Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.123
Marina Čistiakova
The Pandects, an anthology of passages from the Holy Scripture and the writings of the Church Fathers, was compiled in Medieval Greek in around 620 by Antiochus, a monk of the Laura of Mar Saba, at the request of hegumen Eustachius of the Monastery of Atalina. In the 10th century, this collection was translated into the Church Slavonic language in Bulgaria and soon became known in Kyivan Rus’. No later than in the 1160s, fragments of the Pandects were included in the Synaxarion or the Prologue, a calendar collection of the lives of saints and sermons. The didactic part of the Expanded edition of the Prologue was supplemented for the first half of the year with 21 carefully edited passages from the Pandects. During the 14th‒17th centuries, scribes revised the translation of the Pandects again. The subject of this study is the new versions of the Pandects of Antiochus in comparison with the traditional synaxarian sermons from this source. When examining about 100 copies of the Prologue from the autumn-winter half of the church year, dating back to the 14th‒17th centuries, 6 such articles were found. In the Moscow and Kirill-Belozersky editions of the Prologue, which belong to the Moscow literary tradition, I found two new versions (A Sermon on Fasting and on Prayer, A Sermon on if one Loves the World). The fragments of the Pandects were copied from the source in their entirety, without introducing significant changes. In the manuscript tradition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), and later also of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (PLC), more new variants of the sermons appeared. In the Navahrudak edition, in the two varieties of the Expanded edition and in the Museum edition, four traditional Prologue articles were edited (A Sermon on Eloquence, A Sermon on Dreams, A Sermon on Fasting and on Prayer, A Sermon on if one Loves the World). The writers used a special technique of segmenting the sermons and amending their style. It is possible to conclude that the 10th century translation of the work of monk Antiochus underwent a greater transformation in the literary tradition of the GDL than in the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Ukrainian scribes played a special role in the reception of the Pandects of Antiochus in the lands of the GDL and later in the PLC.
{"title":"New Versions of the Sermons from the Pandects of Antiochus in the Church Slavonic Prologue","authors":"Marina Čistiakova","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.123","url":null,"abstract":"The Pandects, an anthology of passages from the Holy Scripture and the writings of the Church Fathers, was compiled in Medieval Greek in around 620 by Antiochus, a monk of the Laura of Mar Saba, at the request of hegumen Eustachius of the Monastery of Atalina. In the 10th century, this collection was translated into the Church Slavonic language in Bulgaria and soon became known in Kyivan Rus’. No later than in the 1160s, fragments of the Pandects were included in the Synaxarion or the Prologue, a calendar collection of the lives of saints and sermons. The didactic part of the Expanded edition of the Prologue was supplemented for the first half of the year with 21 carefully edited passages from the Pandects. During the 14th‒17th centuries, scribes revised the translation of the Pandects again. The subject of this study is the new versions of the Pandects of Antiochus in comparison with the traditional synaxarian sermons from this source. When examining about 100 copies of the Prologue from the autumn-winter half of the church year, dating back to the 14th‒17th centuries, 6 such articles were found. In the Moscow and Kirill-Belozersky editions of the Prologue, which belong to the Moscow literary tradition, I found two new versions (A Sermon on Fasting and on Prayer, A Sermon on if one Loves the World). The fragments of the Pandects were copied from the source in their entirety, without introducing significant changes. In the manuscript tradition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), and later also of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (PLC), more new variants of the sermons appeared. In the Navahrudak edition, in the two varieties of the Expanded edition and in the Museum edition, four traditional Prologue articles were edited (A Sermon on Eloquence, A Sermon on Dreams, A Sermon on Fasting and on Prayer, A Sermon on if one Loves the World). The writers used a special technique of segmenting the sermons and amending their style. It is possible to conclude that the 10th century translation of the work of monk Antiochus underwent a greater transformation in the literary tradition of the GDL than in the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Ukrainian scribes played a special role in the reception of the Pandects of Antiochus in the lands of the GDL and later in the PLC.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46836103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.134
Ilja Lemeškin
A polemical article reacts to the plenary part of the conference Francysk Skaryna and the Renaissance book culture. Skaryna’s Little Travel Book turns 500, held in Vilnius on 22–23 September 2022. After a review of the history of Little Traveler’s Book studies since 1971, five problems in the study of the first printed book of the GDL, touched on in S. Temchin’s plenary speech The Place of Printing of Francysk Skaryna’s “Little Traveller’s Book”: New Assumptions are discussed. In addition, two other aspects related to the study of place and time of printing: genre predetermination and application of modern methods to the study of Little Traveler’s Book are investigated.
