Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.125
Dariusz Chemperek
The aim of the article is to answer the question about the sources of inventio of the so-called Katechizm brzeski [Brest Catechism] showing the confessional and cultural basis of this print published in Brest-Litovsk in the first year of this publishing house’s operation. Printed in 1553, and created by an unknown writer, Katechizm brzeski is a product of various confessional tendencies and aspirations – religious, cultural and political – of the Lithuanian political class in the second half of the 16th century. The conclusions of the article are as following: 1. Katechizm brzeski was published in the second half of 1553. 2. This theologically eclectic catechism is an attempt to find iunctim between Martin Luther’s and John Calvin’s influences. The Lutheran influences prevail. 3. Katechizm brzeski’s author used not only the catechism of Jan Seklucjan (1544), but also two works by Urban Rhegius (catechism from 1543, Medicina animae in the Polish translation, 1551) and Catechismus minor (1527–1528) by Johannes Brenz. 4. The compiler was well versed in the Osiandrian controversy taking place in the 1550s in the nearby Ducal Prussia. As a supporter of Andreas Osiander, the compiler applied to the Katechizm brzeski his optimistic anthropology to the newest – formally Calvinist – catechism.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.124
M. Korogodina
In the second half of the 15th century, a reference apparatus began to be actively developed in Cyrillic manuscripts. This apparatus included prefaces and tables of contents to parts of books, as well as headers, footers, and marginal instructions containing the numbers and titles of chapters, footnotes, and glosses. It served as an aid for navigating a large volume. At the beginning of the 16th century, Matthew the Tenth compiled a Bible while living in Vilnius and Suprasl Monastery. A scribe not only made extensive use of those elements of the reference apparatus that were included in the manuscripts before him, but also significantly developed the reference system for numbering verses, chapters, and pericopes of the biblical text. Numbering became one of the main tools in Matthew the Tenth’s reference apparatus, and up to three or four different numberings could be used on one folio. In an effort to differentiate them, Matthew the Tenth made use of different colors of ink and unusual numbering systems, including both numerals from non-Cyrillic alphabets (Greek and Glagolitic) and numeral systems of his own invention. An additional tool in the reference apparatus of Matthew the Tenth was the system of footnotes which are placed in the margins and use special signs. For this, the scribe used his own system of footnotes which was designed on the basis of musical notation signs.The Bible of Matthew the Tenth, the predecessor to the biblical editions of Francysk Skaryna, shows how quickly and in what an unusual manner the reference apparatus was developed in the late 15th – first half of the 16th century.
{"title":"The reference apparatus in the bible of Matthew the tenth (1502–1507)","authors":"M. Korogodina","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.124","url":null,"abstract":"In the second half of the 15th century, a reference apparatus began to be actively developed in Cyrillic manuscripts. This apparatus included prefaces and tables of contents to parts of books, as well as headers, footers, and marginal instructions containing the numbers and titles of chapters, footnotes, and glosses. It served as an aid for navigating a large volume. At the beginning of the 16th century, Matthew the Tenth compiled a Bible while living in Vilnius and Suprasl Monastery. A scribe not only made extensive use of those elements of the reference apparatus that were included in the manuscripts before him, but also significantly developed the reference system for numbering verses, chapters, and pericopes of the biblical text. Numbering became one of the main tools in Matthew the Tenth’s reference apparatus, and up to three or