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Adsorption performance of bentonite and clay for Zn(II) in landfill leachate 膨润土和粘土对垃圾填埋场渗滤液中锌(II)的吸附性能
IF 4.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.1186/s40677-023-00265-2
Wen-Jing Sun, Qian-Tong Tang, Tian-Hao Lu, Ri-Dong Fan, Gao-Ge Sun, Yun-zhi Tan
The increasing prevalence of the Galvanized and dry battery industries has led to a rise in zinc proportions in landfills, posing environmental risks. This study explores the potential of bentonite, renowned for its metal adsorption capability, as a landfill barrier material. Adsorption characteristics of Zn(II) in natural bentonite and Shanghai clay were investigated. Various factors affecting Zn(II) adsorption, including pH, Na ion strength, contact time, initial Zn(II) concentration, and adsorption temperature, were analyzed through batch-type adsorption tests. The change in pH and Na strength demonstrates no significant impact on the adsorption of Zn(II) onto bentonite, highlighting the strong selectivity of bentonite for Zn(II). Conversely, the equilibrium adsorption capacity of Zn(II) onto clay increases with rising pH or decreasing ion strength. The Zn(II) adsorption onto bentonite is well-described by the pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, and Elovih models, each achieving an R2 value exceeding 0.9. While both physical and chemical adsorption coexist in Zn(II) adsorption onto bentonite or clay, the primary determinant of the adsorption rate is chemical adsorption. The adsorption onto bentonite is spontaneous, whereas onto clay it is not. The mechanism involves van der Waals forces, ion exchange, and chemical actions such as inner-sphere complexation for Zn(II) adsorption onto both bentonite and clay.
镀锌和干电池行业的日益盛行导致垃圾填埋场中锌的比例上升,带来了环境风险。膨润土以其金属吸附能力而闻名,本研究探讨了膨润土作为垃圾填埋场隔离材料的潜力。研究了 Zn(II)在天然膨润土和上海粘土中的吸附特性。通过间歇式吸附试验分析了影响 Zn(II)吸附的各种因素,包括 pH 值、Na 离子强度、接触时间、初始 Zn(II)浓度和吸附温度。结果表明,pH 值和 Na 离子强度的变化对 Zn(II)在膨润土上的吸附没有显著影响,这突出表明了膨润土对 Zn(II)的强选择性。相反,Zn(II)在粘土上的平衡吸附容量会随着 pH 值的升高或离子强度的降低而增加。伪二阶模型、颗粒内扩散模型和 Elovih 模型都很好地描述了 Zn(II)在膨润土上的吸附,每个模型的 R2 值都超过了 0.9。虽然 Zn(II)在膨润土或粘土上的吸附同时存在物理吸附和化学吸附,但决定吸附速率的主要因素是化学吸附。在膨润土上的吸附是自发的,而在粘土上则不是。Zn(II)在膨润土和粘土上的吸附机理包括范德华力、离子交换和化学作用,例如内球络合。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of factors influencing landslide risk near a forest road in Chungju-si, South Korea 韩国忠州市林道路附近山体滑坡风险影响因素比较
IF 4.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1186/s40677-024-00267-8
Seong-Woo Moon, Jeongdu Noh, Hyeong-Sin Kim, Seong-Seung Kang, Yong-Seok Seo
The study aimed to identify the influential factors required to prepare landslide vulnerability maps and establish disaster prevention measures for mountainous areas with forest roads. The target area is Sancheok-myeon, Chungju-si, where several landslides have occurred in a narrow area of approximately 3 km × 4 km. As the area has the same rainfall and vegetation conditions, the influences of the physico-mechanical characteristics of the soil in accordance with compaction and topographic characteristics could be analyzed precisely. Geological surveying, sampling, and laboratory testing assessed landslide risk in the study area, and data including unit weight, specific gravity, porosity, water content, soil depth, friction angle, cohesion, slope angle, profile/plan curvature, TWI were obtained. Preprocessing and screening such as min-max normalization and multicollinearity were conducted for the data in order to eliminate overestimation of each factor’s effectiveness. The influence of each factor was analyzed using logistic regression (LR), structural equation modeling (SEM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM). All methods showed that soil depth has the greatest impact on landslide occurrence. Friction angle, slope angle, and porosity were also selected as influential factors, although each method ranked them slightly differently. Topographic factors, such as plan curvature, profile curvature, and the topographic wetness index, had minimal influence. This appears to be because landslides near forest roads are more affected by how well compaction was performed during banking than by the concave or convex shape of the slope. This study presents analysis results for an area with the same rainfall and vegetation conditions; therefore, the analysis of the influence of the physico-mechanical characteristics of the soil and topography was more precise than when comparing landslides occurring in different regions. Our results may be helpful in preparing landslide vulnerability maps.