{"title":"Проблемы изучения Малой подорожной книжки. Полемический экскурс","authors":"Ilja Lemeškin","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.134","url":null,"abstract":"A polemical article reacts to the plenary part of the conference Francysk Skaryna and the Renaissance book culture. Skaryna’s Little Travel Book turns 500, held in Vilnius on 22–23 September 2022. After a review of the history of Little Traveler’s Book studies since 1971, five problems in the study of the first printed book of the GDL, touched on in S. Temchin’s plenary speech The Place of Printing of Francysk Skaryna’s “Little Traveller’s Book”: New Assumptions are discussed. In addition, two other aspects related to the study of place and time of printing: genre predetermination and application of modern methods to the study of Little Traveler’s Book are investigated.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41538171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.133
Aušra Navickienė
The aim of this article is to reconstruct the history of how anniversaries of Francysk Skaryna’s life and work were commemorated in the Lithuanian academic environment. It looks for answers to questions of when these anniversaries began to be celebrated in Lithuania, which part of the academic community was involved in these activities, and how they have contributed to the dissemination of the knowledge of book studies. The author analysed scholarly events and anniversary publications dedicated to Francysk Skaryna by discussing the authors and the content of scholarly publishing results, as well as the organizers, topics, and participant geography of scholarly events. Collection of data from written sources, such as various bibliographic resources, official documents, memoirs, and informational articles published in periodicals in various historical periods, was aided by examining informational and scholarly publications de visu and applying other methods of historical research. The collected historical facts were studied in the context of Skaryna studies and the historiography of the Lithuanian book, evaluated from the viewpoint of scholarly communication and systematized by using the already-established periodization of Lithuanian book studies.
{"title":"Commemorating Anniversaries of the Life and Work of Francysk Skaryna in Lithuania from the Viewpoint of Book Studies and Scholarly Communication","authors":"Aušra Navickienė","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.133","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to reconstruct the history of how anniversaries of Francysk Skaryna’s life and work were commemorated in the Lithuanian academic environment. It looks for answers to questions of when these anniversaries began to be celebrated in Lithuania, which part of the academic community was involved in these activities, and how they have contributed to the dissemination of the knowledge of book studies. \u0000The author analysed scholarly events and anniversary publications dedicated to Francysk Skaryna by discussing the authors and the content of scholarly publishing results, as well as the organizers, topics, and participant geography of scholarly events. Collection of data from written sources, such as various bibliographic resources, official documents, memoirs, and informational articles published in periodicals in various historical periods, was aided by examining informational and scholarly publications de visu and applying other methods of historical research. The collected historical facts were studied in the context of Skaryna studies and the historiography of the Lithuanian book, evaluated from the viewpoint of scholarly communication and systematized by using the already-established periodization of Lithuanian book studies.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45251476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.121
J. Raven
In a comparison of bibliographical approaches to Francysk Skaryna’s The Little Traveller’s Book (1522) and Erik Pontoppidan’s Natural History of Norway (1752) this article argues that attempts to write a book biography can benefit from extensive archival research as well as close physical examination of surviving copies, using new forensic technologies as well as adapting more traditional modes of investigation. Ultimately, however, the concept of ‘biography’ or ‘life cycle’ is questioned. The article examines the intellectual genesis, writing, translation, critical review, reception and collection of the Natural History as well as its extraordinary legacy – a legacy that is helpfully comparable to and distinctive from that of Skaryna’s work. Both writers moved in a world of circuits, of typographical and bibliographical innovation and comment, of travel and translation, of new and emergent accessibility to language and books – all, from their perspective, from the beneficence of God and to His glorification. Skaryna’s journey took him from Polatsk and Vilnius to Kraków and Padua, to his first Psalter and other biblical publishing in Prague and his The Little Traveller’s Book in Vilnius, to travels to Moscow, Poznan, Königsberg and back to Vilnius and Prague. As with Skaryna, Pontoppidan engaged in wide travel, also establishing far flung contacts and correspondence. Both faced constraints, and most notably the impact of war, disease, political and religious intervention and fires that destroyed cities and printing houses. Both writers