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You must have people to make business: Relations of proximity in small-scale trade in Haiti and the DRC 你必须有人做生意:海地和刚果民主共和国小规模贸易中的邻近关系
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412020v17d502
F. Evangelista, Rosana B C Vieira
Abstract This article analyses the everyday activities of female traders in open air markets, houses and streets through a comparative approach based on two ethnographies, one situated in Haiti’s Central Plateau, the other in Kongo Central province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In both studies, we identify an essential kind of knowledge needed to do business, namely the creation and maintenance of interpersonal relations that help the trader to form stocks, make journeys, guarantee a clientele, loans and financing in settings of uncertainty and economic instability. Simultaneously, we highlight a moral universe that qualifies more and less acceptable ways of obtaining money. In pursuing this comparative approach, we offer an alternative understanding of economies conventionally treated as informal, proposing an analysis primarily focused on the relations of proximity structuring them.
摘要本文以海地中部高原和刚果民主共和国中部省的两种民族志为研究对象,通过比较的方法分析了女性商人在露天市场、房屋和街道上的日常活动。在这两项研究中,我们都确定了做生意所需的一种基本知识,即建立和维护人际关系,帮助交易者在不确定和经济不稳定的环境中建立股票,进行旅行,保证客户,贷款和融资。与此同时,我们强调了一个道德世界,它限制了越来越多的可接受的赚钱方式。在采用这种比较方法的过程中,我们对传统上被视为非正式的经济体提供了另一种理解,提出了一种主要集中于构建它们的邻近关系的分析。
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引用次数: 2
The Odd and the Ordinary: Haiti, the Caribbean and the World 奇特与平凡:海地、加勒比海与世界
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412020v17j553
M. Trouillot
How does one explain Haiti? What is Haiti? Haiti is the eldest daughter of France and Africa. It is a place of beauty, romance, mystery, kindness, humor, selfishness, betrayal, cruelty, bloodshed, hunger and poverty. It is a closed and withdrawn society whose apartness, unlike any other in New World, rejects its European roots”. Nice passage, isn’t it? Well, those of you who know my work may have guessed that I am trying to trick you. These words are not mine. They constitute the very first paragraph of Written in Blood , a sensationalist account of Haitian history written by Marine Colonel Robert Heinl and his wife Nancy 2 . I quote this paragraph in lieu of an introduction because it typifies a viewpoint widely shared in Haitian studies, one that I wish to challenge, namely the fiction of Haiti’s exceptionalism. Heinl and Heinl start with a question: “How does one explain Haiti?” The question is then set aside for a laundry list of particulars. Then, at the end of the list, the emphasis shifts to Haiti’s apartness: Haiti is unique. It is unlike any other country in the New World. And indeed, if we keep reading the next 700 pages, we soon discover that it is unlike any other country – period. The notion of Haitian exceptionalism permeates both the academic and popular literature on Haiti under different guises and with different degrees of candidness. At first glance, this insistence on Haiti’s special status seems to be a simple acknowledgement of the country’s admittedly spectacular trajectory. I suggest, that there are hidden agendas – intellectual and political – behind this insistence, and that these agendas, rather than genuine interest in the particulars of Haitian history, underpin Haitian exceptionalism.
