Pub Date : 2000-01-10DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838399
L. Thaller, A. Zimmerman, G. To
Electrochemical voltage spectroscopy (EVS) is a technique that directly measures the density of electrochemically active states in an electrode as a function of the applied voltage. In EVS measurements, the voltage of an electrode is scanned at a rate that is slow enough to maintain the electrode close to thermodynamic equilibrium, over a potential range where electroactive species may be oxidized or reduced. The density of reactive sites is obtained from the Coulombs of charge passed through the electrode per voltage increment, which is essentially differential capacitance. For most electrodes, interest is primarily in the Faradaic components of the EVS spectra, which exhibit sharp peaks at the electrochemical redox potentials, although non-Faradaic components (such as double-layer or surface capacitance) can also be measured. For nickel electrodes, EVS provides an extremely useful method for probing the phase composition of the active material based on subtle differences in redox potentials. Alternatively, EVS can detect trace levels of electroactive contaminants in nickel-hydrogen cells or nickel electrodes by scanning the potential over the redox range for the contaminant of interest. We discuss the use of nickel electrode EVS signatures to indicate cobalt additive levels, sinter corrosion, surface changes, double-layer capacitance, electrode swelling, and other factors influencing the performance of the nickel electrode.
{"title":"Electrochemical voltage spectroscopy for analysis of nickel electrodes","authors":"L. Thaller, A. Zimmerman, G. To","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838399","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical voltage spectroscopy (EVS) is a technique that directly measures the density of electrochemically active states in an electrode as a function of the applied voltage. In EVS measurements, the voltage of an electrode is scanned at a rate that is slow enough to maintain the electrode close to thermodynamic equilibrium, over a potential range where electroactive species may be oxidized or reduced. The density of reactive sites is obtained from the Coulombs of charge passed through the electrode per voltage increment, which is essentially differential capacitance. For most electrodes, interest is primarily in the Faradaic components of the EVS spectra, which exhibit sharp peaks at the electrochemical redox potentials, although non-Faradaic components (such as double-layer or surface capacitance) can also be measured. For nickel electrodes, EVS provides an extremely useful method for probing the phase composition of the active material based on subtle differences in redox potentials. Alternatively, EVS can detect trace levels of electroactive contaminants in nickel-hydrogen cells or nickel electrodes by scanning the potential over the redox range for the contaminant of interest. We discuss the use of nickel electrode EVS signatures to indicate cobalt additive levels, sinter corrosion, surface changes, double-layer capacitance, electrode swelling, and other factors influencing the performance of the nickel electrode.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122149694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Isaacson, R. Hollandsworth, P. Giampaoli, F. Linkowsky, A. Salim, V. Teofilo
The requirements for state-of-charge and voltage control for lithium ion batteries are reviewed. Strategies for controlling the state-of-charge of the individual Li-ion cells that comprise a battery are described. The design and test results for several of these charge control strategies are presented.
{"title":"Advanced lithium ion battery charger","authors":"M. Isaacson, R. Hollandsworth, P. Giampaoli, F. Linkowsky, A. Salim, V. Teofilo","doi":"10.1109/62.636803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/62.636803","url":null,"abstract":"The requirements for state-of-charge and voltage control for lithium ion batteries are reviewed. Strategies for controlling the state-of-charge of the individual Li-ion cells that comprise a battery are described. The design and test results for several of these charge control strategies are presented.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132504667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838371
G. A. Deluga, S. C. Kelley, B. Pivovar, D. A. Shores, W. Smyrl
Nafion has long been the standard polymer for use in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The main purpose for the electrolyte is to allow protons to pass through freely while being a barrier to electrons and reactants. Nafion fails as a barrier to methanol solutions, and thus much research has been carried out to find a replacement for Nafion in liquid feed direct methanol fuel cells. In the present work, the authors present a method to modify both polybenzimidazole (PBI) and Nafion to make an improved methanol barrier while maintaining suitable proton conductivity. PBI was chemically modified, by sulfonation, ((s)-PBI) to make it an intrinsic proton conductor and deposited as an additional layer on a Nafion membrane. The addition of (s)-PBI to Nafion creates a composite polymer electrolyte that is a reasonable proton conductor while reducing the crossover of methanol.