were determined to write in the vernacular, Skaryna working to translate and create new type, all to make books of the Bible available in an accessible language. Skaryna contributed to the development of the Belarusian literary language just as Pontoppidan’s writing and interest in dialect contributed both to the standardization of Danish and the distinctive linguistic origins of Norwegian. Both composed prefaces to their editions, in which they emphasized that the purpose of their publishing activities was to help ordinary people, in Skaryna’s words to “become acquainted with wisdom and science.” The legacies of both diverged from literary references and directly derivative sightings of sea monsters in the case of Pontoppidan, to numerous statues and other material commemorations in the case of Skaryna who remains embroiled symbolically in different claims over national identities. The concluding assessment of whether such study can contribute to a ‘book biography’ or ‘life cycle’ is guarded, suggesting alternative concepts that might be tested. This includes the idea of a ‘book biology’ whereby, in such study of a ‘life’, a book is conceived by its intellectual creator with very specific intentions and is then transmuted by other actors and agencies into different material, visual and linguistic forms. In the case of Skaryna, the creations amounted to numerous unstable texts, variously arranged, with uncertain
{"title":"Can there be a Biography of a Book?: Comparative Observations on Publications by Francysk Skaryna and Erik Pontoppidan","authors":"J. Raven","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.121","url":null,"abstract":" In a comparison of bibliographical approaches to Francysk Skaryna’s The Little Traveller’s Book (1522) and Erik Pontoppidan’s Natural History of Norway (1752) this article argues that attempts to write a book biography can benefit from extensive archival research as well as close physical examination of surviving copies, using new forensic technologies as well as adapting more traditional modes of investigation. Ultimately, however, the concept of ‘biography’ or ‘life cycle’ is questioned. The article examines the intellectual genesis, writing, translation, critical review, reception and collection of the Natural History as well as its extraordinary legacy – a legacy that is helpfully comparable to and distinctive from that of Skaryna’s work. Both writers moved in a world of circuits, of typographical and bibliographical innovation and comment, of travel and translation, of new and emergent accessibility to language and books – all, from their perspective, from the beneficence of God and to His glorification. Skaryna’s journey took him from Polatsk and Vilnius to Kraków and Padua, to his first Psalter and other biblical publishing in Prague and his The Little Traveller’s Book in Vilnius, to travels to Moscow, Poznan, Königsberg and back to Vilnius and Prague. As with Skaryna, Pontoppidan engaged in wide travel, also establishing far flung contacts and correspondence. Both faced constraints, and most notably the impact of war, disease, political and religious intervention and fires that destroyed cities and printing houses. Both writers were determined to write in the vernacular, Skaryna working to translate and create new type, all to make books of the Bible available in an accessible language. Skaryna contributed to the development of the Belarusian literary language just as Pontoppidan’s writing and interest in dialect contributed both to the standardization of Danish and the distinctive linguistic origins of Norwegian. Both composed prefaces to their editions, in which they emphasized that the purpose of their publishing activities was to help ordinary people, in Skaryna’s words to “become acquainted with wisdom and science.” The legacies of both diverged from literary references and directly derivative sightings of sea monsters in the case of Pontoppidan, to numerous statues and other material commemorations in the case of Skaryna who remains embroiled symbolically in different claims over national identities. \u0000The concluding assessment of whether such study can contribute to a ‘book biography’ or ‘life cycle’ is guarded, suggesting alternative concepts that might be tested. This includes the idea of a ‘book biology’ whereby, in such study of a ‘life’, a book is conceived by its intellectual creator with very specific intentions and is then transmuted by other actors and agencies into different material, visual and linguistic forms. In the case of Skaryna, the creations amounted to numerous unstable texts, variously arranged, with uncertain ","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41671509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.131
Mariya Polimirova
The aim of this paper is to present the publications of the printing houses in Vilnius from the end of the 16th and the 17th century which have been preserved in the larger Bulgarian libraries and in the archives in Sofia, Plovdiv, and Rila Monastery. These are some of the liturgical books published by Peter Mstislavets, the Mamonichi brothers, and the printing house of the Holy Spirit Monastery. We are offering systematic information with brief descriptions of the preserved copies. We are tracing the distribution of these printed books and the ways of their penetration into the Bulgarian lands in the 16th –17th century, as well as their usage in the following centuries.
