Veterinary and Animal Science最新文献

{"title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Ethiopian cattle","authors":"Melkie Dagnaw Fenta ,&nbsp;Marshet Bazezew ,&nbsp;Wassie Molla ,&nbsp;Mebrie Zemene Kinde ,&nbsp;Bemrew Admassu Mengistu ,&nbsp;Haileyesus Dejene","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP<strong>)</strong> is a severe respiratory disease in cattle, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. It poses a major threat to cattle health and livestock productivity. We aimed to pool CBPP prevalence estimates from different regions of Ethiopia, assessing implications for cattle management and productivity. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, HINARI, Google, and Google Scholar from January to February 2024. Funnel plots and Egger's regression tests were used to assess publication bias and small study effects. A pooled prevalence and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated using R software. Twenty-three studies, covering 52,373 cattle, showed high heterogeneity (I² = 99 %, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001). The pooled CBPP prevalence in Ethiopia was 13 % (95 % CI: 7–21 %). Geographic differences, sampling methods, and cattle management practices influenced prevalence rates. There was no indication of publication bias (Egger's test, <em>p</em> = 0.618). Prevalence was highest in the eastern (18 %), western (15 %), northern (14 %), and southern (4 %) regions. The prevalence was 16 % post-2016, compared to 8 % before 2016. Meta-regression showed that study location, herd size, body condition, and publication year significantly impacted CBPP prevalence. Small herds had 59 % lower CBPP risk, and animals in poor condition had 2.34 times higher odds of CBPP. The findings suggest a changing prevalence trend and emphasize the need to update CBPP prevention and control policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100410"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does transport affect the eating quality potential of beef from Limousin cows in France? - A case study","authors":"Nathalia da Silva Rodrigues Mendes ,&nbsp;Renato Rodrigues Silva ,&nbsp;Moïse Kombolo-Ngah ,&nbsp;Pierre-Philippe Rivet ,&nbsp;Jerôme Tondusson ,&nbsp;Tatianne Ferreira de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Sghaier Chriki ,&nbsp;Marie-Pierre Ellies-Oury ,&nbsp;Jean-François Hocquette","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We hypothesized that transportation might impact beef sensory quality, particularly as the distance between farms and the slaughterhouse increases. Specifically, we expected that pre-slaughter transport over longer distances would induce stress in the cattle, resulting in elevated ultimate pH and, consequently, reduced beef quality. Thus, this study aimed to specifically study the effects of transport in commercial conditions of Limousin cows from farms located in different areas of France to slaughter on ultimate pH (pHu) measured in the <em>Longissimus thoracis</em> muscle (LT), marbling (two major factors affecting eating quality) and the MSA Index (a global indicator of potential eating quality at the carcass level). Cattle were studied according to distance (&lt;50 km; between 50 and 150 km; and between 150 and 250 km from the slaughterhouse) and according to transport time from the farm to the slaughterhouse (divided into short, moderate, and extended). We found that neither distance nor transport time significantly affected pHu of beef and the other studied parameters (cold carcass weight, meat color, MSA Marbling and MSA Index). Consequently, in our commercial conditions, we concluded that the effects of transport on beef carcasses and beef eating quality of Limousin cows are negligible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100411"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of vaccine diluents on the colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine in chickens","authors":"Siyuan Jia ,&nbsp;Andrea R. McWhorter ,&nbsp;Samiullah Khan ,&nbsp;Nicky-Lee Willson ,&nbsp;Daniel M. Andrews ,&nbsp;Gregory J. Underwood ,&nbsp;Kapil K. Chousalkar","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the commonly used methods to control on-farm <em>Salmonella</em> outbreaks in the poultry industry is vaccination. Vaccine diluents may affect vaccine efficacy but there are limited studies on how different diluents affect the colonization of live, attenuated vaccines. In this study, buffered peptone water, Marek's diluent and water were used as the diluents to reconstitute the commercially available <em>Salmonella</em> Typhimurium vaccine (Vaxsafe® ST). The diluent reconstituted vaccine was then given to day-old layer hens to test its effects on gut colonization. The vaccine reconstituted in Marek's diluent and buffered peptone water had a significantly higher colonization rate at 7 days post-vaccination in liver, spleen, oesophagus, crop, and proventriculus. At 14 days post-vaccination, there was a significantly higher vaccine load in the upper digestive tract of chickens that received vaccine reconstituted in Marek's diluent and buffered peptone water. The Marek's diluent and buffered peptone water reconstituted vaccine had a higher detection rate in the chicken's liver and spleen. Colonisation with water as a diluent was higher than the others especially in the lower parts of the intestine at 7 days post-vaccination. There was non-significant variation in the antibody titers at 7- and 14-days post-vaccination. In general, the results demonstrated that the use of nutrient-rich diluents in reconstituting live, attenuated <em>Salmonella</em> vaccine can enhance vaccine colonization. This study establishes a foundation for future work aimed at optimising strategies for vaccine reconstitution, crucial for eliciting a robust immune response in the host.