该研究旨在确定编制山体滑坡脆弱性地图所需的影响因素,并为有林区道路的山区制定防灾措施。目标区域是忠州市的三岔面,在约 3 km×4 km 的狭长区域内发生过多次滑坡。由于该地区具有相同的降雨量和植被条件,因此可以根据压实和地形特征精确分析土壤物理机械特征的影响。通过地质勘测、取样和实验室测试评估了研究区域的滑坡风险,并获得了包括单位重量、比重、孔隙度、含水量、土层深度、摩擦角、内聚力、坡角、剖面/平面曲率、TWI 等数据。对数据进行了最小-最大归一化和多重共线性等预处理和筛选,以消除对各因素有效性的高估。利用逻辑回归(LR)、结构方程模型(SEM)、极梯度提升(XGBoost)和轻梯度提升机(LightGBM)分析了各因子的影响。所有方法都表明,土壤深度对滑坡发生的影响最大。摩擦角、坡角和孔隙度也被选为影响因素,但每种方法对它们的排序略有不同。地形因素,如平面曲率、剖面曲率和地形湿润指数,影响最小。这似乎是因为林区道路附近的滑坡更多受到筑坝时压实效果的影响,而不是受到斜坡凹凸形状的影响。本研究提供了对降雨量和植被条件相同的地区的分析结果;因此,与比较发生在不同地区的滑坡时相比,对土壤和地形的物理力学特征的影响分析更为精确。我们的研究结果可能有助于绘制滑坡易损性地图。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of offshore landslides impact on bucket foundations using a coupled SPH–FEM method 利用 SPH-FEM 耦合方法研究近海滑坡对斗状地基的影响
IF 4.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.1186/s40677-024-00266-9
Zehao Wang, Defeng Zheng, Xingsen Guo, Zhongde Gu, Yueqiang Shen, Tingkai Nian
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引用次数: 0
Anchorage mechanism of bamboo-steel composite rockbolts subjected to the coupled effect of tensile and shear stress 拉应力和剪应力耦合作用下竹钢复合锚杆的锚固机理
IF 4.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1186/s40677-023-00258-1
Feifan Ren, Qiangqiang Huang, Guan Wang, Zhuang Li
Earthen heritage sites have high cultural and scientific value. However, most of earthen heritage sites have been severely damaged and are in urgent need of restoration. To address this issue, a novel rockbolt, bamboo-steel composite rockbolt (BSCR), was proposed and widely employed in earthen site protection. However, the research on the anchorage mechanism of BSCR lags behind engineering practice, particularly with regard to its behavior under the coupled effect of tensile and shear stress. In this study, based on centrifugal test results, a numerical model was established and validated and a comparative analysis of the anchorage mechanism between conventional rockbolt (CR) and BSCR was also conducted. Various parameters, including rockbolt diameter, bending stiffness, inclination angle, and length, were systematically investigated to elucidate their influence on protective efficacy. BSCR has a larger diameter and bending stiffness, and is superior to CR in protecting earthen heritage sites. In addition, reducing the rockbolt inclination angle and increasing the number of rockbolt layers can reduce slope deformation caused by the coupling effect of tensile and shear stress. Increasing the length of BSCR can enhance the stability of the anchored slopes; however, due to the influence of the effective anchorage length of the rockbolt, excessively extending the rockbolt length is inefficient. These research results provide valuable insights into the application of BSCR in earthen site protection and can provide a reference for further research on its anchorage mechanism under complex stress conditions.
