Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838370
T. Rehg, R. Loda, N. Minh
Honeywell has been developing a 50-kW net proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack system for transportation applications. The stack system is comprised of a PEM fuel cell stack and supporting gas, thermal and water management subsystems and is capable of integration with a number of fuel processors. The present effort focuses on system design and analysis, stack technology development, and fabrication and testing of 10-kW class stacks leading to the demonstration of a 50 kW brassboard system. This paper summarizes the status of the PEM technology being developed at Honeywell.
{"title":"Development of a 50 kW, high efficiency, high power density, CO-tolerant PEM fuel cell stack system","authors":"T. Rehg, R. Loda, N. Minh","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838370","url":null,"abstract":"Honeywell has been developing a 50-kW net proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack system for transportation applications. The stack system is comprised of a PEM fuel cell stack and supporting gas, thermal and water management subsystems and is capable of integration with a number of fuel processors. The present effort focuses on system design and analysis, stack technology development, and fabrication and testing of 10-kW class stacks leading to the demonstration of a 50 kW brassboard system. This paper summarizes the status of the PEM technology being developed at Honeywell.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128936749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838409
N. Pinsky, J. Argueta, T. J. Knipe, V. L. Grosvenor, L. Gaillac, M.H. Merchant, A. Cabrera
Different types of VRLA technologies from five manufacturers were evaluated and compared for their suitability for fast charging and the effect of successive fast charging on cycle life. Testing was performed on both laboratory bench packs and in vehicle packs. Pulsed current type algorithms were developed in-house and optimized for each battery pack. The packs were life cycled in a partial state of charge (PSOC) mode. It was found that a 70 to 80% charge return could be accomplished, starting from an initial 20% SOC, in a range of 13 to 17 minutes at 3C to 4.6C charge rates. Fast charging of selected lead acid batteries has shown the favorable capability of extending daily EV range without a significant reduction in cycle life.
{"title":"Fast charge of lead acid batteries at the SCE EV Tech Center","authors":"N. Pinsky, J. Argueta, T. J. Knipe, V. L. Grosvenor, L. Gaillac, M.H. Merchant, A. Cabrera","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838409","url":null,"abstract":"Different types of VRLA technologies from five manufacturers were evaluated and compared for their suitability for fast charging and the effect of successive fast charging on cycle life. Testing was performed on both laboratory bench packs and in vehicle packs. Pulsed current type algorithms were developed in-house and optimized for each battery pack. The packs were life cycled in a partial state of charge (PSOC) mode. It was found that a 70 to 80% charge return could be accomplished, starting from an initial 20% SOC, in a range of 13 to 17 minutes at 3C to 4.6C charge rates. Fast charging of selected lead acid batteries has shown the favorable capability of extending daily EV range without a significant reduction in cycle life.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125877219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838411
R. Brost
Field and experimental data are used to describe the relationship between the estimated initial separator saturation of VRLA traction batteries and the susceptibility of an EV battery pack to failure under shallow discharge conditions in climates such as that encountered in the southeastern United States. Arguments are made in support of the theory that low or reduced separator saturation leads to escalating oxygen recombination rates in VRLA, which in turn elevates the pack operating temperature and results in increased corrosion and electrolyte dryout. A method to estimate the charge acceptance based on thermal data is also described.
{"title":"The effect of VRLA separator saturation on EV battery life","authors":"R. Brost","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838411","url":null,"abstract":"Field and experimental data are used to describe the relationship between the estimated initial separator saturation of VRLA traction batteries and the susceptibility of an EV battery pack to failure under shallow discharge conditions in climates such as that encountered in the southeastern United States. Arguments are made in support of the theory that low or reduced separator saturation leads to escalating oxygen recombination rates in VRLA, which in turn elevates the pack operating temperature and results in increased corrosion and electrolyte dryout. A method to estimate the charge acceptance based on thermal data is also described.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114410902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838355
L. Jarvis, T. Atwater, P. Cygan
Hybrid systems utilizing a zinc-air battery or a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the high-energy density component coupled with a rechargeable battery (lead-acid or nickel-metal hydride) or electrochemical capacitor (EC) bank as the high power density component were tested under a high-pulse application load, the Land Warrior (LW). The hybrid power sources successfully operated the LW cyclic load beyond the capabilities of the specific single chemistry systems studied. The zinc-air battery hybrids allowed approximately triple the operation time of PEMFC hybrids. The best performing hybrid system was the zinc-air battery/lead-acid battery. It provided the greatest operating voltage and longest operating time.
{"title":"Alternate power source for Land Warrior [integrated fighting system]","authors":"L. Jarvis, T. Atwater, P. Cygan","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838355","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid systems utilizing a zinc-air battery or a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the high-energy density component coupled with a rechargeable battery (lead-acid or nickel-metal hydride) or electrochemical capacitor (EC) bank as the high power density component were tested under a high-pulse application load, the Land Warrior (LW). The hybrid power sources successfully operated the LW cyclic load beyond the capabilities of the specific single chemistry systems studied. The zinc-air battery hybrids allowed approximately triple the operation time of PEMFC hybrids. The best performing hybrid system was the zinc-air battery/lead-acid battery. It provided the greatest operating voltage and longest operating time.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129322356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838373
Y. Matsuda
Advanced materials of electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) were investigated, and the performances of the capacitors with aqueous and organic electrolyte solutions and gel polymer electrolytes were measured. Furthermore, the prospect of the development of power EDLCs was discussed.
