and thermals have the combination of high power, energy, and low cost (producibility) that is required.
{"title":"High pulse power batteries for air deployable Navy applications","authors":"T. Squires, P.B. Keller, C. Winchester, P.H. Smith","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838354","url":null,"abstract":"The US Navy needs a high-power battery for an advanced sonobuoy. Several chemistries and designs have been examined and reported upon. The main focus at this point is on thermal batteries and lithium/sulfur dioxide (Li/SO/sub 2/) batteries. Other chemistries have been evaluated (e.g. lithium/manganese dioxide and lithium/thionyl chloride), however only lithium/sulfur dioxide and thermals have the combination of high power, energy, and low cost (producibility) that is required.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131030583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this work is to explore ways in which performance of battery systems can be enhanced through the use of energy-efficient battery management techniques. The phenomenon of charge recovery that takes place under pulsed discharge conditions is identified as a mechanism that can be exploited to enhance the capacity of a cell in a portable communication device. The bursty nature of many data traffic sources suggests that data transmissions in communication devices may provide natural opportunities for charge recovery. We model the data source as a stochastic process and let the cell discharge be driven by such a process. We use a model of a dual lithium ion insertion cell to identify the improvement to cell capacity that results from the stochastic discharge. The insight from this study leads us to propose discharge shaping techniques that tradeoff energy efficiency with delay in power supply.
{"title":"Stochastic battery discharge in portable communication devices","authors":"C. F. Chiasserinia, Ramesh R. Rao","doi":"10.1109/62.861772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/62.861772","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work is to explore ways in which performance of battery systems can be enhanced through the use of energy-efficient battery management techniques. The phenomenon of charge recovery that takes place under pulsed discharge conditions is identified as a mechanism that can be exploited to enhance the capacity of a cell in a portable communication device. The bursty nature of many data traffic sources suggests that data transmissions in communication devices may provide natural opportunities for charge recovery. We model the data source as a stochastic process and let the cell discharge be driven by such a process. We use a model of a dual lithium ion insertion cell to identify the improvement to cell capacity that results from the stochastic discharge. The insight from this study leads us to propose discharge shaping techniques that tradeoff energy efficiency with delay in power supply.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130468628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The efficacy of employing battery condition management equipment and procedures is demonstrated on the solid basis of field experience in which the host batteries were found either to be flawed or operated in ways that would compromise reliability. Examples found using such equipment and reported in this paper include a cell whose voltage vacillated daily while on float, post/strap joints whose accept/reject connection integrity was erratic with time, chargers whose voltages were improperly set (both high and low), and a battery room environment whose conditions were life-shortening to electrolytic cells.
{"title":"Battery condition management an important way to protect a critical asset","authors":"T. Churchill","doi":"10.1109/62.854023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/62.854023","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy of employing battery condition management equipment and procedures is demonstrated on the solid basis of field experience in which the host batteries were found either to be flawed or operated in ways that would compromise reliability. Examples found using such equipment and reported in this paper include a cell whose voltage vacillated daily while on float, post/strap joints whose accept/reject connection integrity was erratic with time, chargers whose voltages were improperly set (both high and low), and a battery room environment whose conditions were life-shortening to electrolytic cells.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124691456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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