土遗址具有很高的文化和科学价值。然而,大多数土遗址已遭到严重破坏,急需修复。为解决这一问题,一种新型锚杆--竹钢复合锚杆(BSCR)被提出并广泛应用于土遗址保护。然而,对竹钢复合锚杆锚固机理的研究却落后于工程实践,尤其是在拉应力和剪应力耦合作用下的行为。本研究以离心试验结果为基础,建立并验证了一个数值模型,并对传统锚杆(CR)和 BSCR 的锚固机理进行了比较分析。系统地研究了各种参数,包括锚杆直径、弯曲刚度、倾角和长度,以阐明它们对保护效果的影响。BSCR 具有更大的直径和弯曲刚度,在保护土遗址方面优于 CR。此外,减小锚杆倾角和增加锚杆层数可减少拉应力和剪应力耦合效应引起的边坡变形。增加 BSCR 的长度可以提高锚固边坡的稳定性,但由于受锚杆有效锚固长度的影响,过长的锚杆长度效率不高。这些研究成果为 BSCR 在土质场地保护中的应用提供了宝贵的见解,并为进一步研究其在复杂应力条件下的锚固机理提供了参考。
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引用次数: 0
Report on the 21st International Symposium on Geo‑disaster reduction, 5–8 August 2023, Shanghai, China 第 21 届减少地质灾害国际研讨会报告,2023 年 8 月 5-8 日,中国上海
IF 4.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1186/s40677-023-00263-4
Hu Zheng, Yu Huang, Bo Li, Fawu Wang
The joint event of 21st International Symposium on Geo-disaster Reduction (21st ISGdR) was held onsite and online during 5–8 August 2023 in Shanghai, China. This symposium focused on the theme of “A new era for safe and resilient coastal and marine systems”, providing a platform for academics, researchers and practitioners from different countries to discuss the research progress and exchange ideas on the reduction of disasters. The symposium consisted of keynote lecture, invited lectures and other presentations in parallel session.
第 21 届国际减少地质灾害研讨会(21st International Symposium on Geo-disaster Reduction,简称 ISGdR)于 2023 年 8 月 5-8 日在中国上海举行。本次研讨会围绕 "安全与弹性海岸和海洋系统的新时代 "这一主题,为来自不同国家的学者、研究人员和从业人员提供了一个讨论研究进展和交流减灾理念的平台。研讨会包括主旨报告、特邀报告和其他平行报告。
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引用次数: 0
Seismic vulnerability assessment of historical minarets in Cairo 开罗历史尖塔的地震脆弱性评估
IF 4.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1186/s40677-023-00260-7
Mariam A. Sallam, Hany M. Hassan, Mohamed A. Sayed, Hesham E. Abdel Hafiez, Hesham Shaker Zahra, Mohamed Salem
Masonry minarets in Old Cairo are highly susceptible to earthquake damage, particularly those not designed or updated to withstand seismic loads. Therefore, regular monitoring is necessary to ensure their safety and detect any deterioration or reduction in seismic performance. The direct loss of a minaret can lead to the collapse or severe damage to the structure itself. The cascading impacts of partial or complete minaret failure can have significant consequences for the immediate vicinity and the broader community. By studying the effects of earthquakes on minarets and developing mitigation strategies, countries can take proactive measures to protect these structures and ensure the safety of people. This study focuses on a specific type of Islamic architecture: the historic minarets in Cairo. The research aims to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of eight cultural heritage minarets in Cairo, identifying the parameters influencing their seismic behaviour and susceptibility to earthquake damage. The research utilizes empirical seismic vulnerability methods and ambient vibration measurements on eight minarets. An empirical approach compatible with the nature and style of the minarets is employed to evaluate their vulnerability using index values and curves. The method's validity is assessed, and areas of conformity and limitations are identified. Ambient vibration tests (AVTs) are also conducted using a temporary seismic network installed at various heights inside each minaret to determine their dynamic characteristics. The seismic vulnerability Index (I_V) is calculated for the selected minarets based on the state of each vulnerability parameter. The contribution of each parameter to the final I_V values of the minarets