As Elsewhere in Southeast Asia, the Japanese occupation was a decisive factor in the shaping of political developments in Indonesia after 1945. It is indeed probable that the impact of those eventful forty months was greater in Indonesia than in Burma and the Philippines, both of which countries had progressed further toward autonomy and self-rule under Western colonial rule than had the Netherlands Indies. It is certainly no coincidence that Japan granted “independence” to these areas during 1943, while in Indonesia a guarded promise of the distant goal of such independence came only as the result of the adverse course of the Pacific War in the latter part of 1944, when Allied landings in Indonesia appeared a probability. It was not until September of that year that, on instructions from Tokyo, the military administration on Java took steps which facilitated the ultimate success of the nationalist revolution in Indonesia. An examination of Japanese policies during the early months of the occupation of Java, the center of Indonesian political life then and now, leaves little doubt that the fate of Indonesia would have been far different had Japan continued victorious in the war.
{"title":"The Beginnings of the Japanese Occupation of Java","authors":"H. Benda","doi":"10.2307/2941923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941923","url":null,"abstract":"As Elsewhere in Southeast Asia, the Japanese occupation was a decisive factor in the shaping of political developments in Indonesia after 1945. It is indeed probable that the impact of those eventful forty months was greater in Indonesia than in Burma and the Philippines, both of which countries had progressed further toward autonomy and self-rule under Western colonial rule than had the Netherlands Indies. It is certainly no coincidence that Japan granted “independence” to these areas during 1943, while in Indonesia a guarded promise of the distant goal of such independence came only as the result of the adverse course of the Pacific War in the latter part of 1944, when Allied landings in Indonesia appeared a probability. It was not until September of that year that, on instructions from Tokyo, the military administration on Java took steps which facilitated the ultimate success of the nationalist revolution in Indonesia. An examination of Japanese policies during the early months of the occupation of Java, the center of Indonesian political life then and now, leaves little doubt that the fate of Indonesia would have been far different had Japan continued victorious in the war.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"17 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121058445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Mongol Mission. Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Tr. by a nun of Stanbrook Abbey. Ed. with an Introduction by Christopher Dawson. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1955. xxxix, 246. Bibliography, Genealogical Tables, Index, Map. This is a useful collection of the principal documents which describe the first genuine contacts between medieval Europe and the Far East and which, in the words of Professor Olschki, "transformed into an empirical reality the fabulous image of Asia created by poetry and fiction and confirmed by a tenacious traditional erudition" {Marco Polo's Precursors, p. vii). First and foremost of course are the narratives of the great Franciscan travelers John of Piano Carpini and William of Rubruck; also included are the narrative of Brother Benedict the Pole and the letters of John of Monte Corvino. Historical background is provided by the editor's Introduction. As an addition to the Makers of Christendom Series, the book is intended "to help Christians to an awareness of the richness of the cultural traditions which they inherit," rather than to supplant the more scholarly works available on the subject. Being based on the Sinica franciscana text, however, it will be useful to the scholar as well as informative for the general reader.