如何解释海地?海地是什么?海地是法国和非洲的长女。这是一个美丽、浪漫、神秘、善良、幽默、自私、背叛、残忍、流血、饥饿和贫穷的地方。这是一个封闭和孤僻的社会,它的孤立,不像新大陆的任何其他社会,拒绝它的欧洲根源”。这篇文章不错,不是吗?知道我作品的人可能已经猜到我是在骗你们。这些话不是我说的。它们构成了《血书》的第一段,这是由海军上校罗伯特·海因尔和他的妻子南希撰写的一部耸人听闻的关于海地历史的书。我引用这段话来代替引言,因为它代表了海地研究中广泛分享的一种观点,我希望对这种观点提出质疑,即海地例外论的虚构。Heinl和Heinl以一个问题开始:“如何解释海地?”然后,这个问题被搁置一边,留给一长串的细节。然后,在名单的最后,重点转移到海地的独特性:海地是独一无二的。它不同于新大陆的任何其他国家。事实上,如果我们继续阅读接下来的700页,我们很快就会发现它不同于任何其他国家时期。海地例外论的概念以不同的形式和不同程度的坦率渗透到关于海地的学术和通俗文学中。乍一看,这种对海地特殊地位的坚持似乎是对该国公认的壮观轨迹的简单承认。我认为,在这种坚持背后隐藏着思想上和政治上的议程,而这些议程,而不是对海地历史细节的真正兴趣,支撑着海地例外论。
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引用次数: 31
The domestic, the wild and its interstices: what can a dog do in Tierra del Fuego 家养的、野生的和它们之间的空隙:一只狗在火地岛能做什么
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412020v17a353
L. Fanaro
Abstract This study examines dogs that pull sledges in tourist activities in Ushuaia (capital of Tierra del Fuego province) and their relations with their breeders (the mushers) and with the tourists they both work for. Nevertheless, during my field research I also came across other dogs in other contexts, among them the numerous companion dogs abandoned in the city and the so-called “wild dogs”, who live in rural areas and are thus seen by Fuegians as “harmful animals” and an “invasive alien species” - that is, a problem to be solved. In this paper I consider sled dogs and wild dogs, and the different statuses that dogs can assume in these different contexts in which animals and humans relate, considering that in Tierra del Fuego canine work operates as a domesticity regime.
摘要:本研究调查了乌斯怀亚(火地岛省首府)旅游活动中拉雪橇的狗,以及它们与饲养者(拉雪橇者)和为其工作的游客之间的关系。然而,在我的实地调查中,我也遇到了其他情境下的狗,其中包括被遗弃在城市中的众多伴侣狗和所谓的“野狗”,它们生活在农村地区,因此被火地人视为“有害动物”和“外来入侵物种”-这是一个需要解决的问题。在本文中,我考虑了雪橇犬和野狗,以及狗在这些动物和人类相关的不同环境中可以承担的不同地位,考虑到火地岛犬类的工作是一种家庭生活制度。
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引用次数: 2
PRAN WOUT LA: Expériences et dynamiques de la mobilité haïtienne PRAN WOUT LA:海地流动的经验和动态
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412020v17d503
Mélanie Montinard
Résumé En privilégiant, à partir d’une perspective ethnographique, les points de vue des personnes en mouvement, le présent article cherche à traiter des différentes wout (routes, en créole haïtien) que les Haïtiens ont empruntées, spécifiquement à partir du Brésil. Je propose une analyse des configurations et des dynamiques de la mobilité pour chache lavi (chercher la vie). Quels sont les sens et les usages pratiques de la catégorie wout? Comment s’articule la circulation des individus et des familles face aux contrôles des gouvernements et des agences d’immigration ? Comment se déploient les stratégies pour que les wout des individus puissent avoir lieu en dépit des impasses physiques et symboliques ? Chache lavi non seulement crée, construit et déconstruit des relations entre les personnes, mais il implique également des tensions et des dimensions subjectives, outre des jeux permanents entre le légal et l’illégal.
本文从人种学的角度,强调人们在运动中的观点,试图处理海地人,特别是来自巴西的不同wout(海地克里奥尔语中的道路)。我建议对chache lavi(寻找生命)的配置和移动动力学进行分析。wout类别的意义和实际用途是什么?面对政府和移民机构的控制,个人和家庭的流动如何组织?如何部署策略,使个人的wout能够发生,尽管物理和象征性的僵局?Chache lavi不仅创造、构建和解构人与人之间的关系,还涉及紧张和主观维度,以及合法和非法之间的永久游戏。
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引用次数: 3
Materiality, affection, personhood: on sacrifice in the worship of the goddess Kali in Guyana 物质、情感、人格:圭亚那女神卡莉崇拜中的祭品
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412020v17d506
M. M. Mello
Abstract This paper describes the ritual procedures associated with animal sacrifice in the worship of the Hindu goddess Kali in Guyana, formerly British Guiana. Animal sacrifice is explored through questions relating to materiality, personhood and the mutual permeability of persons and objects. The aim is to advance an interpretation based on native conceptions regarding the potential effects of the exchange and circulation of substances between devotees of the goddess Kali, Hindu deities, and ritual artefacts.
