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Reply to comments by Muñoz-Carpena et al. on “Modeling slope rainfall-infiltration-runoff process with shallow water table during complex rainfall patterns” 对Muñoz Carpena等人关于“复杂降雨模式下浅水位坡面降雨入渗径流过程建模”的评论的答复
IF 4 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydroa.2021.100114
Songbai Wu , Ting Fong May Chui , Li Chen

We appreciate the comments by Muñoz-Carpena et al. (2021), which pointed out some inconsistency between our work and their results. After a thorough examination, we identified an inaccurate description of the soil hydraulic property model applied in Wu et al. (2021) and an associated inconsistency in parameterizing the model in Section 4.1 and Figure 6. After correcting the parameters, we found that the simulated infiltration rates of Wu et al. (2021)’s model, SWINGO, and Hydrus-1D are close under both steady and unsteady rainfalls. Moreover, Wu et al. (2021)’s model has been further validated using the experimental data of Vachaud et al. (1974) and Chu (1997) and the results show satisfactory performance of Wu et al. (2021)’s model in simulating infiltration in soils with a shallow water table (WT).

我们感谢Muñoz-Carpena等人(2021)的评论,他们指出了我们的工作和他们的结果之间的一些不一致之处。经过彻底的检查,我们发现Wu等人(2021)应用的土壤水力特性模型描述不准确,并且在第4.1节和图6中参数化模型时存在相关的不一致。校正参数后,我们发现Wu et al.(2021)的模型、SWINGO和Hydrus-1D的模拟入渗速率在稳态和非稳态降雨下都很接近。此外,Wu et al.(2021)利用Vachaud et al.(1974)和Chu(1997)的实验数据进一步验证了Wu et al.(2021)的模型,结果表明Wu et al.(2021)的模型在模拟浅地下水位(WT)土壤的入渗方面表现出令人满意的效果。
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引用次数: 0
Processing of nationwide topographic data for ensuring consistent river network representation 处理全国地形数据以确保河网表现的一致性
IF 4 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydroa.2021.100106
Michael H. Wimmer , Markus Hollaus , Günter Blöschl , Andreas Buttinger-Kreuzhuber , Jürgen Komma , Jürgen Waser , Norbert Pfeifer

Increasing river floods and infrastructure development in many parts of the world have created an urgent need for accurate high-resolution flood hazard mapping for more efficient flood risk management. Mapping accuracy hinges on the quality of the underlying Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and other spatial datasets. This article presents a processing strategy to ensure consistent adaption of countrywide spatial datasets to the requirements of hydraulic modelling. The suggested methods are automatized to a large extent and include (i) automatic fitting of river axis positions to the DTM, (ii) detection of culverts and obstacles in the river channel (iii) Smooth elimination of obstacles by interpolation along the river axes (iv) geometric detection of water-land borders and the top edge of embankments for (v) integration of the submerged river bed geometry into the DTM. The processing chain is applied to a river network (33880 km) and a DTM from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) with 1 m spatial resolution covering the entire territory of Austria (84000 km2). Thus, countrywide consistency of data and methods is achieved along with high local relevance. Semi-automatic validation and extensive manual checks demonstrate that processing significantly improves the DTM with respect to topographic and hydraulic consistency. However, some open issues of automatic processing remain, e.g. in case of long underground river reaches.