are presented. Vulnerability curves are developed for each minaret, interpreting the conventional vulnerability indexes in terms of mean damage grades for seismic events with varying intensity on the EMS-98 scale. These mean damage grades can also indicate the expected damage levels of structural and non-structural minaret elements for events with different seismic intensity levels. AVTs are conducted at various heights on the selected minarets, and the dynamic characteristics are extracted from the recorded data. Variations in these characteristics are considered significant for structural health monitoring analysis. The peak-picking method is employed to directly extract each minaret's natural frequencies and mode shapes, as changes in dynamic characteristics are relevant to health monitoring analyses. The recent study examined the seismic vulnerability assessment of eight masonry minarets in the historic Old Cairo district. The assessment revealed vulnerability index values ranging from 10.3 to 26.1, indicating a concerning susceptibility to seismic events among these structures. Vulnerability curves were constructed for each minaret, visually representing potential damage scenarios across different levels of the EMS-98 intens
开罗老城的砖石尖塔极易受到地震的破坏,尤其是那些设计或更新不符合抗震要求 的尖塔。因此,有必要对其进行定期监测,以确保其安全,并发现抗震性能的任何恶化或降低。尖塔的直接损失可能导致结构本身倒塌或严重损坏。尖塔部分或全部坍塌所产生的连锁影响会对附近地区和更广泛的社区造成严重后果。通过研究地震对尖塔的影响并制定减灾战略,各国可以采取积极措施保护这些结构,确保人员安全。本研究侧重于一种特殊类型的伊斯兰建筑:开罗的历史性尖塔。研究旨在评估开罗八座文化遗产尖塔的地震脆弱性,确定影响其地震行为和地震破坏易感性的参数。研究利用经验地震脆弱性方法和对八座尖塔的环境振动测量。采用与尖塔性质和风格相适应的经验方法,利用指数值和曲线对尖塔的易损性进行评估。对该方法的有效性进行了评估,并确定了符合要求的领域和局限性。此外,还利用安装在每个尖塔内部不同高度的临时地震网络进行了环境振动测试 (AVT),以确定其动态特性。根据每个脆弱性参数的状态,计算出选定尖塔的地震脆弱性指数 (I_V)。每个参数对尖塔最终 I_V 值的贡献都已列出。为每个尖塔绘制了易损性曲线,用 EMS-98 级不同烈度地震事件的平均破坏等级来解释传统的易损性指数。这些平均破坏等级还可表明不同地震烈度级别的事件对尖塔结构和非结构元素的预期破坏程度。在选定尖塔的不同高度上进行了反向静力测试,并从记录的数据中提取了动态特性。这些特征的变化被认为对结构健康监测分析具有重要意义。由于动态特性的变化与健康监测分析相关,因此采用了峰值选取法来直接提取每个尖塔的固有频率和模态振型。最近的研究对历史悠久的开罗老城区的八个砖石尖塔进行了地震脆弱性评估。评估结果显示,脆弱性指数值从 10.3 到 26.1 不等,表明这些建筑结构易受地震事件影响。为每个尖塔绘制了易损性曲线,直观地反映了 EMS-98 地震烈度表中不同等级的潜在破坏情况。这些成果意义重大,因为它们有助于确定干预措施的优先次序,以保护最脆弱的尖塔。此外,还引入了一个新的经验周期方程,根据尖塔的高度估算开罗老城尖塔的基本周期。该方程通过实地测量和文献数据进行了验证。这项研究的局限性在于它只关注特定类别的尖塔,特别是开罗老城历史上的砖石尖塔。此外,要准确捕捉这些尖塔的动态响应,还需要详细的有限元模型,这也造成了局限性。因此,正在进行的研究包括开发详细的有限元模型和校准选定尖塔的基本周期。预期的结果有可能加深我们对历史尖塔结构动态的了解,最终指导制定有针对性的抗震改造和保护策略。这些战略旨在保护这些珍贵的文化遗产资产,代表了我们对确保这些永恒地标世世代代经久不衰的集体承诺。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the role of social determinants in the risk reduction of landslide-prone settlements: a case study of Giripurno Village in Central Java, Indonesia 探索社会决定因素在降低易滑坡住区风险中的作用:印度尼西亚中爪哇 Giripurno 村案例研究
IF 4.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-09 DOI: 10.1186/s40677-023-00261-6
Santika Purwitaningsih, Pramasti Dyah Nhindyasari, Ahmad Priyo Sambodo, Amadeo Benvenuto Santosa, Atina Salsabila Hilal, Ayu Wulandari, S. Aisyah Azka Nurul Fitriyah, Ryan Andri Wijaya, Junichiro Asano, Junun Sartohadi, Muhammad Anggri Setiawan, Muhammad Sulaiman, Elok Surya Pratiwi
The world population is still growing. The growing population caused a changes in the trend of selecting settlements location. Due to the limited flat land, people were starting to form settlements in a hilly or mountainous area which is prone to landslide. The community used to move from place to place to avoid landslides, however, it is no longer possible to implement those actions. While a lot of research has been conducted to assess the vulnerability and risk of settlements to disasters, there needs to be more research on developing settlements in landslide-prone area and their impact on