摘要本文描述了圭亚那(原英属圭亚那)印度教女神卡莉崇拜中动物祭祀的仪式程序。动物祭祀是通过与物质性、人格性和人与物的相互渗透有关的问题来探索的。其目的是基于当地观念,对女神卡莉、印度教神灵和仪式人工制品的奉献者之间的物质交换和流通的潜在影响进行解释。
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引用次数: 2
From food to offspring: engagement between humans and sea turtles in two communities on the north coast of Espírito Santo 从食物到后代:在Espírito Santo北海岸的两个群落中,人类和海龟之间的接触
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412020v17a351
Davi Scárdua Fontinelli, E. S. J. Creado
Abstract This article is the result of a research conducted in the villages of Regência Augusta and Povoação, in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The objective is to contribute to knowledge concerning biodiversity conservation projects and the relationships between these, local communities and emblematic species in the midst of socio-environmental conflicts. We intend to highlight some of the ways that human agents interact with each other through the relationship with other non-human agents, developing conceptions and actions in and with the world around them. The empirical analysis addresses the case of sea turtles and the environmental agents who deal with them. Those who patrol the beach are prominent in this text, but we will also consider the way in which these works form an ambiguous relationship with other knowledges and practices. The region is going through political, economic and environmental divergences related to resources and the local landscape, aggravated by the arrival of Samarco’s mud.
本文是在巴西Espírito Santo州Regência Augusta村和povoa o村进行的一项研究的结果。其目标是促进有关生物多样性保护项目的知识,以及在社会环境冲突中这些项目、当地社区和标志性物种之间的关系。我们打算强调人类主体通过与其他非人类主体的关系相互作用的一些方式,在他们周围的世界中发展概念和行动。实证分析解决了海龟和谁处理他们的环境代理人的情况。那些在海滩上巡逻的人在这篇文章中很突出,但我们也会考虑这些作品与其他知识和实践形成模糊关系的方式。该地区正在经历与资源和当地景观相关的政治、经济和环境分歧,萨马科公司的泥浆的到来加剧了这种分歧。
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引用次数: 0
Accusation and Legitimacy in the Civil War in Angola 安哥拉内战中的指控与合法性
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412020v17a355
Iracema Dulley, Luísa Sampaio
This article analyses the main categories of accusation found in the speeches of leaders from the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) during the Civil War in Angola (1975-2002). Seeking to understand the entanglements between the global and local dimensions of the conflict, we argue that the accusations made by Agostinho Neto (MPLA), José Eduardo dos Santos (MPLA), and Jonas Savimbi (UNITA) aimed to delegitimize the ‘other’ in the act of claiming legitimacy to occupy the state. This is achieved through the opposition between accusatory categories attributed to the ‘other’ and their inverse, categories attributed to the person making the accusation. We thereby show how the understanding of political conflicts in general, and the conflict in Angola specifically, can be illuminated through the analysis of categories whose linguistic dimension is entangled with historically constituted social positionalities.
本文分析了安哥拉内战(1975-2002)期间,安哥拉人民解放运动(MPLA)和安哥拉彻底独立全国联盟(安盟)领导人演讲中的主要指控类别。为了理解冲突的全球和地方层面之间的纠缠,我们认为阿戈斯蒂尼奥·内托(MPLA)、何塞·爱德华多·多斯桑托斯(MPLA)和若纳斯·萨文比(安盟)提出的指控旨在通过声称合法占领国家的行为使“他者”失去合法性。这是通过归因于“他者”的指责范畴与归因于指责者的相反范畴之间的对立来实现的。因此,我们展示了如何通过对语言维度与历史上构成的社会地位纠缠在一起的类别的分析来阐明对一般政治冲突,特别是安哥拉冲突的理解。
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引用次数: 2
Environmental Governance and Regularization of Land Ownership: development and multiple territorial dynamics in the Amazon 环境治理与土地所有权的正规化:亚马逊地区的发展与多重领土动态
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412020v17d452
Thereza Cristina Cardoso Menezes
Abstract This article examines how in the past two decades development standards have been established for the Amazon based on both strengthening environmental governance and expanding agriculture. It describes how the process of construction in time of an ambiguous development policy model for the Amazon, which has oscillated between territorial management based on a “green agenda” perspective and investment in policies that favored territorial security of land occupancy implemented through changes in laws and regulations concerning the environment and land ownership. Finally, I emphasize the recent convergence of interests of international cooperation, the state and agribusiness around public policies for environmental regulation based on a perspective of harmonious conviviality and positive and systemic alignment between the economy and the environment.