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100409"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of two methods of extracting bull epididymal spermatozoa","authors":"Ziyad Al-Kass ,&nbsp;Sanna Eriksson ,&nbsp;Jaana Peippo ,&nbsp;Theodoros Ntallaris ,&nbsp;Jane M. Morrell","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extraction of epididymal spermatozoa may be necessary to avoid losing valuable genetic material, for example, from individuals of rare breeds or endangered species, but the resulting sperm samples may be of poor quality. Two methods of extracting bull epididymal spermatozoa from slaughterhouse material were compared. The bulls were 16–23 months of age. Spermatozoa were extracted by making an incision one cm in length in the tail of the epididymis to allow the spermatozoa to flow out (method A), or by flushing the tail of epididymis (method B). The two methods were used for each bull, alternating between right and left epididymis, i.e. if method A was used for the left epididymis in Bull 1, it was used for the right epididymis in bull 2, etc. Sperm concentration in the extracted samples was adjusted to 69 × 10⁶/mL in Andromed; the sperm sample was packed in 0.25 mL straws. After cooling for two h at 5 °C, the straws were placed 4 cm above liquid nitrogen for 20 min before transferring them to liquid nitrogen. Sperm motility, viability, reactive oxygen species, membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation were analysed in the fresh samples and again after thawing. The results for all parameters in fresh semen were not different between methods. Although sperm quality was lower in thawed samples than in fresh samples, there was no difference in sperm quality between the two extraction methods in the thawed samples. In conclusion, both methods are useful for the extraction of bull epididymal spermatozoa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cattle, sheep, and goat humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Mehrnaz Ardalan ,&nbsp;Konner Cool ,&nbsp;Natasha N. Gaudreault ,&nbsp;Dashzeveg Bold ,&nbsp;Anna Mannix ,&nbsp;Gregg A. Hanzlicek ,&nbsp;Juergen A. Richt ,&nbsp;Roman M. Pogranichniy","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Following the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, several species of domestic and wild animals have been found to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection through experimental inoculation and animal surveillance activities. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in animals is an important surveillance tool since viral shedding in animals can only be detected for a short period of time. In this study, convenience serum samples were collected from 691 cattle, 698 sheep, and 707 goats from several regions in the United States, between 2019 and 2022. The samples were evaluated for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies using two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); one based on the inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (sVNT) and the other based on the nucleocapsid protein (N-ELISA) of SARS-CoV-2. Positive samples from the sVNT were additionally evaluated using a conventional virus neutralization test (VNT) employing the Wuhan-like SARS-CoV-2 USA/WA1/2020 isolate. Our results indicate that ∼1 % (6/691) of cattle, ∼2 % (13/698) of sheep, and ∼2.5 % (18/707) of goat serum samples were positive when using the sVNT, whereas ∼4 % of cattle (25/691) and sheep (27/698), and 2.5 % (18/707) of goat serum samples tested positive with the N-ELISA. None of the sVNT positive cattle, sheep, or goat serum samples had detectable neutralizing antibody activity (&lt;1:8) against the SARS-CoV-2 USA/WA1/2020 isolate by the VNT. Our results indicate low seropositivity in cattle, sheep, and goats in the U.S., indicating the importance to continue monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in animal species that are in close contact with humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100408"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of vaginal cytology and MMP-9 expression during early pregnancy in mice","authors":"Wilasinee Inyawilert ,&nbsp;Che-Ming Liu ,&nbsp;Yu-Jing Liao ,&nbsp;Jakree Jitjumnong ,&nbsp;Chalothon Amporn ,&nbsp;Pin-Chi Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precise pregnancy detection is critical for optimizing reproductive efficiency in animals. In mice, the conventional copulation plug method for pregnancy confirmation lacks reliability, particularly in inbred strains, with