{"title":"Vilnius Editions from the End of the 16th and the Beginning of the 17th Century in Bulgaria","authors":"Mariya Polimirova","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.131","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to present the publications of the printing houses in Vilnius from the end of the 16th and the 17th century which have been preserved in the larger Bulgarian libraries and in the archives in Sofia, Plovdiv, and Rila Monastery. These are some of the liturgical books published by Peter Mstislavets, the Mamonichi brothers, and the printing house of the Holy Spirit Monastery. We are offering systematic information with brief descriptions of the preserved copies. We are tracing the distribution of these printed books and the ways of their penetration into the Bulgarian lands in the 16th –17th century, as well as their usage in the following centuries.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43684939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.126
J. Ostapczuk
Merely four out of 110 Cyrillic early printed liturgical Tetraevangelia were printed in Vilnius. Three of them were issued at Mamonich Printing House (1575, 1600 and ca. 1620) and one at Vilnius Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit (1644). As these four editions were frequently consulted in various book studies and completely neglected in liturgical scholarship, the commemorations of saints and feasts present in Menologia (i.e., in the fixed liturgical calendar) of all of Vilnius Gospels and other typologically homogeneous books were chosen as the subject of this research.This study was based on all Cyrillic early printed liturgical Tetraevangelia, i.e., books issued before the year 1800. Special attention was paid to the three 16th c. Moscow (so-called anonymous) and the first two Lviv editions (issued in 1636 and 1644), as they are sometimes treated as the origins of Vilnius Gospels.Textual and liturgical analyses of Menologia were the main research methods applied in this publication. The varying number of days in the twelve months, the presence or absence of saints and feasts, as well asthe verbatim correspondence of the names of commemorations and the information on the recitation of the Gospel fragments at the Divine Liturgy have been analysed. The outcomes of the undertaken research have proven that three Mamonich Gospel editions copied the Muscovite liturgical tradition, whereas Vilnius Brotherhood’s Tetraevangelion fully reproduced the first Lviv Gospel.This means that one of the three 16th c. Moscow anonymous Tetraevangelia had served as the origin for the first Mamonich edition, and that the fourth Vilnius Gospel is an accurate copy of the first Lviv Tetraevangelion. Textual variants revealed in Vilnius Gospel editions must be treated as the result of the printers’ text revision. A full list of all 203 commemorations present in the Menologia of the four Vilnius Tetraevanalia was added to this study.