{"title":"Composite membranes to reduce crossover in PEM fuel cells","authors":"G. A. Deluga, S. C. Kelley, B. Pivovar, D. A. Shores, W. Smyrl","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838371","url":null,"abstract":"Nafion has long been the standard polymer for use in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The main purpose for the electrolyte is to allow protons to pass through freely while being a barrier to electrons and reactants. Nafion fails as a barrier to methanol solutions, and thus much research has been carried out to find a replacement for Nafion in liquid feed direct methanol fuel cells. In the present work, the authors present a method to modify both polybenzimidazole (PBI) and Nafion to make an improved methanol barrier while maintaining suitable proton conductivity. PBI was chemically modified, by sulfonation, ((s)-PBI) to make it an intrinsic proton conductor and deposited as an additional layer on a Nafion membrane. The addition of (s)-PBI to Nafion creates a composite polymer electrolyte that is a reasonable proton conductor while reducing the crossover of methanol.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132573853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838393
William A Lincoln
The material of choice for battery container construction is an important consideration depending on the particular battery technology being addressed. For instance, the automotive lead acid battery industry uses primarily polypropylene and/or re-processed polypropylene almost exclusively for this application. Automotive batteries being a commodity demand a cheap versatile polymer and polypropylene fits the bill. However, while standard polypropylene's relative low cost and versatility lends itself very well to automotive applications, it may not be the material of choice for stationary batteries which are designed for much longer life, oftentimes requiring important anti-flame properties, stiffer side and end walls, and having rigidly controlled venting systems. The author identifies a few specialized plastic molding designs, molding techniques, testing parameters, and materials used during the molding of plastic components for technical battery manufacturers who require more than a simple plastic box and cover.
{"title":"Specialty plastic molding for VRLA and other battery technologies","authors":"William A Lincoln","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838393","url":null,"abstract":"The material of choice for battery container construction is an important consideration depending on the particular battery technology being addressed. For instance, the automotive lead acid battery industry uses primarily polypropylene and/or re-processed polypropylene almost exclusively for this application. Automotive batteries being a commodity demand a cheap versatile polymer and polypropylene fits the bill. However, while standard polypropylene's relative low cost and versatility lends itself very well to automotive applications, it may not be the material of choice for stationary batteries which are designed for much longer life, oftentimes requiring important anti-flame properties, stiffer side and end walls, and having rigidly controlled venting systems. The author identifies a few specialized plastic molding designs, molding techniques, testing parameters, and materials used during the molding of plastic components for technical battery manufacturers who require more than a simple plastic box and cover.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130322745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838416
G. Au, L. Locke
Prototype D size lithium ion cells containing the Army 1 M LiPF/sub 6/ 1EC:1DMC:1EMC electrolyte have been demonstrated to operate at -30/spl deg/C. With greater than 73% of the initial capacity at 20/spl deg/C. The cell with Army electrolyte operates at higher voltage and higher energy density across the temperature ranges and at various rates. When the lithium ion cell cycling between 40/spl deg/C and -20/spl deg/C can cause the capacity fade rapidly as well.
{"title":"Performance and characteristic of low temperature electrolytes lithium ion batteries for US Army applications","authors":"G. Au, L. Locke","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838416","url":null,"abstract":"Prototype D size lithium ion cells containing the Army 1 M LiPF/sub 6/ 1EC:1DMC:1EMC electrolyte have been demonstrated to operate at -30/spl deg/C. With greater than 73% of the initial capacity at 20/spl deg/C. The cell with Army electrolyte operates at higher voltage and higher energy density across the temperature ranges and at various rates. When the lithium ion cell cycling between 40/spl deg/C and -20/spl deg/C can cause the capacity fade rapidly as well.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"7 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120824529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2000.838356
P. Scardaville, B. McRae
The ultra low maintenance (ULM) Ni-Cd battery technology and its historical performance validation programs are reviewed. Military flight test programs are discussed and the growing list of both military and commercial aircraft flying ULM batteries are cited.
{"title":"Saft ULM technology review and applications update","authors":"P. Scardaville, B. McRae","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2000.838356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2000.838356","url":null,"abstract":"The ultra low maintenance (ULM) Ni-Cd battery technology and its historical performance validation programs are reviewed. Military flight test programs are discussed and the growing list of both military and commercial aircraft flying ULM batteries are cited.","PeriodicalId":368992,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances (Cat. No.00TH8490)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115443703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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