four different numberings could be used on one folio. In an effort to differentiate them, Matthew the Tenth made use of different colors of ink and unusual numbering systems, including both numerals from non-Cyrillic alphabets (Greek and Glagolitic) and numeral systems of his own invention. An additional tool in the reference apparatus of Matthew the Tenth was the system of footnotes which are placed in the margins and use special signs. For this, the scribe used his own system of footnotes which was designed on the basis of musical notation signs.The Bible of Matthew the Tenth, the predecessor to the biblical editions of Francysk Skaryna, shows how quickly and in what an unusual manner the reference apparatus was developed in the late 15th – first half of the 16th century.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48255190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.120
Rimvydas Petrauskas
Gerbiami kolegos, šiais metais minime reikšmingą Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės (LDK) kultūros istorijos įvykį – Pranciškaus Skorinos spaustuvės įkūrimą Vilniuje ir knygų spausdinimo pradžią Lietuvoje. Spaustuvė buvo įkurta LDK sostinėje, ir nors ji veikė tik kelerius metus, tai buvo didingos istorijos pradžia. Kaip gražiai rašoma šios konferencijos programos įžangoje, „Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė tapo Gutenbergo galaktikos dalimi“. Istorikai, filologai ir menotyrininkai kelias dienas diskutuos apie šį istorinį įvykį, įvairiais aspektais nagrinės jo kultūrinį kontekstą ir pasekmes. Ypač norėčiau pabrėžti šios konferencijos tarpdiscipliniškumą, leidžiantį dalytis žiniomis ir jas gilinti. Akivaizdu, kad Pranciškaus Skorinos spaustuvė yra daugiakultūrės ir daugiakonfesės LDK tradicijos reiškinys. Skorina buvo kilęs iš LDK baltarusiškų žemių, studijavo Paduvoje, paskui dirbo tarp Prahos ir Vilniaus, kur galiausiai pradėjo leisti stačiatikių knygas. Pirmosios jo išleistos knygos pavadinimas buvo „Mažoji kelionių knygelė“. Ir šis pavadinimas gerai atspindi paties Skorinos, kaip ir daugelio kitų to meto literatų, judrumą, nors numatoma pavadinimo prasmė kiek kitokia. XVI a. pradžia buvo reikšmingas LDK istorijos laikotarpis. Tuo metu buvo kodifikuota teisė (Pirmasis Lietuvos Statutas), parašyta pirmoji išsami Lietuvos istorija ir pirmieji originalūs grožinės literatūros kūriniai. Šiame kontekste Skorinos spaustuvės įkūrimas atspindi ir augantį tuometės visuomenės politinį sąmoningumą ir jos raštingumą. Bet grįžkime į dabartį. Džiaugiuosi galėdamas pasveikinti Jus Vilniuje. Tokių asmeninių konferencijų mums visiems labai trūko. Tačiau negalime pamiršti dabartinės politinės situacijos. Turime atsakingai elgtis su istorija. Ir mums skubiai reikia išnagrinėti, kokie turėtų būti naujos Europos ir pasaulio politikos pagrindai. Visas šis mąstymas turi būti racionalus, kryptingas, grįstas žiniomis ir kontekstu. Būtent tai mes, akademikai, galime suteikti visuomenėms, apimtoms karo nerimo, manipuliuojamoms žiniasklaidos ir šališkos propagandos. Būtent taip mes, akademinė bendruomenė, parodome, kokie svarbūs esame išoriniam pasauliui. Kaip Skorina pripažino spausdintų tekstų naudą visuomenei, taip ir mes visi pripažįstame tikslios informacijos sklaidos vertę ir savo pareigą kovoti su dezinformacija. Tačiau sakyti tiesą valdžiai ir ginti tai, kas teisinga, reikia drąsos. Todėl norėčiau pasveikinti kolegas iš Baltarusijos ir Ukrainos. Daugelis iš jų dėl įvairių priežasčių negali eiti savo nuolatinių pareigų, o kai kurie turi vadintis „nepriklausomais tyrėjais“, nes dėl savo pažiūrų neteko darbo. Sveikiname Jus Lietuvoje, Vilniuje, ir esame visada pasirengę Jus paremti. Baigdamas savo kalbą norėčiau palinkėti produktyvios ir prasmingos konferencijos bei maloniai praleisti laiką Vilniuje. Kitais metais [t. y. 2023 m. – vyr. red. pastaba] švęsime mūsų sostinės 700 metų jubiliejų. 1323 m. Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis Gediminas pakvietė žmones iš visos