蒙古使团。十三和十四世纪方济会传教士在蒙古和中国的叙述和信件。斯坦布鲁克修道院的一位修女写的。由克里斯托弗·道森介绍。纽约:Sheed and Ward, 1955。xxxix, 246年。参考书目，家谱表，索引，地图。这是一个有用的收集的主要文件,描述了第一次真正的接触中世纪的欧洲和远东地区,在Olschki教授的话说,“亚洲变成一个经验现实的形象创造的诗歌和小说和证实了顽强的传统博学”{马可波罗的前兆,p . 7)。首先当然是伟大的方济会的旅行者的故事的约翰钢琴Carpini Rubruck和威廉;还包括兄弟本尼迪克特的叙述和科尔维诺山的约翰的信件。编者的引言提供了历史背景。作为《基督教世界的创造者》系列的补充，这本书的目的是“帮助基督徒意识到他们所继承的文化传统的丰富性”，而不是取代有关这一主题的更多学术著作。然而，基于《中华方济各译本》的文本，它不仅对学者有用，而且对普通读者也有帮助。
{"title":"The Philippine plaza complex : a focal point in culture change","authors":"F. Eggan","doi":"10.2307/2941965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941965","url":null,"abstract":"The Mongol Mission. Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Tr. by a nun of Stanbrook Abbey. Ed. with an Introduction by Christopher Dawson. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1955. xxxix, 246. Bibliography, Genealogical Tables, Index, Map. This is a useful collection of the principal documents which describe the first genuine contacts between medieval Europe and the Far East and which, in the words of Professor Olschki, \"transformed into an empirical reality the fabulous image of Asia created by poetry and fiction and confirmed by a tenacious traditional erudition\" {Marco Polo's Precursors, p. vii). First and foremost of course are the narratives of the great Franciscan travelers John of Piano Carpini and William of Rubruck; also included are the narrative of Brother Benedict the Pole and the letters of John of Monte Corvino. Historical background is provided by the editor's Introduction. As an addition to the Makers of Christendom Series, the book is intended \"to help Christians to an awareness of the richness of the cultural traditions which they inherit,\" rather than to supplant the more scholarly works available on the subject. Being based on the Sinica franciscana text, however, it will be useful to the scholar as well as informative for the general reader.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122475290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Baerwald, Harry K. Nishio, C. H. Uyehara, M. Royama, Shimako Royama, S. Ogata, A. Cole
broad familiarity with the basic problems of Japanese history and an intimate knowledge of the most recent research in the field. As a result, the author's extensive essay is in some ways far more useful than many of the lengthier and more detailed works which have been standard fare for years. For all of its merits, however, an educator must doubtless have serious reservations about Modem Japan. Since the book is manifestly not aimed at the scholar, it should properly be evaluated in terms of its objectives. In this respect, it is highly problematical that it has satisfactorily fulfilled its purpose. Rather than combining the values of scholarship and popular writing, Tiedemann's work falls between the two. Japanese history is ordinarily difficult enough for westerners to learn. Teaching of the subject calls, moreover, for special techniques. To expose a beginner in the field to a highly concentrated mass of political data, no matter how carefully pruned, will assuredly neither stimulate interests nor be productive of results. Exclusion of the cultural and avoidance of the interpretive are not, moreover, necessarily the wisest method. The best that may be hoped from a book like Modern Japan is that the layman may know something about Japanese history. Whether he will acquire some understanding of Japan and the Japanese is another matter. The documents assembled by Tiedemann to elaborate his text are valuable, if conventional. Though all of the eighteen selections have previously been published in English translation, it is convenient, since some of them are to be found only in works difficult of access, to have them so readily at hand. But considering the purpose for which they are presented, it is evident that the documents as a whole lack the balance so excellently maintained in the text. Thus, while the earlier materials highlight the search for principle and the struggle for power during the first half of the Meiji period, almost all of the remaining items, covering the years since 1889, are concerned with issues of foreign policy. In view of his unquestioned skill in the Japanese language, it is to be regretted that the author did not prepare some translations de novo.