{"title":"Advanced materials for electric double layer capacitors","authors":"Y. Matsuda","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838373","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced materials of electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) were investigated, and the performances of the capacitors with aqueous and organic electrolyte solutions and gel polymer electrolytes were measured. Furthermore, the prospect of the development of power EDLCs was discussed.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127686369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838389
H. V. Venkatasetty
There have been increasing efforts to develop lithium/polymer rechargeable batteries with high rate capability and long cycle life. Research efforts in preparing novel lithium-polymer electrolytes with enhanced conductivity have shown some progress and there is a great need for high conductivity electrolytes. Improvements made in the preparation of electrolytes with enhanced conductivity are described. Results of our research and development efforts on lithium rechargeable batteries with superacid-based electrolytes are presented.
{"title":"Lithium-polymer electrolyte rechargeable batteries","authors":"H. V. Venkatasetty","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838389","url":null,"abstract":"There have been increasing efforts to develop lithium/polymer rechargeable batteries with high rate capability and long cycle life. Research efforts in preparing novel lithium-polymer electrolytes with enhanced conductivity have shown some progress and there is a great need for high conductivity electrolytes. Improvements made in the preparation of electrolytes with enhanced conductivity are described. Results of our research and development efforts on lithium rechargeable batteries with superacid-based electrolytes are presented.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129057926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838414
J. Mcdermott
The recent push in battery technology has been to increase the specific energy of the battery as measured in watt-hours per kilogram, while maintaining the power capability of the battery as measured in Watts per Kilogram. BOLDER Technologies Corporation has developed an innovative battery technology that goes where no battery has gone before (The Uncharted Territory) with respect to specific power. Their patented Thin Metal Film (TMF) technology provides innovative battery solutions to a power hungry battery market. Previous publications relative to TMF technology have focused on performance at the cell level. BOLDER Technologies has recently introduced an emergency engine start product called SecureStart, which is based on the most powerful commercially produced battery on earth. This paper briefly highlights TMF technology, and focuses on performance data for their SecureStart product.
{"title":"The Uncharted Territory-Thin Metal Film lead acid batteries","authors":"J. Mcdermott","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838414","url":null,"abstract":"The recent push in battery technology has been to increase the specific energy of the battery as measured in watt-hours per kilogram, while maintaining the power capability of the battery as measured in Watts per Kilogram. BOLDER Technologies Corporation has developed an innovative battery technology that goes where no battery has gone before (The Uncharted Territory) with respect to specific power. Their patented Thin Metal Film (TMF) technology provides innovative battery solutions to a power hungry battery market. Previous publications relative to TMF technology have focused on performance at the cell level. BOLDER Technologies has recently introduced an emergency engine start product called SecureStart, which is based on the most powerful commercially produced battery on earth. This paper briefly highlights TMF technology, and focuses on performance data for their SecureStart product.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115319830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838384
B. Schumm
Incremental improvements continue to be made year by year in the consumer carbon-zinc and alkaline zinc-manganese dioxide cells. In addition, primary and secondary zinc-air cells many with substantial amounts of manganese dioxide in the cathode are becoming more common in consumer use. The gain in the past fifteen years in the carbon zinc cells approaches fifteen percent and that in alkaline cells-twenty percent. None the less the progress in zinc-air cells is most impressive as more and more commercial, compact designs appear for special purposes. These cells can produce more service than lithium cells of the same size. Finally the commercial presence of small secondary alkaline zinc-manganese dioxide cells continues. These cells are able to compete on a primary basis on heavy loads and much more obviously as rechargeable cells.
{"title":"Advances and trends in primary and small secondary batteries with zinc anodes and manganese dioxide and/or air cathodes","authors":"B. Schumm","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838384","url":null,"abstract":"Incremental improvements continue to be made year by year in the consumer carbon-zinc and alkaline zinc-manganese dioxide cells. In addition, primary and secondary zinc-air cells many with substantial amounts of manganese dioxide in the cathode are becoming more common in consumer use. The gain in the past fifteen years in the carbon zinc cells approaches fifteen percent and that in alkaline cells-twenty percent. None the less the progress in zinc-air cells is most impressive as more and more commercial, compact designs appear for special purposes. These cells can produce more service than lithium cells of the same size. Finally the commercial presence of small secondary alkaline zinc-manganese dioxide cells continues. These cells are able to compete on a primary basis on heavy loads and much more obviously as rechargeable cells.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128240811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838406
E. Sexton, R. Nelson, J. Olson
The cycle life obtained from valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries is strongly influenced by the manner in which they have been charged over their lifetime. Although VRLA batteries initially behave similarly to their flooded counterparts, that behavior changes as the batteries age and the oxygen generation/recombination cycle begins to dominate at near 100% full charge. This means that an increasing portion of the applied charge is consumed in the recombination cycle and that more and more overcharge must be applied to maintain full capacity. The overall result is that the battery heats up because of increased overcharge and oxygen generation. Conventional charge approaches attempt to deal with rising temperatures by lowering the current during the overcharge phase. However, this approach does not ultimately prevent capacity loss, and a battery charged thusly typically will yield 200-300 cycles to 50% of initial capacity. The main failure mode appears to be undercharging of the negative plate, not positive-plate corrosion. Two approaches, called partial state of recharge (PSOR) and current interrupt (CI) were successful in extending battery life. PSOR uses nine limited recharge cycles followed by a tenth cycle using 120% charge return. The best PSOR cycle life to date is 1160 cycles to 50% and 800 cycles to 80%. CI uses a high current in the overcharge applied discontinuously to control battery temperature. CI effectively maintains negative-plate capacity, with an Optima group 34 deep-cycle battery yielding 415 cycles to 80% initial capacity and 760 cycles to 50%.