{"title":"Vilniaus universiteto rektoriaus sveikinimo žodis tarptautinėje mokslinėje konferencijoje „Pranciškus Skorina ir Renesanso knygos kultūra. Skorinos „Mažajai kelionių knygelei“ – 500“","authors":"Rimvydas Petrauskas","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.120","url":null,"abstract":"Gerbiami kolegos, \u0000šiais metais minime reikšmingą Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės (LDK) kultūros istorijos įvykį – Pranciškaus Skorinos spaustuvės įkūrimą Vilniuje ir knygų spausdinimo pradžią Lietuvoje. Spaustuvė buvo įkurta LDK sostinėje, ir nors ji veikė tik kelerius metus, tai buvo didingos istorijos pradžia. Kaip gražiai rašoma šios konferencijos programos įžangoje, „Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė tapo Gutenbergo galaktikos dalimi“. \u0000Istorikai, filologai ir menotyrininkai kelias dienas diskutuos apie šį istorinį įvykį, įvairiais aspektais nagrinės jo kultūrinį kontekstą ir pasekmes. Ypač norėčiau pabrėžti šios konferencijos tarpdiscipliniškumą, leidžiantį dalytis žiniomis ir jas gilinti. Akivaizdu, kad Pranciškaus Skorinos spaustuvė yra daugiakultūrės ir daugiakonfesės LDK tradicijos reiškinys. Skorina buvo kilęs iš LDK baltarusiškų žemių, studijavo Paduvoje, paskui dirbo tarp Prahos ir Vilniaus, kur galiausiai pradėjo leisti stačiatikių knygas. Pirmosios jo išleistos knygos pavadinimas buvo „Mažoji kelionių knygelė“. Ir šis pavadinimas gerai atspindi paties Skorinos, kaip ir daugelio kitų to meto literatų, judrumą, nors numatoma pavadinimo prasmė kiek kitokia. \u0000XVI a. pradžia buvo reikšmingas LDK istorijos laikotarpis. Tuo metu buvo kodifikuota teisė (Pirmasis Lietuvos Statutas), parašyta pirmoji išsami Lietuvos istorija ir pirmieji originalūs grožinės literatūros kūriniai. Šiame kontekste Skorinos spaustuvės įkūrimas atspindi ir augantį tuometės visuomenės politinį sąmoningumą ir jos raštingumą. \u0000Bet grįžkime į dabartį. Džiaugiuosi galėdamas pasveikinti Jus Vilniuje. Tokių asmeninių konferencijų mums visiems labai trūko. Tačiau negalime pamiršti dabartinės politinės situacijos. Turime atsakingai elgtis su istorija. Ir mums skubiai reikia išnagrinėti, kokie turėtų būti naujos Europos ir pasaulio politikos pagrindai. Visas šis mąstymas turi būti racionalus, kryptingas, grįstas žiniomis ir kontekstu. Būtent tai mes, akademikai, galime suteikti visuomenėms, apimtoms karo nerimo, manipuliuojamoms žiniasklaidos ir šališkos propagandos. Būtent taip mes, akademinė bendruomenė, parodome, kokie svarbūs esame išoriniam pasauliui. Kaip Skorina pripažino spausdintų tekstų naudą visuomenei, taip ir mes visi pripažįstame tikslios informacijos sklaidos vertę ir savo pareigą kovoti su dezinformacija. Tačiau sakyti tiesą valdžiai ir ginti tai, kas teisinga, reikia drąsos. \u0000Todėl norėčiau pasveikinti kolegas iš Baltarusijos ir Ukrainos. Daugelis iš jų dėl įvairių priežasčių negali eiti savo nuolatinių pareigų, o kai kurie turi vadintis „nepriklausomais tyrėjais“, nes dėl savo pažiūrų neteko darbo. Sveikiname Jus Lietuvoje, Vilniuje, ir esame visada pasirengę Jus paremti. \u0000Baigdamas savo kalbą norėčiau palinkėti produktyvios ir prasmingos konferencijos bei maloniai praleisti laiką Vilniuje. Kitais metais [t. y. 2023 m. – vyr. red. pastaba] švęsime mūsų sostinės 700 metų jubiliejų. 1323 m. Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis Gediminas pakvietė žmones iš visos","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43832121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.127
Wojciech Kordyzon
This paper discusses the development of the vernacular catechism as a printed genre. The process is exemplified by the editions published in Königsberg between 1545 and 1575 where the catechisms were printed in several vernacular languages (German, Lithuanian, Polish, Prussian) in printing shops run by Hans Weinreich, Aleksander Aujezdecki, and Hans Daubmann. The paper seeks to analyse the material in terms of linguistic coverage in the Duchy of Prussia and, via analysis of the peritextual elements, how the print agents presented their work to the recipients. The aspects of book design, such as the volume, format, and decorations, are included in the analysis to indicate the intended book prestige and usage.