世界许多地区的河流洪水和基础设施建设日益增加,迫切需要精确的高分辨率洪水灾害地图,以便更有效地进行洪水风险管理。制图精度取决于底层数字地形模型(DTM)和其他空间数据集的质量。本文提出了一种处理策略,以确保全国空间数据集一致适应水力建模的要求。建议的方法在很大程度上是自动化的,包括(i)将河流轴线位置自动拟合到DTM中,(ii)检测河道中的涵洞和障碍物,(iii)通过沿河流轴线插值平滑消除障碍物,(iv)对水陆边界和堤防顶部边缘进行几何检测,(v)将淹没河床几何形状整合到DTM中。该处理链应用于河网(33880公里)和机载激光扫描(ALS)的DTM,其空间分辨率为1米,覆盖整个奥地利领土(约84000平方公里)。因此,实现了全国范围内数据和方法的一致性以及高度的地方相关性。半自动验证和大量的人工检查表明,处理显著提高了DTM在地形和液压一致性方面的表现。然而,自动处理仍然存在一些悬而未决的问题,例如在地下河长河段的情况下。
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引用次数: 5
Real-time streamflow forecasting: AI vs. Hydrologic insights 实时流量预测:人工智能与水文洞察
IF 4 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydroa.2021.100110
Witold F. Krajewski , Ganesh R. Ghimire , Ibrahim Demir , Ricardo Mantilla

In this paper, we propose a set of simple benchmarks for the evaluation of data-based models for real-time streamflow forecasting, such as those developed with sophisticated Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms. The benchmarks are also data-based and provide context to judge incremental improvements in the performance metrics from the more complicated approaches. The benchmarks include temporal and spatial persistence, persistence corrected for baseflow and streamflow, as well as river distance weighted runoff obtained from space-time distributed rainfall. In the development of the benchmarks, we use basic hydrologic insights such as flow aggregation by the river network, scale-dependence in basin response, streamflow partitioning into quick flow and baseflow, water travel time, and rainfall averaging by the basin width function. The study uses 140 streamflow gauges in Iowa that cover a range of basin scales between 7 and 37,000 km2. The data cover 17 years. This work demonstrates that the proposed benchmarks can provide good performance according to several commonly used metrics. For example, streamflow forecasting at half of the test locations across years achieves a Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) score of 0.6 or higher at one-day ahead lead time, and 20% of cases reach the KGE of 0.8 or higher. The proposed benchmarks are easy to implement and should prove useful for developers of data-based as well as physics-based hydrologic models and real-time data assimilation techniques.

在本文中,我们提出了一套简单的基准,用于评估实时流量预测的基于数据的模型,例如使用复杂的人工智能(AI)算法开发的模型。基准测试也是基于数据的,并提供上下文来判断来自更复杂方法的性能指标的增量改进。基准包括时间和空间持久性、基流和径流校正持久性以及从时空分布降雨中获得的河流距离加权径流。在基准的开发过程中,我们使用了基本的水文学见解,如河流网络的流量聚集,流域响应的尺度依赖性,水流划分为快流和基流,水的旅行时间,以及流域宽度函数的降雨量平均。这项研究在爱荷华州使用了140个流量测量仪,覆盖了7到37,000平方公里的流域尺度。数据涵盖了17年。这项工作表明,根据几个常用的度量标准,建议的基准可以提供良好的性能。例如,在一半的测试地点,跨年的流量预测在提前一天的时间内实现了0.6或更高的克林-古普塔效率(KGE)得分,20%的案例达到了0.8或更高的KGE。提议的基准很容易实施,并且应该证明对基于数据和基于物理的水文模型和实时数据同化技术的开发人员有用。
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引用次数: 17
Application of an iterative source localization strategy at a chlorinated solvent site 迭代源定位策略在氯化溶剂位置的应用
IF 4 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydroa.2021.100111
E. Essouayed, T. Ferré, G. Cohen, N. Guiserix, O. Atteia

This study presents an inverse modeling strategy for organic contaminant source localization. The approach infers the hydraulic conductivity field, the dispersivity, and the source zone location. Beginning with initial observed data of contaminant concentration and hydraulic head, the method follows an iterative strategy of adding new observations and revising the source location estimate. Non-linear optimization using the Gauss-Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm (PEST++) is tested at a real contaminated site. Then a limited number of drilling locations are added, with their positions guided by the Data Worth analysis capabilities of PYEMU. The first phase of PEST++, with PYEMU guidance, followed by addition of monitoring wells provided an initial source location and identified four additional drilling locations. The second phase confirmed the source location, but the estimated hydraulic conductivity field and the Darcy flux were too far from the measured values. The mismatch led to a revised conceptual site model that included two distinct zones, each with a plume emanating from a separate source. A third inverse modelling phase was conducted with the revised site conceptual model. Finally, the source location was compared to results from a Geoprobe@ MiHPT campaign and historical records, confirming both source locations. By merging measurement and modeling in a coupled, iterative framework, two contaminant sources were located through only two drilling campaigns while also reforming the conceptual model of the site.