{"title":"Comparative Platforms of Japan's Major Parties . Tr. and arranged by Cecil H. Uyehara, Michio and Shimako Royama, and Shijuro Ogata. Introduction by Allan B. Cole. Medford, Mass.: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 1955. v, 65 (mimeo.).","authors":"H. Baerwald, Harry K. Nishio, C. H. Uyehara, M. Royama, Shimako Royama, S. Ogata, A. Cole","doi":"10.2307/2941937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941937","url":null,"abstract":"broad familiarity with the basic problems of Japanese history and an intimate knowledge of the most recent research in the field. As a result, the author's extensive essay is in some ways far more useful than many of the lengthier and more detailed works which have been standard fare for years. For all of its merits, however, an educator must doubtless have serious reservations about Modem Japan. Since the book is manifestly not aimed at the scholar, it should properly be evaluated in terms of its objectives. In this respect, it is highly problematical that it has satisfactorily fulfilled its purpose. Rather than combining the values of scholarship and popular writing, Tiedemann's work falls between the two. Japanese history is ordinarily difficult enough for westerners to learn. Teaching of the subject calls, moreover, for special techniques. To expose a beginner in the field to a highly concentrated mass of political data, no matter how carefully pruned, will assuredly neither stimulate interests nor be productive of results. Exclusion of the cultural and avoidance of the interpretive are not, moreover, necessarily the wisest method. The best that may be hoped from a book like Modern Japan is that the layman may know something about Japanese history. Whether he will acquire some understanding of Japan and the Japanese is another matter. The documents assembled by Tiedemann to elaborate his text are valuable, if conventional. Though all of the eighteen selections have previously been published in English translation, it is convenient, since some of them are to be found only in works difficult of access, to have them so readily at hand. But considering the purpose for which they are presented, it is evident that the documents as a whole lack the balance so excellently maintained in the text. Thus, while the earlier materials highlight the search for principle and the struggle for power during the first half of the Meiji period, almost all of the remaining items, covering the years since 1889, are concerned with issues of foreign policy. In view of his unquestioned skill in the Japanese language, it is to be regretted that the author did not prepare some translations de novo.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"35 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114022652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Mongol mission : narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries","authors":"M. C. Rogers","doi":"10.2307/2941963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941963","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126171195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Grass Path . Tr. Yukuo Uyehara and Marjorie Sinclair. Illus. Shikō Munakata. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1955. xvi, 72. Illustrations. $3.00.","authors":"Edward Seidensticker, Yukuo Uyehara, M. Sinclair","doi":"10.2307/2941942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941942","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129330006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The golden age of Indian art : Vth-XIIIth century","authors":"Pierre Rambach, Vitold de Golish","doi":"10.2307/2941953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941953","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131399963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
air of impartiality. Thus in his conclusion he permits himself the unwarranted conjecture that official reiteration of the orthodoxy of socialist realism in 1953 "may be evidence that the Communists feel that the reins must be loosened a bit" (p. 101). (Socialist realism was embraced by Chinese communist and leftist writers as early as 1933, following the adoption of this catch-phrase by the Union of Soviet Writers in the same year; Mr. Chao's book, which enumerates new cases of persecution in 1954 and 1955, easily explodes Mr. Borowitz's conjecture.) Mr. Borowitz is also often vague or inaccurate when he strays from his period to comment on literary matters in the preceding years. Thus his remark on page 15 that "it is interesting to note that Mao Tun and Kuo Mo-jo were not Communists before 1949" is compounded of many errors. Both Mao Tun and Kuo Mo-jo were prominent communist writers long before 1949. If Kuo Mo-jo was not a member of the Communist Party before 1949, then neither is he a member today. Now Vice-Premier of the State Council and the most highly honored man of letters in Communist China, he is only technically a member of a minor political party. Mr. Chao's book, which, in contrast to that of Mr. Borowitz, uses a wealth of first-hand communist material, is easily the better guide to literary activities in Communist China. It suffers, however, from a too militant anti-Communism which is impatient with ideas; the author's running commentary on the impressive data of regimentation and terror is often unnecessary and detracts from the effectiveness of his presentation. Mr. Chao also uses an arbitrary system for the romanization of Chinese names which is often at variance with the Wade-Giles system. For a man of his familiarity with Chinese communist literature, it is also very odd that he seems to know very little about contemporary Russian letters. On p. 120, he mentions a delegation of Soviet writers to China "headed by Allenburg"; surely he must mean the well-known Ilya Ehrenburg?