disaster management. High social influences can be found in the development of landslide-prone settlements of Giripurno Village. The community shows a high consideration on relatives in deciding their settlement location. Moreover, high consideration of kinship and social activity affects the arrangement of spaces in the house and directly affects the amount of space occupancy. Layout of houses in Giripurno Village were found to have large living room to accommodate family and community gatherings. Although high social dependences of one community can be beneficial in the disaster emergency response and recovery, it can also hinder the disaster mitigation effors by allowing development in an unsafe area, thus increase the risk of disasters. This paper discuss about how the social factors can relate to the disaster management with an emphasis on the development of settlements. This paper also highlight the aspects of space occupancy which is rarely being discussed in the disaster management related research. The result obtained by this study could provide important insight into the future disaster management in the landslide-prone settlements area.
世界人口仍在不断增长。不断增长的人口导致了定居点选址趋势的变化。由于平地有限,人们开始在容易发生山体滑坡的丘陵或山区建立定居点。过去,人们为了避免山体滑坡而从一个地方搬到另一个地方,但现在已经不可能这样做了。虽然已经开展了大量研究来评估住区对灾害的脆弱性和风险,但还需要对滑坡易发地区的住区发展及其对灾害管理的影响进行更多的研究。在吉里普尔诺村滑坡易发区定居点的开发过程中,可以发现社会影响很大。社区在决定定居点位置时,对亲属的考虑程度很高。此外,对亲属关系和社会活动的高度考虑会影响房屋空间的布置,并直接影响空间占用率。在 Giripurno 村的房屋布局中,我们发现客厅面积较大,以满足家庭和社区聚会的需要。虽然一个社区的高度社会依赖性有利于灾害的应急和恢复,但它也可能阻碍减灾工作,因为它允许在不安全的地区进行开发,从而增加了灾害风险。本文以居住区的发展为重点,讨论了社会因素与灾害管理的关系。本文还强调了灾害管理相关研究中很少讨论的空间占用问题。本研究的结果可为滑坡易发区未来的灾害管理提供重要启示。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary analysis of amplified ground motion in Bangkok basin using HVSR curves from recent moderate to large earthquakes 利用HVSR曲线初步分析曼谷盆地近期中至大地震的放大地震动
IF 4.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.1186/s40677-023-00259-0
Teraphan Ornthammarath, Amorntep Jirasakjamroonsri, Patinya Pornsopin, Rajesh Rupakhety, Nakhorn Poovarodom, Pennung Warnitchai, Tun Tun Tha Toe
The Bangkok Basin has been known from non-instrumental observations of the local population to be subject to ground motion amplification due to the deep alluvial sediments and basin geometry. This study analyzes available seismic data to confirm that basin effects are significant in the Bangkok Basin. The paper contributes to the evaluation of basin effects by characterizing the engineering ground motion parameters and HVSR curves for the Bangkok basin which produce lengthening of ground motion duration with respect to nearby rock sites, albeit with very low ground motions. For this purpose, we analyzed ground motion records from seismic stations located within the Bangkok alluvial basin from 2007 to 2021. Recorded peak horizontal ground acceleration (PGA) for seismic stations inside the basin always exceeded 1 cm/s2 during eight earthquakes with Mw ≥ 5.5. Of these, two were intraslab events and six were shallow crustal earthquakes. These recorded ground motions shook high-rise buildings in Bangkok even though their epicentral distance exceeded 600 km. Several time and frequency domain analyses (such as analysis of residual, HVSR, Hodogram plots, etc.) are used on the ground motion records in the Bangkok basin to determine the frequency content of recorded ground motion and to demonstrate the significance of surface waves induced by the deep basin in altering the engineering ground motion amplitudes. In addition, centerless circular array microtremor analysis is used to determine the depth of sedimentary basin