{"title":"Production of Vernacular Catechisms in Early Modern Königsberg (1545–1575), Its Dynamics and Goals Defined by the Print Agents","authors":"Wojciech Kordyzon","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.127","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the development of the vernacular catechism as a printed genre. The process is exemplified by the editions published in Königsberg between 1545 and 1575 where the catechisms were printed in several vernacular languages (German, Lithuanian, Polish, Prussian) in printing shops run by Hans Weinreich, Aleksander Aujezdecki, and Hans Daubmann. The paper seeks to analyse the material in terms of linguistic coverage in the Duchy of Prussia and, via analysis of the peritextual elements, how the print agents presented their work to the recipients. The aspects of book design, such as the volume, format, and decorations, are included in the analysis to indicate the intended book prestige and usage.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42726097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.122
O. Shutova
The article discusses the possibilities of understanding the woodcuts of Francysk Skaryna’s Bivlia ruska from the perspective of the intellectual ‘cosmos’ in the Renaissance Europe. We shall focus on the engraving “Jeremiah the prophet of the Lord weeps while looking at Jerusalem” (árámia púrr¼k7 g³dán6 pla+át6 glád3 na árusali, Скорина Ф. Книжка рекомая плачь Еремиинъ, hereinafter: The Book of Lamentations) putting it in the context of the iconography of this biblical character in the Renaissance. The article warns against ‘inscribing’ Skaryna’s image of Jeremiah in already-prepared schemes. Leaving open the solution of the possible visual sources of Skaryna’s engravings, we would like to avoid its traditional reading, based mainly on classifications, too often subjective and artificial. Our reading of Jeremiah is based on the study of his visual representations widespread in the Renaissance Europe in the late 15th and the early 16th centuries (Albrecht Dürer’s woodcut St. Anthony Reading from 1519; Hartmann Schedel’s Liber Chronicarum, 1493; Biblia vulgare istoriata, 1490, translated by N. Malermi; Biblij Czěská, w Benatkach tisstěná, 1506; Bernard von Breydenbach’s Sanctae peregrinationes, 1486; Werner Rolewinck’s Fasciculus temporum omnes antiquorum cronicas complectens, 1473/74 and its Venetian reprints by E. Ratdolf in the 1480s, etc.). The article emphasizes the importance to frame this iconography in the philosophical and aesthetical contexts of Francysk Skaryna’s epoch (by appealing to such sources as Dürer’s diaries, the works of Marsilio Ficino, quotations of F. Skaryna himself, etc.). We shall examine the plot, the characteristic features of Jerusalem landscape, architecture, religious symbols, and clothes represented at Jeremiah’s engraving in Bivlia ruska to seek the possible sources and inspirations of this engraving, while emphasizing its original character.