本研究提出了一种有机污染源定位的逆建模策略。该方法推导出水导率场、色散和震源区位置。该方法从污染物浓度和水头的初始观测数据开始,遵循添加新观测值和修改源位置估计的迭代策略。在实际污染现场进行了非线性优化测试,采用了gaus - levenberg - marquardt算法。然后添加有限数量的钻井位置,这些位置由PYEMU的数据价值分析功能指导。在PYEMU的指导下,PEST++的第一阶段,随后增加了监测井,提供了初始源位置,并确定了四个额外的钻井位置。第二阶段确定了源位置,但估算的水力导电性场和达西通量与实测值相差太远。这种不匹配导致了一个修订的概念站点模型,该模型包括两个不同的区域,每个区域都有来自不同来源的羽流。第三个逆向建模阶段使用修订后的站点概念模型进行。最后,将源位置与Geoprobe@ MiHPT活动的结果和历史记录进行比较,确认两个源位置。通过在一个耦合的、迭代的框架中合并测量和建模,仅通过两次钻探活动就确定了两个污染源,同时也改变了场地的概念模型。
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引用次数: 3
Comment on “Modeling slope rainfall-infiltration-runoff process with shallow water table during complex rainfall patterns” by Wu et al. (2021) 对Wu等(2021)“复杂降雨模式下浅层地下水位模拟坡面降雨-入渗-径流过程”的评论
IF 4 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydroa.2021.100113
R. Muñoz-Carpena , C. Lauvernet , N. Carluer , G.A. Fox

In this comment we draw attention to parametrization errors in this recently published article when comparing an existing model for soil infiltration under shallow water conditions, SWINGO, with an alternative solution and Richards benchmark solution. After correcting the errors, a new model comparison shows SWINGO ability to match the other approaches and supports the general validity of SWINGO’s simplified approach against the more complicated solutions.

在这篇评论中,我们提请注意最近发表的这篇文章在比较浅水条件下现有的土壤入渗模型SWINGO与替代解决方案和Richards基准解决方案时的参数化误差。修正错误后,新的模型比较表明SWINGO能够匹配其他方法,并支持SWINGO简化方法对更复杂解的一般有效性。
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引用次数: 1
Is increased flooding in Bangkok a result of rising local temperatures? 曼谷洪水的增加是当地气温上升的结果吗?
IF 4 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydroa.2021.100095
Apin Worawiwat , Chavalit Chaleeraktrakoon , Ashish Sharma

The recent increase in the frequency of urban flooding in Bangkok has led to speculation that global warming may be to blame. Assessing this, however, is challenging, as Bangkok represents an ever-changing environment with changing storm drainage infrastructure, limited flood and precipitation data, and a tropical setting that complicates the relationship precipitation extremes exhibit with temperature. This study attempts to create a framework to investigate the merits of the above speculation, using ground observations of precipitation maxima, flood inundation, and dew point temperature, along with simulations from General Circulation Models (GCMs) to present multiple lines of evidence to compensate for the weaknesses any individual evidence may have. The complexity of flooding in an urban stormwater drainage network is accounted by focussing instead on flood inundation information conditional to the incident dew point temperature which is increasing as a result of warming. The assessment identifies a markedly different pattern of change in the east versus the west of the city, attributing this to population change in the two parts, further complicating the link to global warming. Application of the developed methodology using the most recent GCM simulations available suggests the increase in flooding is a pattern that can be expected to continue.