{"title":"Menologia of cyrillic early printed liturgical tetraevangelia issued in Vilnius","authors":"J. Ostapczuk","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.126","url":null,"abstract":"Merely four out of 110 Cyrillic early printed liturgical Tetraevangelia were printed in Vilnius. Three of them were issued at Mamonich Printing House (1575, 1600 and ca. 1620) and one at Vilnius Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit (1644). As these four editions were frequently consulted in various book studies and completely neglected in liturgical scholarship, the commemorations of saints and feasts present in Menologia (i.e., in the fixed liturgical calendar) of all of Vilnius Gospels and other typologically homogeneous books were chosen as the subject of this research.This study was based on all Cyrillic early printed liturgical Tetraevangelia, i.e., books issued before the year 1800. Special attention was paid to the three 16th c. Moscow (so-called anonymous) and the first two Lviv editions (issued in 1636 and 1644), as they are sometimes treated as the origins of Vilnius Gospels.Textual and liturgical analyses of Menologia were the main research methods applied in this publication. The varying number of days in the twelve months, the presence or absence of saints and feasts, as well asthe verbatim correspondence of the names of commemorations and the information on the recitation of the Gospel fragments at the Divine Liturgy have been analysed. The outcomes of the undertaken research have proven that three Mamonich Gospel editions copied the Muscovite liturgical tradition, whereas Vilnius Brotherhood’s Tetraevangelion fully reproduced the first Lviv Gospel.This means that one of the three 16th c. Moscow anonymous Tetraevangelia had served as the origin for the first Mamonich edition, and that the fourth Vilnius Gospel is an accurate copy of the first Lviv Tetraevangelion. Textual variants revealed in Vilnius Gospel editions must be treated as the result of the printers’ text revision. A full list of all 203 commemorations present in the Menologia of the four Vilnius Tetraevanalia was added to this study.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49269371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.130
Ieva Rusteikaitė
In the early modern period, the relentless growth in the copies of printed books and the increasing competition between craftsmen meant that, since the invention of Gutenberg until the 19th century, European bookbinders were forced to look for cheaper and quicker binding techniques. Based on this assumption, the article focuses on some of the bindings of books printed from the middle of the 16th until the middle of the 17th century which belonged to the library of Vilnius Jesuit Academy. This study is part of a broader research on the bindings of the Vilnius Jesuit Academy Library, and the article is limited to two groups of sources: books printed in Italy and books printed in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). The historical bindings are discussed by following the approach targeting the field of decorative arts and material culture studies, which is also well known as the ‘archaeology’ of the book or the bookbinding. It focuses not only on the decorative features of the cover of the book, but also on the structural features of the bindings which reveal comprehensively the work of the craftsmen of the past. This method of analysis is particularly useful for discussing not only decorated but also undecorated bindings which have so far received very limited attention in the research of the old Lithuanian book. As a result, the research revealed that the modest parchment bindings form nearly a half of all the examined bindings of the collection, and confirm the practical rather than the representational aspect of the Jesuit Library. According to the complexity of the technical execution and the number of operations involved in the process of binding, five binding techniques have been distinguished, ranging from the most complex to the simplest bindings, closely related with a retail bindings. What is more, a consistent number of parchment bindings are denoted by structural features, which is close to the Italian bookbinding tradition. The predominance of the latter in the group of Italian prints makes it possible to consider the possibility of already bound books entering the library of Vilnius Jesuit Academy. Moreover, the research has revealed certain binding features linked to the bookbinding traditions in Italy and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
{"title":"Elegant and Practical: Bindings of Books Printed in the Middle of 16th and the First Half of the 17th Centuries in Italy and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Library of Vilnius Jesuit Academy","authors":"Ieva Rusteikaitė","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.130","url":null,"abstract":"In the early modern period, the relentless growth in the copies of printed books and the increasing competition between craftsmen meant that, since the invention of Gutenberg until the 19th century, European bookbinders were forced to look for cheaper and quicker binding techniques. Based on this assumption, the article focuses on some of the bindings of books printed from the middle of the 16th until the middle of the 17th century which belonged to the library of Vilnius Jesuit Academy. This study is part of a broader research on the bindings of the Vilnius Jesuit Academy Library, and the article is limited to two groups of sources: books printed in Italy and books printed in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). The historical bindings are discussed by following the approach targeting the field of decorative arts and material culture studies, which is also well known as the ‘archaeology’ of the book or the bookbinding. It focuses not only on the decorative features of the cover of the book, but also on the structural features of the bindings which reveal comprehensively the work of the craftsmen of the past. This method of analysis is particularly useful for discussing not only decorated but also undecorated bindings