本文从文艺复兴时期欧洲知识分子“宇宙”的角度，探讨了理解斯卡琳娜的《俄罗斯比夫利亚》木刻的可能性。我们将专注于雕刻“耶和华的先知耶利米看着耶路撒冷哭泣”（á拉米púrr¼k7g³dán6 pla+át6 glád3 naá鲁萨利。Кни。这篇文章警告说，不要在事先准备好的计划中“刻”斯卡琳娜的杰里迈亚形象。如果不考虑斯卡琳娜版画可能的视觉来源的解决方案，我们希望避免它的传统阅读，主要基于分类，过于主观和人为。我们对耶利米的解读是基于对他在15世纪末和16世纪初文艺复兴时期欧洲广泛存在的视觉表现的研究（阿尔布雷希特·丢勒的木刻《圣安东尼读书》，1519年；哈特曼·谢德尔的《自由的Chronicarum》，1493年；《圣经》，1490年，由N翻译。马勒米；Biblij CzŞská，w Benatkach tisstŞná，1506年；Bernard von Breydenbach的《游学圣地》，1486年；沃纳·罗勒温克的《时间之迷》（Fascculus temporum omnes antiquorum cronicas complexens，1473/74）及其E.Ratdolf在1480年代的威尼斯再版等。Skaryna本人等）。
{"title":"“And he wept over Jerusalem”: On possible sources of Francysk Skaryna’s engra¬ving of prophet Jeremiah in Bivlia Ruska","authors":"O. Shutova","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.122","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the possibilities of understanding the woodcuts of Francysk Skaryna’s Bivlia ruska from the perspective of the intellectual ‘cosmos’ in the Renaissance Europe. We shall focus on the engraving “Jeremiah the prophet of the Lord weeps while looking at Jerusalem” (árámia púrr¼k7 g³dán6 pla+át6 glád3 na árusali, Скорина Ф. Книжка рекомая плачь Еремиинъ, hereinafter: The Book of Lamentations) putting it in the context of the iconography of this biblical character in the Renaissance. The article warns against ‘inscribing’ Skaryna’s image of Jeremiah in already-prepared schemes. Leaving open the solution of the possible visual sources of Skaryna’s engravings, we would like to avoid its traditional reading, based mainly on classifications, too often subjective and artificial. Our reading of Jeremiah is based on the study of his visual representations widespread in the Renaissance Europe in the late 15th and the early 16th centuries (Albrecht Dürer’s woodcut St. Anthony Reading from 1519; Hartmann Schedel’s Liber Chronicarum, 1493; Biblia vulgare istoriata, 1490, translated by N. Malermi; Biblij Czěská, w Benatkach tisstěná, 1506; Bernard von Breydenbach’s Sanctae peregrinationes, 1486; Werner Rolewinck’s Fasciculus temporum omnes antiquorum cronicas complectens, 1473/74 and its Venetian reprints by E. Ratdolf in the 1480s, etc.). The article emphasizes the importance to frame this iconography in the philosophical and aesthetical contexts of Francysk Skaryna’s epoch (by appealing to such sources as Dürer’s diaries, the works of Marsilio Ficino, quotations of F. Skaryna himself, etc.). We shall examine the plot, the characteristic features of Jerusalem landscape, architecture, religious symbols, and clothes represented at Jeremiah’s engraving in Bivlia ruska to seek the possible sources and inspirations of this engraving, while emphasizing its original character.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47937333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2022.79.126
M. Shevchenko, A. Solianyk
Based on the survey results of the leading scientific libraries of Ukraine, the article reveals the current trends in the digitization of library collections. The authors explore the current state of search services for digitized documents by libraries; user access modes to digital copies of documents (public, restricted, local); the ways to register the users for access to full-text digital repositories. The necessity of adopting the National Program for Digitization of Documentation Heritage and its implementation at the corporate level is substantiated. Recommendations for improving the efficiency of digitization of documents by libraries of Ukraine, improving search tools and user-friendly access to digital repositories are given.