false-pregnancy rates exceeding 50 %. Here, to improve pregnancy detection efficiency in mice, we examined vaginal cell population changes using vaginal smear technique and analyzed MMP-9 expression in vaginal tract from day 0.5 to 6.5 of pregnancy. A total of forty-four female mice in the estrus stage were paired with sexually mature male mice for natural mating. The morning after mating was considered as embryonic day 0.5 (E0.5). Vaginal cytology was used to determine the vaginal cells of pregnant and non-pregnant mice from day 0.5 to 6.5. Furthermore, the protein and gene expression of MMP-9 were assessed through the utilization of immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Our findings reveal that pregnant mice display the higher number of leukocytes but the low number of nucleated/cornified epithelial cells in vagina compared to the non-pregnant counterparts. Furthermore, MMP-9 protein consistently presents in vaginal epithelial cells throughout the experimental period, with increased protein expression on day 4.5 of pregnancy followed by a decline on day 6.5 of pregnancy. This result is similar to MMP-9 gene expression, reaching the peak on day 5.5 of pregnancy. In conclusion, vaginal cytology proves effective for mouse pregnancy determination, while MMP-9 can serve as a potential biomarker for detecting pregnancy in mice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100406"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A meta-analysis of genetic estimates for economically important traits in ducks","authors":"Navid Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to gather published genetic parameter estimates for economically important traits in ducks through a meta-analysis utilizing the random-effects model. The present study used a dataset on genetic parameters of various duck traits, including 275 genetic correlation estimates and 233 heritability estimates from 31 studies published between 1988 and 2024. The heritability estimates for growth traits were generally low to high and varied from 0.154 (for body weight gain) to 0.405 (for body weight at first egg), respectively. Results showed that heritability estimates for egg production and quality traits were generally low to moderate, ranging from 0.119 (for egg shell strength) to 0.340 (for egg weight). The heritability estimates for feeding traits were generally moderate to high and varied from 0.266 (for residual feed intake) to 0.624 (for meal feed intake), respectively. The results indicate that there was a high genetic correlation (0.827, P &lt; 0.05) between feed intake and residual feed intake, but low to moderate genetic correlations (P &lt; 0.05) were found between feed intake and feed conversion ratio (0.318). The results of the current meta-analysis supported the hypothesis that these duck traits exhibit additive genetic variation. Genetic selection schemes for ducks may thus potentially take advantage of the available additive genetic variation in these traits. Furthermore, in cases where accurate estimates for economically significant traits in duck populations across the globe are unavailable, the average genetic parameter estimates presented in this meta-analysis can be used in breeding plans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100405"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Pedicle screw-Rod implantation as an external fixation method for tibial osteotomy in a canine model","authors":"Mohammad Mahdi Gooran ,&nbsp;Ramin Mazaheri-Khameneh ,&nbsp;Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Asl ,&nbsp;Rahim Hobbenaghi","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advancements in minimally invasive osteosynthesis have improved atraumatic techniques for bone fracture fixation. Pedicle screws are implants primarily used for the internal fixation of the spine. To our knowledge, no studies have assessed the use of Pedicle screw-Rod for fixing long bone fractures or osteotomies. Our study aimed to assess the efficiency and performance of this implant as an external fixation method for experimentally induced tibial fractures, offering a novel surgical approach to tibial fixation. With approval from the Institutional Animal Care Committee, eight healthy, intact male dogs weighing 20–22 kg and aged 10–12 months of mixed breeds underwent aseptic surgical fixation of tibial osteotomies with Pedicle screw-Rod configuration using a minimally invasive medial approach to the tibia. All dogs were placed in the single treatment group. Postoperative clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed. The fixation device functioned effectively until removal. Lameness was fully resolved in all animals by 21 days post-operation. Clinical union occurred at 5.80 ± 1.30 weeks, while complete bone union was achieved at 11.40 ± 1.51 weeks after surgery. Postoperative mechanical medial proximal and distal tibial angles were, 92.00° (92.00°, 91.50°) and 93.40° ± 1.14°, respectively. The tibial valgus was 5.20° ± 1.48°, and tibial plateau angles measured 22.00° (23.00°, 22.00°). There were no significant differences noted when comparing values before and after the operation. Postoperative rotational alignment was anatomical, with satisfactory