which have so far received very limited attention in the research of the old Lithuanian book. As a result, the research revealed that the modest parchment bindings form nearly a half of all the examined bindings of the collection, and confirm the practical rather than the representational aspect of the Jesuit Library. According to the complexity of the technical execution and the number of operations involved in the process of binding, five binding techniques have been distinguished, ranging from the most complex to the simplest bindings, closely related with a retail bindings. What is more, a consistent number of parchment bindings are denoted by structural features, which is close to the Italian bookbinding tradition. The predominance of the latter in the group of Italian prints makes it possible to consider the possibility of already bound books entering the library of Vilnius Jesuit Academy. Moreover, the research has revealed certain binding features linked to the bookbinding traditions in Italy and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42920952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.128
Grażyna Jurkowlaniec
Strategies adopted by the early modern printers vis-à-vis the acquisition and use of woodcut blocks depended on various internal and external factors. One might assume that the former—a printer’s personal ambitions and convictions concerning the role of illustrations in general—were in most part dependent on the latter (i.e., the economic, political or legal circumstances). Hans Daubmann, a printer active first in Nuremberg in 1547–54 and then in Königsberg in 1554–73, is an interesting case of a fairly consistent approach to illustrations, despite the diametrically different conditions in which each of his printing houses operated. In Nuremberg, he tried—but ultimately failed—to establish his professional position, struggling against tough competition and censorship, while, in Königsberg, he easily and almost immediately dominated the local market with support from the Duke of Prussia. In both places, Daubmann issued many illustrated works and invariably minimised the associated expenditures. He was exceptionally keen on repurchasing woodblocks from various sources, which was undoubtedly much cheaper than commissioning new items. Even when he chose to order new matrices, they usually reproduced popular models. This conservative strategy was preserved until the mid-17th century by Daubmann’s heirs and followers: Georg Osterberger, Johann Fabricius and Lorenz Segebade. They mostly reused these woodblocks, some heavily worn out, and only exceptionally developed the inherited stock of printing matrices.
{"title":"Repurchased, Ordered, Inherited: The Origins of Woodcut Blocks in the Königsberg Printing House of Hans Daubmann and His Heirs","authors":"Grażyna Jurkowlaniec","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.128","url":null,"abstract":"Strategies adopted by the early modern printers vis-à-vis the acquisition and use of woodcut blocks depended on various internal and external factors. One might assume that the former—a printer’s personal ambitions and convictions concerning the role of illustrations in general—were in most part dependent on the latter (i.e., the economic, political or legal circumstances). Hans Daubmann, a printer active first in Nuremberg in 1547–54 and then in Königsberg in 1554–73, is an interesting case of a fairly consistent approach to illustrations, despite the diametrically different conditions in which each of his printing houses operated. In Nuremberg, he tried—but ultimately failed—to establish his professional position, struggling against tough competition and censorship, while, in Königsberg, he easily and almost immediately dominated the local market with support from the Duke of Prussia. In both places, Daubmann issued many illustrated works and invariably minimised the associated expenditures. He was exceptionally keen on repurchasing woodblocks from various sources, which was undoubtedly much cheaper than commissioning new items. Even when he chose to order new matrices, they usually reproduced popular models. This conservative strategy was preserved until the mid-17th century by Daubmann’s heirs and followers: Georg Osterberger, Johann Fabricius and Lorenz Segebade. They mostly reused these woodblocks, some heavily worn out, and only exceptionally developed the inherited stock of printing matrices.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46906621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.119
Ingrida Šimonytė
Gerbiami konferencijos organizatoriai ir svečiai, džiaugiuosi, kad visos pastarųjų metų krizės nesutrukdė Vilniuje įvykti svarbiai ir itin simbolinę prasmę šiandien turinčiai tarptautinei konferencijai „Pranciškus Skorina ir Renesanso knygos kultūra“. Didvyriškas ukrainiečių pasipriešinimas okupantams ir jų meilė laisvei viso pasaulio akis nukreipė į regioną, kuris anksčiau santykinai domino tik nedidelę dalį. Atsigręžta į istoriją bei santykius tarp ukrainiečių, gudų, lietuvių, į daugiakultūrį LDK paveldą, kuris padeda geriau pažinti dabartinės Europos šaknis, atpažinti unikalius jos tapatybės atspalvius. Prieš penkis šimtus metų Vilniuje įkurta pirmoji spaustuvė regione pradėjo naują knygos kultūros etapą ir tapo vartais į Renesanso epochą. Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas 2022 metus paskelbė Pranciškaus Skorinos metais. Tai svarus raginimas geriau pažinti persidengiančią Rytų Europos tautų istoriją. Grįždami į Europos namus, privalėjome daug ko įvairiose srityse išmokti iš vakariau esančių Europos valstybių, kurių raidos nepertraukė sovietinė okupacija. Tačiau svarbu pripažinti, kad Europą vienija ne tik bendros ekonominio gyvenimo taisyklės ar politiniai principai, bet ir daugiakultūrė istorinė patirtis, tad gilesnis buvusio LDK regiono pažinimas gali praturtinti europietišką vaizduotę. Tikiuosi, kad šios konferencijos įžvalgos bus įdomios ne tik specialistams, bet ir suteiks kultūrinį postūmį Lietuvos viešajai sričiai. Nuoširdžiai sveikinu ir dėkoju visiems, tiek konferencijos rengėjams, tiek dalyviams, bei linkiu įdomių diskusijų, kurios skatintų naujus tyrimus.