{"title":"The State of Digitization of Documentary Heritage in Scientific Libraries of Ukraine","authors":"M. Shevchenko, A. Solianyk","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2022.79.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2022.79.126","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the survey results of the leading scientific libraries of Ukraine, the article reveals the current trends in the digitization of library collections. The authors explore the current state of search services for digitized documents by libraries; user access modes to digital copies of documents (public, restricted, local); the ways to register the users for access to full-text digital repositories. The necessity of adopting the National Program for Digitization of Documentation Heritage and its implementation at the corporate level is substantiated. Recommendations for improving the efficiency of digitization of documents by libraries of Ukraine, improving search tools and user-friendly access to digital repositories are given.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48253107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2022.79.124
Jurgita Girčienė, Daiva Žukauskienė
The theory of the Gestalt therapy which is based on the humanist attitude towards the personality is applied in the social work, education, etc. It is considered to serve as a foundation of interactive bibliotherapy. However, as the professional discourse of the experts of Gestalt has demonstrated, and as it has been proven by the lack of research of the application of bibliotherapy in Gestalt therapy, bibliotherapy is still being underused as an option in Gestalt treatment. Generally, even though the interdisciplinary field of bibliotherapy has been extensively explored, there is an incentive to share the scarce (in terms of quantity) models of the applied nature which would define how bibliotherapy could be systematically involved into various consultation practices with the objective to enhance their efficiency. The article presents one of the possible models of practical application of interactive bibliotherapy in the Gestalt practice which is based on the triple dialogue (in interaction with the therapist) and written reflection of brief fictional texts. The model is based on the grounds of aligning the paradigms of Gestalt therapy and bibliotherapy. Cases of 60 clients who were being applied bibliotherapy throughout the 7 years of operation of one practice were explored with the emphasis on the qualitative aspect. The results of the research proved the appropriateness of bibliotherapy as a secondary means to be applied in Gestalt therapy. It has been established that, under the appropriate field conditions, the properly selected fictional text as the mediator through the dialogue-based reflection with the therapist may help the client to perceive his/her unsatisfied needs and to alter in the desired direction within a shorter timeframe, i.e., it enables personality transformation. In such cases, works of fiction serve the function of the stimulants of the authentic intrapersonal communication (i.e., one’s inner experiences and their inner reflection) and the amplifying or reinforcing function of the stimulants of interpersonal communication. This corroborates the data of neurological research indicating that fiction intensively stimulates and even (trans)forms the intellectual and emotional self- and world perception of a reading individual. The presented model of the application of bibliotherapy may be beneficial not only for the practitioners of Gestalt, but also for librarians, social workers and education specialists as well as the practitioners of therapies of other types, while especially considering the lack of systematic descriptions of the application of bibliotherapy as an additional and enhancing means, which has been highlighted in the relevant literature.
{"title":"Application of Bibliotherapy in Gestalt Therapy: Fiction Books as a Stimulant of Personality Transformation","authors":"Jurgita Girčienė, Daiva Žukauskienė","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2022.79.