摘要:本文考察了在过去的二十年中,如何在加强环境治理和扩大农业的基础上为亚马逊地区建立发展标准。它描述了一个模棱两可的亚马逊发展政策模式的建设过程,该模式在基于“绿色议程”视角的领土管理和通过改变有关环境和土地所有权的法律法规实施有利于土地占用的领土安全的政策投资之间摇摆不定。最后,我强调最近国际合作、国家和农业企业围绕环境监管公共政策的利益趋同,这是基于经济与环境之间的和谐和谐以及积极和系统的协调的观点。
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引用次数: 3
Neo-ethnic Self-Styling among Young Indigenous People of Brazil: Re-Appropriating Ethnicity through Cultural Hybridity 巴西土著青年的新民族自我塑造:通过文化混杂重新占有民族
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412020v17a352
Hiroshi Aoyagi, M. Kovacic, S. Baines
Abstract This article examines a conspicuous, vastly disseminating cultural practice among the young Indigenous people of Brazil to hybridize their ethnic motifs with global fashion in order to classify their glocal mode of being. Young Indigenous subjects generally perceive the modal practice to be ethnically appropriating in their own generational right. Through ethnographic observations coupled with theoretical reflections on cultural hybridity, the authors will highlight how neo-ethnic fashion enables initially marginalized category of Indigenous ethnicity to be brought to public attention on a global scale. Neo-ethnic self-styling operates as a means to re-appropriate heritage in trans-traditional ways at a time when ethnicity itself is increasingly becoming a globally trendy subject. Social networking service plays a crucial role in disseminating the phenomena across different ethnic groups.
摘要本文考察了巴西土著青年中一种引人注目的、广泛传播的文化实践,即将他们的民族主题与全球时尚相结合,从而对他们的全球本土存在模式进行分类。年轻的土著受试者普遍认为,模态实践在他们自己这代人的种族权利中是占有的。通过民族志观察和对文化混杂性的理论反思,作者将强调新民族时尚如何使最初被边缘化的土著民族类别在全球范围内引起公众关注。当种族本身日益成为全球时尚主题时,新种族自我造型作为一种手段,以跨传统的方式重新适应遗产。社交网络服务在不同族群间传播这一现象方面起着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 1
Tracing routes, mapping destinies: presenting the dossier 跟踪路线,映射目的地:呈现档案
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412020v17d500
Júlia Vilaça Goyatá, Rodrigo Bulamah, R. Ramassote
The Dossier “Caribbean Routes: Ethnographic Experiences, Theoretical Challenges, and the Production of Knowledge “ gathers 11 articles about different regions of the Caribbean, signed by Brazilian and foreign researchers, most of whom are associated to graduate programs or academic centers in Brazil. The publication is the outcome of a wider effort to disseminate the results of ethnographic research about a region that, until the 1990s, had not emerged as a privileged destination for Brazilian anthropologists. The studies presented here reveal a diversity of themes, lines of inquiry and theoretical dialogues mobilized in this transnational endeavor.
“加勒比海之路:民族志经验、理论挑战与知识生产”档案收录了11篇关于加勒比海不同地区的文章,由巴西与外国研究人员署名,他们大多与巴西的研究生课程或学术中心有关。该出版物是一项更广泛努力的结果,旨在传播有关该地区的民族志研究成果,该地区直到20世纪90年代才成为巴西人类学家的特权目的地。这里提出的研究揭示了在这一跨国努力中动员的主题、调查线和理论对话的多样性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Vibrant Virtual Brazilian Anthropology
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