阀控铅酸(VRLA)电池的循环寿命受到其使用寿命中充电方式的强烈影响。虽然VRLA电池最初的表现与淹水电池相似，但随着电池老化，氧气生成/重组循环在接近100%充满电时开始占主导地位，这种行为会发生变化。这意味着越来越多的电荷在复合循环中被消耗，并且必须施加越来越多的过电荷以保持满容量。总的结果是，由于过度充电和氧气产生的增加，电池变热。传统的充电方法试图通过在过充电阶段降低电流来应对温度上升。然而，这种方法并不能最终防止容量损失，这样充电的电池通常会产生200-300次循环，达到初始容量的50%。主要的失效模式似乎是负极板充液不足，而不是正极板腐蚀。两种方法，称为部分充电状态(PSOR)和电流中断(CI)，在延长电池寿命方面取得了成功。PSOR使用9个有限的充电周期，然后是第10个周期，充电回收率为120%。迄今为止，最佳PSOR循环寿命为1160次循环至50%，800次循环至80%。CI在过充电时使用大电流间断施加来控制电池温度。CI有效地保持了负极板容量，Optima group 34型深循环电池的初始容量为80%，循环415次，循环760次，初始容量为50%。
{"title":"Improved charge algorithms for valve regulated lead acid batteries","authors":"E. Sexton, R. Nelson, J. Olson","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838406","url":null,"abstract":"The cycle life obtained from valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries is strongly influenced by the manner in which they have been charged over their lifetime. Although VRLA batteries initially behave similarly to their flooded counterparts, that behavior changes as the batteries age and the oxygen generation/recombination cycle begins to dominate at near 100% full charge. This means that an increasing portion of the applied charge is consumed in the recombination cycle and that more and more overcharge must be applied to maintain full capacity. The overall result is that the battery heats up because of increased overcharge and oxygen generation. Conventional charge approaches attempt to deal with rising temperatures by lowering the current during the overcharge phase. However, this approach does not ultimately prevent capacity loss, and a battery charged thusly typically will yield 200-300 cycles to 50% of initial capacity. The main failure mode appears to be undercharging of the negative plate, not positive-plate corrosion. Two approaches, called partial state of recharge (PSOR) and current interrupt (CI) were successful in extending battery life. PSOR uses nine limited recharge cycles followed by a tenth cycle using 120% charge return. The best PSOR cycle life to date is 1160 cycles to 50% and 800 cycles to 80%. CI uses a high current in the overcharge applied discontinuously to control battery temperature. CI effectively maintains negative-plate capacity, with an Optima group 34 deep-cycle battery yielding 415 cycles to 80% initial capacity and 760 cycles to 50%.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"420 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132442175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-11DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838420
F. Fleming, Lei Gao
This paper examines float life verification of commercially available high purity VRLA batteries in light of this recent concern regarding negative electrode capacity loss and includes data from real-time room temperature float testing which has been ongoing for 10 years. The condition of the negative electrode, from both new and real-time aged product, has been carefully examined by both electrochemical measurements of the product and also by analyzing the morphology and crystallography of the plates. The condition of the positive grid has also been examined to determine the extent of corrosion. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates that by using a high purity VRLA technology, which has been commercially available for 25 years, it is possible to far exceed 2 years of reliable service. Properly designed batteries using this technology have been proven to deliver greater than 13 years in real-time float service.
{"title":"Float life verification of a high purity VRLA battery system","authors":"F. Fleming, Lei Gao","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838420","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines float life verification of commercially available high purity VRLA batteries in light of this recent concern regarding negative electrode capacity loss and includes data from real-time room temperature float testing which has been ongoing for 10 years. The condition of the negative electrode, from both new and real-time aged product, has been carefully examined by both electrochemical measurements of the product and also by analyzing the morphology and crystallography of the plates. The condition of the positive grid has also been examined to determine the extent of corrosion. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates that by using a high purity VRLA technology, which has been commercially available for 25 years, it is possible to far exceed 2 years of reliable service. Properly designed batteries using this technology have been proven to deliver greater than 13 years in real-time float service.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117038260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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