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2022.79.124","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of the Gestalt therapy which is based on the humanist attitude towards the personality is applied in the social work, education, etc. It is considered to serve as a foundation of interactive bibliotherapy. However, as the professional discourse of the experts of Gestalt has demonstrated, and as it has been proven by the lack of research of the application of bibliotherapy in Gestalt therapy, bibliotherapy is still being underused as an option in Gestalt treatment. Generally, even though the interdisciplinary field of bibliotherapy has been extensively explored, there is an incentive to share the scarce (in terms of quantity) models of the applied nature which would define how bibliotherapy could be systematically involved into various consultation practices with the objective to enhance their efficiency. \u0000The article presents one of the possible models of practical application of interactive bibliotherapy in the Gestalt practice which is based on the triple dialogue (in interaction with the therapist) and written reflection of brief fictional texts. The model is based on the grounds of aligning the paradigms of Gestalt therapy and bibliotherapy. Cases of 60 clients who were being applied bibliotherapy throughout the 7 years of operation of one practice were explored with the emphasis on the qualitative aspect. The results of the research proved the appropriateness of bibliotherapy as a secondary means to be applied in Gestalt therapy. It has been established that, under the appropriate field conditions, the properly selected fictional text as the mediator through the dialogue-based reflection with the therapist may help the client to perceive his/her unsatisfied needs and to alter in the desired direction within a shorter timeframe, i.e., it enables personality transformation. In such cases, works of fiction serve the function of the stimulants of the authentic intrapersonal communication (i.e., one’s inner experiences and their inner reflection) and the amplifying or reinforcing function of the stimulants of interpersonal communication. This corroborates the data of neurological research indicating that fiction intensively stimulates and even (trans)forms the intellectual and emotional self- and world perception of a reading individual. \u0000The presented model of the application of bibliotherapy may be beneficial not only for the practitioners of Gestalt, but also for librarians, social workers and education specialists as well as the practitioners of therapies of other types, while especially considering the lack of systematic descriptions of the application of bibliotherapy as an additional and enhancing means, which has been highlighted in the relevant literature.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41938844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2022.79.121
Domas Kaunas
The article is devoted to a peculiar episode of the struggle of Lithuanians against the policy of persecution based on nationality which was pursued by Imperial Russia between 1864 and 1904. Its participants were representatives of the parts of the Lithuanian nation separated by the border between Germany and the Russian Empire – Martynas Jankus (1858–1946), a German citizen, a Lithuanian of East Prussia, the owner of a printing office in Tilsit (Lith. Tilžė, currently Sovetsk, a town in Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian Federation) and a group of Lithuanian young people who were operating illegally, a group of citizens of the Russian Empire. The time under discussion is the 1890s. During that period, the Lithuanian national movement was rapidly developing and strengthening while striving to bring together both parts of the nation and the USA-based Lithuanian diaspora community. One of the most important measures of the common struggle was the distribution of publications printed in Latin characters in the Lithuanian language which were banned to be published in the territory of Russia but were legally printed in East Prussia and smuggled across the border into Lithuania. From there, the publications were sent to Lithuanian communities all over the Russian Empire. This struggle resulted in victory: the ban was lifted by Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Russia issued in 1904. To strengthen the political opposition, Lithuanian intellectuals printed not only books, brochures and newspapers but also various minor publications – political leaflets. Students of Russian universities and Lithuanian intellectuals graduates of these higher education institutions prepared texts and sent funds intended for their publication to the printing offices of Lithuanians and Germans in East Prussia. The number of such leaflets surviving to the present day is very small. One of these publications was an anonymous card of the size of a standard German postcard (95 x 140 mm). Thus far, three of them have been found in Lithuanian libraries and archives, and one has been discovered in the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg. A composition of two illustrations is printed on one side of the card: a Lithuanian countrywoman and a Cossack standing in front of her with a raised whip and a bottle of vodka as a gift for obedience. This symbolised a spread of orthodoxy and the deportation of Lithuanians from their native land. The following exclamation of the Cossack is printed: Are you a Lithuanian? Go to Russia! The explanation of the content of the illustration and the encouragement (first of all, to Catholic believers) to oppose the plans of the authorities are printed in small characters. They are related to the colonisation of Siberia. The statements are well-grounded, the exposition of the subject is logical and written in the correct Lithuanian language. Most probably, it was created by the graduate of the Faculty of Law of the University of Moscow Vladas Mač