to the bedrock. Based on comparisons from those stations located outside the Bangkok basin, we observed the capability of alluvial deposits in the Bangkok basin to amplify ground motion records by about 3 times. We observed that there is a unique site amplification effect between 0.3 and 0.1 Hz due to local surface waves and other moderate amplifications between 2 and 0.5 Hz due to a soft layer like other deep alluvial basins in other metropolitan areas. We noticed that there is a unique site amplification effect between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz and smaller peaks around 2 and 0.5 Hz consistent with expectations for site amplification effects associated with deep basins. Moreover, we noticed the presence of low frequencies content of the surface wave generated within the basin which deserved further studies using the 2D/3D ground motion modelling through basin topography and velocity models.
曼谷盆地从对当地人口的非仪器观测中得知,由于深冲积沉积物和盆地几何形状,该盆地受到地面运动放大的影响。本研究分析了现有的地震资料,证实了曼谷盆地的盆地效应是显著的。本文通过表征曼谷盆地的工程地震动参数和HVSR曲线,有助于评价盆地效应,这些参数和HVSR曲线相对于附近的岩石场地产生了地震动持续时间的延长,尽管地震动非常低。为此,我们分析了2007年至2021年曼谷冲积盆地地震台站的地面运动记录。在8次Mw≥5.5级地震中,盆地内地震台站记录的峰值水平地面加速度(PGA)均超过1 cm/s2。其中,2次是岩内地震,6次是浅层地壳地震。这些记录到的地面运动震动了曼谷的高层建筑,尽管震中距离超过600公里。通过对曼谷盆地地震动记录进行残差分析、HVSR分析、Hodogram plots等时域和频域分析,确定了记录地震动的频率含量,论证了深盆诱发的表面波对工程地震动幅值的影响。此外,利用无心圆阵微震分析确定了沉积盆地至基岩的深度。基于与位于曼谷盆地以外的台站的比较,我们观察到曼谷盆地的冲积沉积物将地面运动记录放大了约3倍。我们观察到,在0.3 ~ 0.1 Hz之间,由于局部表面波的作用,存在独特的场地放大效应,而在2 ~ 0.5 Hz之间,由于软层的作用,与其他大都市地区的其他深层冲积盆地一样,存在中等放大效应。我们注意到,在0.1 ~ 0.3 Hz之间有一个独特的位点放大效应,在2 ~ 0.5 Hz附近有一个较小的峰值,这与深盆地相关的位点放大效应的预期一致。此外,我们注意到盆地内产生的表面波存在低频含量,值得通过盆地地形和速度模型进行二维/三维地震动建模进行进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the collapsible deformation of surrounding rock of loess hydraulic tunnel considering ground stress variation 考虑地应力变化的黄土水工隧洞围岩湿陷变形评价
IF 4.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1186/s40677-023-00257-2
She Fangtao, Xu Wanying, Liu Lele, Liu Guoping, Li Lei, Duan Changhui
Uneven settlement will occur as a result of the collapsible deformation of the loess strata, and the hydraulic tunnel lining structure will also fail. In this work, laterally confined compression tests were carried out on loess and the double-line method was employed to evaluate the loess collapsibility. The deformation of the surrounding rock of a loess hydraulic tunnel under various ground stresses and its effect on the lining structure was modeled. Three stages were noted in the collapsible deformation of loess. The critical point between the former two stages corresponds to the pre-consolidation pressure of saturated loess and that between the latter two is taken as the structural yield pressure of unsaturated loess. From the relationship between the collapsibility coefficient and vertical stress, the deformation of the tunnel under ground seepage primarily originates from two sources, i.e., the collapsible and compressive deformation. The latter source accounts for the deformation of loess adjacent to the lining when the seepage depth is low, while both sources are included when the bottom of the tunnel invert is infiltrated. The collapsible deformation is lower than that of the original stratum due to the stress relaxation during tunnel excavation. The tensile and compressive stresses of tunnel lining increase linearly with the seepage depth, with the maximum appearing at a position of 20 m away from the midline of the collapse and non-collapse domains. The results will provide a theoretical reference to the design and construction of hydraulic tunnels in collapsible loess stratum.