最近曼谷城市洪水频率的增加引发了人们的猜测,认为全球变暖可能是罪魁祸首。然而,评估这一点具有挑战性,因为曼谷代表着一个不断变化的环境,暴雨排水基础设施不断变化,洪水和降水数据有限,热带环境使极端降水量与温度的关系复杂化。本研究试图创建一个框架来调查上述推测的优点,使用降水量最大值、洪水淹没和露点温度的地面观测,以及一般环流模型(GCM)的模拟,来提供多条证据线,以弥补任何单个证据可能存在的弱点。城市雨水排水网络中洪水的复杂性是通过关注洪水淹没信息来解释的,而洪水淹没信息是以事件露点温度为条件的,露点温度由于变暖而增加。评估发现,该市东部和西部的变化模式明显不同,将其归因于这两个地区的人口变化,使与全球变暖的联系进一步复杂化。使用最新的GCM模拟应用所开发的方法表明,洪水的增加是一种预计会持续的模式。
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引用次数: 4
Remote sensing’s role in improving transboundary water regulation and compliance: The Murray-Darling Basin, Australia 遥感在改善跨界水监管和合规方面的作用:澳大利亚墨累-达令盆地
IF 4 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydroa.2021.100112
David Bretreger , In-Young Yeo , George Kuczera , Greg Hancock

Growing agricultural water demand is dramatically affecting the implementation of, and compliance with, water sharing plans in regions such as the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB). Problems can arise from water theft, poor resourcing or questionable actions from stakeholders. Recent actions from MDB governments have resulted in improved regulation, although more is required in a technical, governance and cultural space to create a comprehensive and transparent management framework. This is pivotal in improving overall trust in water regulators. We discuss an integrated water resource management approach for improved water regulation, involving the implementation of remote sensing technologies to complement metering, coupled with a focus on a stronger compliance culture in a range of stakeholder groups and regulatory changes that allow quicker adoption of unbiased best practice science and technology.

农业用水需求的增长极大地影响了墨累-达令盆地(MDB)等地区水资源共享计划的实施和遵守。偷水、资源匮乏或利益相关者的可疑行为都可能引发问题。多边开发银行政府最近采取的行动改善了监管,尽管在技术、治理和文化领域还需要更多的措施来建立一个全面透明的管理框架。这对于提高对水监管机构的整体信任至关重要。我们讨论了改善水监管的综合水资源管理方法,包括实施遥感技术以补充计量,同时关注一系列利益相关者群体中更强大的合规文化,以及允许更快采用公正最佳实践科学和技术的监管变革。
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引用次数: 0
Regionalisation of flood frequencies based on flood type-specific mixture distributions 基于洪水类型混合分布的洪水频率区划
IF 4 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydroa.2021.100107
Svenja Fischer, Andreas H. Schumann

The regionalisation of flood frequencies is a precondition for the estimation of flood statistics for ungauged basins. It is often based on either the concept of hydrological similarity of catchments or spatial proximity. Similarity is usually defined by comparing catchment attributes or distances. Here, we apply flood types in regionalisation directly to consider the type-specific aspects of similarity. The different flood types are classified according to their meteorological causes and hydrographs. Their probability distributions are modelled by type-specific distribution functions which are combined into one statistical annual mixture model afterwards. For regionalisation, we specified the parameters of each type-specific probability distribution separately with hierarchical clustering and regressions from catchment attributes. By selection of most relevant features, depending on the flood type, the specifics of flood-generating processes and meteorological causes were considered. The results demonstrate how this consideration of deterministic aspects can improve the transferability of distribution parameters to ungauged catchments. The type-specific regionalisation approach offers a higher degree of freedom for regionalisation as it describes the relationships between catchment characteristics, meteorological causes of floods and response of watersheds.