这篇文章专门讲述了立陶宛人反对1864年至1904年俄罗斯帝国实行的基于国籍的迫害政策的一个特殊事件。会议的参与者是被德国和俄罗斯帝国边界隔开的立陶宛民族的代表——马蒂纳斯·扬库斯(Martynas Jankus, 1858-1946)，一个德国公民，一个东普鲁士的立陶宛人，一个在提尔西特(立陶宛)的印刷厂老板。Tilžė，现在的Sovetsk，是俄罗斯联邦加里宁格勒州的一个城镇)和一群非法经营的立陶宛年轻人，一群俄罗斯帝国的公民。讨论的时间是19世纪90年代。在此期间，立陶宛民族运动迅速发展和加强，同时努力将国家的两个部分和在美国的立陶宛侨民社区聚集在一起。共同斗争中最重要的措施之一是分发用立陶宛语印刷的拉丁文字出版物，这些出版物在俄罗斯境内被禁止出版，但在东普鲁士合法印刷，并通过边境走私进入立陶宛。从那里，这些出版物被送往俄罗斯帝国各地的立陶宛社区。这场斗争取得了胜利:1904年颁布的《俄罗斯内阁令》解除了禁令。为了加强政治反对派，立陶宛知识分子不仅印刷书籍、小册子和报纸，还印刷各种小出版物——政治传单。俄罗斯大学的学生和从这些高等教育机构毕业的立陶宛知识分子编写了文本，并向东普鲁士的立陶宛人和德国人的印刷厂寄去了用于出版的资金。这种传单留存至今的数量非常少。其中一份出版物是一张标准德国明信片大小的匿名卡片(95 x 140毫米)。到目前为止，在立陶宛的图书馆和档案馆发现了三份，在圣彼得堡的俄罗斯国家图书馆发现了一份。卡片的一面印着两幅插图:一个立陶宛乡下妇女和一个哥萨克人站在她面前，手里拿着举起的鞭子和一瓶伏特加作为服从的礼物。这象征着正统的传播和立陶宛人被驱逐出他们的故土。上面印着哥萨克人的感叹:“你是立陶宛人吗?”去俄罗斯吧!插图内容的解释和鼓励(首先是天主教信徒)反对当局的计划都用小字印刷。它们与西伯利亚的殖民化有关。这些陈述是有充分根据的，对主题的阐述是合乎逻辑的，并用正确的立陶宛语写成。最有可能的是，它是由莫斯科大学法学院的毕业生Vladas ma(1867-1936)创建的。立陶宛考纳斯大学法学教授、大学图书馆馆长Vaclovas Biržiška是第一个对该出版物进行书目描述的人。作者认为这是一张明信片，注明出自Martynas Jankus的印刷厂，日期为“1892年”。立陶宛国家书目Lietuvos TSR bibliografija的基础工作中公布了更精确的描述。系列A: Knygos lietuvii kalba(立陶宛苏维埃社会主义共和国书目)。系列A:立陶宛语书籍;第2卷:1862-1904。第二卷(维尔纽斯，1988年，第401页，第4065号)。它是在苏联时代编纂的，唯一可用的副本保存在米哈伊尔·j·萨尔季科夫-谢德林国立公共图书馆(现更名为圣彼得堡的俄罗斯国家图书馆)，作为它的基础。本文作者修改了明信片的出版日期(1891年)，并详细说明了它的发行情况，同时也确定了插图的艺术家是Tilsit Johann Mai的平版印刷商。
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Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2022.79.127
V. Bilotas
Extensive archival documentation related to Lithuania and Lithuanians is kept in Russia, and not only in St. Petersburg or Moscow. Archival cases of Lithuanians containing high numbers of ego-documents, are dispersed throughout the vast territory, and are especially numerous in the Siberian memory institutions. Thanks to the project Lithuanian Sibiriada, copies of documents brought from Tobolsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk can be found in the Lithuanian State Historical Archives. By using the analysis of documents and the method of classification, this article tries to systematize the information about the relevant materials found in the state archives of Siberia and to determine their typology. The studied documentation covering the period between 1773 and 1923 was found to belong to such areas of public life as politics, economics, science, education, culture, religion, administration, law, statistics, labor, and migration. These are documents (ranging from drafts and copies to official originals) produced by Lithuanians themselves, scribes, state officials not only in Siberia, but also in Lithuania, St. Petersburg or other parts of the Russian Empire. By type, among the discovered documents, there are decrees and manifests, deportation sentences, appointment letters, certificates, sheets, decisions, court records, lists, metrics, reports, reviews, statistics, financial documents. In terms of ego-documents, letters, requests, complaints, explanations, and wills can be found. With such texts, people sought to report, ask, defend themselves or those close to them, or bequeath property. The government created documents with the purpose of informing, registering, taxing, deporting, liberating, accommodating, employing, accumulating data; (not) issuing permits, allowances, salaries. Photos were taken for the mass media, identification, or inspection. Siberian documents touch on such topics as the uprisings, the annexation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, attempts of Russification, exiles and prisoners, police surveillance, deaths, liberation, return to the social group, employment, marriage, obtaining a passport, business, resettlement, return to Lithuania. Documentary testimonies are available about free Lithuanians in Siberia: workers and farmers, students and teachers, businesspeople and craftsmen, doctors and priests, officials and various specialists, war refugees and repatriates. The addressees of the letters were the governors’ offices, directorates, courts, various institutions, officials, private people. The study showed that, between 1773 and 1923, Siberian documents about Lithuanians most frequently concern the deported persons (political, criminal), their data and applications. Yet, there are also archival cases significant for the history of Lithuania about the Lithuanian colonies, various specialists, famous personalities, businesspeople, about events in Lithuania itself.
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