黄土地层的湿陷变形会造成不均匀沉降,水工隧道衬砌结构也会发生破坏。本文对黄土进行了侧限压缩试验,并采用双线法对黄土湿陷性进行了评价。模拟了黄土水工隧道围岩在不同地应力作用下的变形及其对衬砌结构的影响。黄土的湿陷变形分为三个阶段。前两个阶段之间的临界点对应于饱和黄土的预固结压力,后两个阶段之间的临界点对应于非饱和黄土的结构屈服压力。从湿陷系数与竖向应力的关系来看,地下渗流作用下隧道的变形主要来源于两个来源,即湿陷变形和压缩变形。渗流深度较低时,后一种源考虑了衬砌附近黄土的变形,而当隧道仰拱底部被渗透时,这两种源都包括在内。隧道开挖过程中,由于应力松弛,围岩的湿陷变形小于原地层的湿陷变形。隧道衬砌的拉压应力随渗流深度的增加呈线性增加,最大应力出现在距离塌落区和非塌落区中线20 m处。研究结果将为湿陷性黄土地层水工隧道的设计和施工提供理论参考。
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引用次数: 0
Study on the influencing factors and evolution of loess bank collapse with physical modelling 黄土堤岸崩塌影响因素及演化的物理模拟研究
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1186/s40677-023-00255-4
Ma Xuetong, Li Tonglu, Li Qipeng, Wang Changsheng, Gao Debin, Zhang Hao, Li Changhu
Abstract Background Reservoir bank collapse in loess areas may lead to the siltation of reservoir and bank retreat. Therefore, the study of reservoir bank collapse has practical significance. Almost of the bank collapse width prediction method were based on the classical graphical method which do not consider the process of bank collapse. But practice shows that this method can overestimate the width of bank collapse. Meanwhile, there are few studies specifically focused on the collapse of loess bank slopes. Methods To improve the prediction method of loss bank collapse width, the influence of water depth, dry density and bank slope angle on loess bank collapse was studied by physical modelling. The bank collapse width and the morphology of the bank slope were recorded during the experiment. Results The bank collapse width increases with the increase of water depth, increases with the increase of slope angle, and decreases with the increase of dry density. The modeling process shows that the loess bank collapse occurs firstly underwater, the erosion niche will be formed underwater, and then the above water slope is damaged. This process is repeated until the underwater accumulation slope reaches the stable state, and then bank collapse stops. After the bank collapse, the above water slope is polyline, while the underwater slope is curved. When the slope angle is less than 27°, the bank collapse will not occur, and when the slope angle is between 27° and 40°, the bank collapse type is abrasion type. When the slope angle is greater than 40°, the bank collapse type is dumping type or shear type. Based on this, the improved balanced alluvial accumulation approach was proposed, which considers the mechanical equilibrium of above water bank slope and the morphology of underwater slope. The new method can reflect the stage characteristics of loess bank collapse, which is more reasonable than the empirical graphical method. Conclusions The experimental results indicate that when predicting the width of loess bank collapse, it is necessary to combine the bank collapse width and process of bank collapse. The relevant conclusions have a certain role in exploring the mechanism of loess bank collapse and bank collapse prediction methods.