bone apposition. The study found that using a Pedicle Screw-Rod configuration for non-articular tibial osteotomy fixation is effective without significant complications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100403"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Firework aversion in cats and dogs as reported by Dutch animal owners","authors":"Ineke R. van Herwijnen,&nbsp;Claudia M. Vinke,&nbsp;Saskia S. Arndt,&nbsp;Pascalle E.M. Roulaux","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Firework (noise) aversion is seen in cats and dogs relatively often and comes with a risk of animal welfare impairment. Affected animals may show behaviours like freezing, hiding, fleeing, but also inappropriate elimination, loss of appetite and (social) withdrawal. In The Netherlands, firework regulation has been a much-debated topic and we aimed to provide insight into how owners in this country report on their cat's or dog's firework aversion. We gathered reports on 3,009 dogs’ and 622 cats’ firework-related behaviours, exposure, animal (early life) characteristics and owner (dis)agreement with statements relating to firework aversion and animal guidance. We hypothesized that 1) suboptimal early life factors come with higher prevalence of firework aversion and 2) owners that report less firework aversion for their animal, agree more to the statement that owner behaviour affects an animal's future reactions to firework. Our findings confirm the first hypothesis for dogs and the second hypothesis for both species. Firework affects Dutch cats, dogs and their owners not just on New Year's Eve, but for multiple months a year: 64 % of the owners heard firework noise from September onwards. Suboptimal early life factors, of for instance not being noise habituated as a young animal came with higher prevalence of firework fear for dogs, but not cats and habituating particularly kittens seemed uncommon (4 % of kittens). Advice seeking was more common for dogs (54 %) than cats (23 %) with firework aversion. For both species reporting of lasting effects of therapeutic interventions was uncommon. &lt;30 % of the most often applied interventions were reported to have a lasting mitigating effect on firework aversion. This may indicate a high importance of hereditary and early life preventive measures, but our respondents were not in high agreement with statements reflecting such importance. Although our study presents associative evidence only and was based on owner report, not on direct animal observations, we present attention points for future studies. One such attention point is a seemingly low awareness of the lifelong influence of an animal's early life factors. Studying how such awareness affects people that opt for a puppy or kitten as to facilitate acquisition decisions that may or may not come with firework resilient animals, may ultimately benefit animals that were in this study seen to experience firework aversion for multiple months a year, with limited long-term effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on subcutaneous infection model of colibacillosis in broilers: Selected immunological and hematological aspects","authors":"Z. Ghahramani ,&nbsp;N. Mosleh ,&nbsp;T. Shomali ,&nbsp;S. Nazifi ,&nbsp;A. Khodakaram-Tafti","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Colibacillosis is still a major challenge to poultry industry. This study examined selected immune and hematological features of broilers experimentally infected with <em>E. coli</em> via subcutaneous (sc) route. Fifty-one 5-week-old chickens were randomly assigned to three groups: two controls (NC and SCC) and one experimental (SC) group. The SC group was inoculated by O2 <em>E. coli</em> suspension via sc route in the inguinal region. Three days after inoculation, blood sampling was performed. Bacterial count of liver was determined. Histopathological samples of liver, lung, spleen, thymus, and bursa were also collected. Serum total protein and globulin significantly increased in birds of SC group as compared to control birds (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Birds in SC group also showed decreased albumin/globulin ratio. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ remained statistically the same among groups. Lymphocytosis, monocytosis, thrombocytosis and heterophilia were present in SC group. Heterophils/lymphocytes ratio increased in SC birds. Left shift was observed in SC group with cells showing vacuolated cytoplasm that contained toxic granules. Histologically, lung involvement was less severe than liver. Lymphoid depletion was present in all examined lymphoid organs. <em>E. coli</em> growth was observed in liver samples from SC group but not in control birds. In conclusion, using sc route for induction of colibacillosis was associated with a systemic inflammatory response in broilers and histopathological lesions of thymus, bursa, and spleen three days post-infection. It seems that detection of changes in serum cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ) should be performed in earlier hours of the disease in this model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100401"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}