{"title":"Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America.","authors":"Richard Edwards","doi":"10.2307/2941934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941934","url":null,"abstract":"air of impartiality. Thus in his conclusion he permits himself the unwarranted conjecture that official reiteration of the orthodoxy of socialist realism in 1953 \"may be evidence that the Communists feel that the reins must be loosened a bit\" (p. 101). (Socialist realism was embraced by Chinese communist and leftist writers as early as 1933, following the adoption of this catch-phrase by the Union of Soviet Writers in the same year; Mr. Chao's book, which enumerates new cases of persecution in 1954 and 1955, easily explodes Mr. Borowitz's conjecture.) Mr. Borowitz is also often vague or inaccurate when he strays from his period to comment on literary matters in the preceding years. Thus his remark on page 15 that \"it is interesting to note that Mao Tun and Kuo Mo-jo were not Communists before 1949\" is compounded of many errors. Both Mao Tun and Kuo Mo-jo were prominent communist writers long before 1949. If Kuo Mo-jo was not a member of the Communist Party before 1949, then neither is he a member today. Now Vice-Premier of the State Council and the most highly honored man of letters in Communist China, he is only technically a member of a minor political party. Mr. Chao's book, which, in contrast to that of Mr. Borowitz, uses a wealth of first-hand communist material, is easily the better guide to literary activities in Communist China. It suffers, however, from a too militant anti-Communism which is impatient with ideas; the author's running commentary on the impressive data of regimentation and terror is often unnecessary and detracts from the effectiveness of his presentation. Mr. Chao also uses an arbitrary system for the romanization of Chinese names which is often at variance with the Wade-Giles system. For a man of his familiarity with Chinese communist literature, it is also very odd that he seems to know very little about contemporary Russian letters. On p. 120, he mentions a delegation of Soviet writers to China \"headed by Allenburg\"; surely he must mean the well-known Ilya Ehrenburg?","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122494299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feudalism in History. Ed. RUSHTON COTJLBOBN. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1956. xiv, 439. Bibliographies, Index. $8.50. This collective volume is something of a boot-strap operation; it begins with a short general essay on the idea of feudalism, continues more or less deductively with special studies of eight histories (including Chinese, Japanese, and Indian) which may have illustrated this idea, and concludes with a long comparative essay re-educing the generalization, and refining it, on the basis of the studies. Among the latter, Derk Bodde's on China, a calm synthesis of views sometimes acrimoniously held, accepts a feudal tag for the Chou period and emphasizes structure and social prerequisites. Edwin 0. Reischauer, for Japan, adds more of the time dimension—in what way and to what culmination does feudalism work itself out? The Indian material seems relatively intractable; Daniel Thorner simply does not have enough straw to make bricks. The aim of the whole is to test for repetition, or uniformities, in history.
{"title":"Feudalism in History . Ed. Rushton Coulborn. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1956. xiv, 439. Bibliographies, Index. $8.50.","authors":"J. R. Levenson","doi":"10.2307/2941925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941925","url":null,"abstract":"Feudalism in History. Ed. RUSHTON COTJLBOBN. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1956. xiv, 439. Bibliographies, Index. $8.50. This collective volume is something of a boot-strap operation; it begins with a short general essay on the idea of feudalism, continues more or less deductively with special studies of eight histories (including Chinese, Japanese, and Indian) which may have illustrated this idea, and concludes with a long comparative essay re-educing the generalization, and refining it, on the basis of the studies. Among the latter, Derk Bodde's on China, a calm synthesis of views sometimes acrimoniously held, accepts a feudal tag for the Chou period and emphasizes structure and social prerequisites. Edwin 0. Reischauer, for Japan, adds more of the time dimension—in what way and to what culmination does feudalism work itself out? The Indian material seems relatively intractable; Daniel Thorner simply does not have enough straw to make bricks. The aim of the whole is to test for repetition, or uniformities, in history.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127665647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A History of Indian Philosophy. Vol. V: The Southern Schools of Saivism . By Sukendranath Dasgupta. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1955. xiv, 204. Index. $5.00.","authors":"K. Potter, S. Dasgupta","doi":"10.2307/2941951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941951","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114277254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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