摘要黄土地区库岸崩塌可能导致库淤积和库岸退缩。因此,研究库岸崩塌具有重要的现实意义。崩岸宽度预测方法几乎都是基于经典的图解法,没有考虑崩岸过程。但实践表明,这种方法可能会高估岸塌宽度。同时,专门针对黄土岸坡崩塌的研究较少。方法采用物理模拟方法,研究了水深、干密度、岸坡角对黄土岸塌的影响,改进了黄土岸塌宽度的预测方法。试验过程中记录了岸坡崩塌宽度和岸坡形态。结果崩岸宽度随水深的增加而增大,随坡角的增大而增大,随干密度的增大而减小。模拟过程表明,黄土堤岸塌陷首先发生在水下,在水下形成侵蚀生态位,然后对上面的水坡进行破坏。这一过程不断重复,直到水下堆积边坡达到稳定状态,然后岸塌停止。塌岸后水面坡为折线型,水下坡为弯曲型。当坡角小于27°时,不会发生塌岸,当坡角在27°~ 40°时,塌岸类型为磨损型。当坡角大于40°时,垮岸类型为倾泄型或剪切型。在此基础上,提出了考虑水上岸坡力学平衡和水下岸坡形态的改进型平衡冲积法。该方法能较好地反映黄土岸塌的阶段特征,比经验图解法更为合理。结论试验结果表明,在预测黄土岸塌宽度时,应将岸塌宽度与岸塌过程相结合。相关结论对探讨黄土垮岸机理和垮岸预测方法具有一定的作用。
{"title":"Study on the influencing factors and evolution of loess bank collapse with physical modelling","authors":"Ma Xuetong, Li Tonglu, Li Qipeng, Wang Changsheng, Gao Debin, Zhang Hao, Li Changhu","doi":"10.1186/s40677-023-00255-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-023-00255-4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Reservoir bank collapse in loess areas may lead to the siltation of reservoir and bank retreat. Therefore, the study of reservoir bank collapse has practical significance. Almost of the bank collapse width prediction method were based on the classical graphical method which do not consider the process of bank collapse. But practice shows that this method can overestimate the width of bank collapse. Meanwhile, there are few studies specifically focused on the collapse of loess bank slopes. Methods To improve the prediction method of loss bank collapse width, the influence of water depth, dry density and bank slope angle on loess bank collapse was studied by physical modelling. The bank collapse width and the morphology of the bank slope were recorded during the experiment. Results The bank collapse width increases with the increase of water depth, increases with the increase of slope angle, and decreases with the increase of dry density. The modeling process shows that the loess bank collapse occurs firstly underwater, the erosion niche will be formed underwater, and then the above water slope is damaged. This process is repeated until the underwater accumulation slope reaches the stable state, and then bank collapse stops. After the bank collapse, the above water slope is polyline, while the underwater slope is curved. When the slope angle is less than 27°, the bank collapse will not occur, and when the slope angle is between 27° and 40°, the bank collapse type is abrasion type. When the slope angle is greater than 40°, the bank collapse type is dumping type or shear type. Based on this, the improved balanced alluvial accumulation approach was proposed, which considers the mechanical equilibrium of above water bank slope and the morphology of underwater slope. The new method can reflect the stage characteristics of loess bank collapse, which is more reasonable than the empirical graphical method. Conclusions The experimental results indicate that when predicting the width of loess bank collapse, it is necessary to combine the bank collapse width and process of bank collapse. The relevant conclusions have a certain role in exploring the mechanism of loess bank collapse and bank collapse prediction methods.","PeriodicalId":37025,"journal":{"name":"Geoenvironmental Disasters","volume":"50 23","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135819438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Geoenvironmental Disasters
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