洪水频率区划是估算未计量流域洪水统计数据的先决条件。它通常基于集水区水文相似性或空间接近性的概念。相似性通常通过比较集水区属性或距离来定义。在这里,我们直接在区划中应用洪水类型来考虑相似性的特定类型方面。不同的洪水类型根据其气象成因和水文特征进行分类。它们的概率分布由特定类型的分布函数建模,然后组合成一个统计年混合模型。对于区域化,我们使用分层聚类和集水区属性回归分别指定每种类型特定概率分布的参数。通过根据洪水类型选择最相关的特征,考虑了洪水产生过程和气象原因的具体情况。结果表明,考虑确定性方面可以提高分布参数到未测量流域的可转移性。特定类型区域化方法为区域化提供了更高程度的自由度,因为它描述了集水区特征、洪水的气象原因和流域响应之间的关系。
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引用次数: 7
Comparison of decadal water storage trends from common GRACE releases (RL05, RL06) using spatial diagnostics and a modified triple collocation approach 基于空间诊断和改进三重配置方法的GRACE (RL05, RL06)年代际储水趋势比较
IF 4 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydroa.2021.100108
Emad Hasan , Aondover Tarhule

GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) and GRACE-FO (Follow-On) satellites have provided unique insights into the evolution of Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) in space and time. Despite such advancements, various GRACE solutions produced by different data centers display uneven spatial attributes with varying associated uncertainties. Via spatial diagnostics tools and a modified triple collocation (MTC) approach, this research evaluates the TWS (terrestrial water storage) trend estimations “on the grid-scale” from 11 gridded GRACE products of RL05 and RL06 releases between 2002 and 2017. Distinct from classic TCA (triple collocation analysis), the MTC employs a GWR (geographically weighted regression) scaling scheme with distinctive spatial coefficients. The spatial diagnostics analyses identified different autocorrelation patterns, clustering tendencies of hot (positive) and cold (negative) spots agglomeration at varying spatial width, and unique frequency distributions. The results indicated that within a 10-degree spatial radius the SHs (Spherical Harmonics) of RL05 and RL06 are highly autocorrelated compared to the mascons (mass concentration blocks) solutions. The spatial clustering results revealed that many solutions agreed on the overall directions and distribution of the hot and cold spots. The clustering among mascon products, however, reflected more localized mass anomalies. At the scale of drainage basins, the trend magnitude, as well as their associated uncertainties appeared to be driven by the occurrence of spatial clusters within the basin area. The MTC results showed that the uncertainty patterns follow the same spatial extent within each cluster. The MTC analysis underscored the added benefits of cluster analysis and the GWR scaling over the classic OLS approach.

GRACE(重力恢复和气候实验)和GRACE- fo(后续)卫星提供了独特的见解,以了解陆地水储存(TWS)在空间和时间上的演变。尽管取得了这些进步,但不同数据中心产生的各种GRACE解决方案显示出不均匀的空间属性和不同的相关不确定性。利用空间诊断工具和改进的三重配置(MTC)方法,对2002 - 2017年11个RL05和RL06发布的格网GRACE产品进行了“网格尺度”上的TWS(陆地储水量)趋势估计。与经典的TCA(三重配置分析)不同,MTC采用具有独特空间系数的GWR(地理加权回归)标度方案。空间诊断分析发现了不同的自相关模式,热(正)点和冷(负)点在不同空间宽度上的聚类趋势,以及独特的频率分布。结果表明,在10度的空间半径范围内,RL05和RL06的球面谐波(SHs)与质量浓度块(mascons)溶液高度自相关。空间聚类结果表明,许多解决方案对热点和冷点的总体方向和分布是一致的。然而,mascon产品之间的聚类反映了更多的局部质量异常。在流域尺度上,趋势幅度及其相关的不确定性似乎受流域内空间集群的发生驱动。MTC结果表明,各聚类的不确定性模式具有相同的空间范围。MTC分析强调了与经典OLS方法相比,聚类分析和GWR缩放的额外好处。
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引用次数: 6
Intercomparison of joint bias correction methods for precipitation and flow from a hydrological perspective 水文视角下降水与流量联合偏差校正方法的比较
IF 4 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydroa.2021.100109
Kue Bum Kim, H. Kwon, Dawei Han
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Journal of Hydrology X
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