{"title":"Lietuvos respublikos ministrės pirmininkės sveikinimo žodis tarptautinėje mokslinėje konferencijoje „Pranciškus Skorina ir Renesanso knygos kultūra. Skorinos „Mažajai kelionių knygelei“ – 500“","authors":"Ingrida Šimonytė","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.119","url":null,"abstract":"Gerbiami konferencijos organizatoriai ir svečiai, \u0000džiaugiuosi, kad visos pastarųjų metų krizės nesutrukdė Vilniuje įvykti svarbiai ir itin simbolinę prasmę šiandien turinčiai tarptautinei konferencijai „Pranciškus Skorina ir Renesanso knygos kultūra“. \u0000Didvyriškas ukrainiečių pasipriešinimas okupantams ir jų meilė laisvei viso pasaulio akis nukreipė į regioną, kuris anksčiau santykinai domino tik nedidelę dalį. \u0000Atsigręžta į istoriją bei santykius tarp ukrainiečių, gudų, lietuvių, į daugiakultūrį LDK paveldą, kuris padeda geriau pažinti dabartinės Europos šaknis, atpažinti unikalius jos tapatybės atspalvius. \u0000Prieš penkis šimtus metų Vilniuje įkurta pirmoji spaustuvė regione pradėjo naują knygos kultūros etapą ir tapo vartais į Renesanso epochą. \u0000Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas 2022 metus paskelbė Pranciškaus Skorinos metais. Tai svarus raginimas geriau pažinti persidengiančią Rytų Europos tautų istoriją. \u0000Grįždami į Europos namus, privalėjome daug ko įvairiose srityse išmokti iš vakariau esančių Europos valstybių, kurių raidos nepertraukė sovietinė okupacija. Tačiau svarbu pripažinti, kad Europą vienija ne tik bendros ekonominio gyvenimo taisyklės ar politiniai principai, bet ir daugiakultūrė istorinė patirtis, tad gilesnis buvusio LDK regiono pažinimas gali praturtinti europietišką vaizduotę. \u0000Tikiuosi, kad šios konferencijos įžvalgos bus įdomios ne tik specialistams, bet ir suteiks kultūrinį postūmį Lietuvos viešajai sričiai. \u0000Nuoširdžiai sveikinu ir dėkoju visiems, tiek konferencijos rengėjams, tiek dalyviams, bei linkiu įdomių diskusijų, kurios skatintų naujus tyrimus.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43395604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.129
Tomas Petreikis
On the grounds of the bibliographic analysis of the publications in the Polish language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of the 16th century, this article reconstructs the phenomena of anonymity, counterfeiting and piracy. In this country, the life of the printed media was fairly liberal and hardly restricted at all. In the course of political and religious struggles, authors, translators, publishers and compilers frequently preferred to conceal the data on the real authorship and typography in their publications. Political and religious factions had to consider the opinion of the ruler and their seniority; therefore, only anonymous impact on the public opinion allowed ensuring the defense of one’s attitudes and the desired impact on the society. This strategy of anonymity was protecting the stakeholders from getting into trouble, while also expanding the scope of commercial activity for the typographers. The phenomenon of piracy was also being promoted by the different legal regulation of the printed media in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, and, due to the physically vast distances, the feeling of impunity developed. The authors and typographers were acting honestly in such cases when the published literature contained no controversial materials, or when they had the solid backing of the powers, and also in the cases when legal protection of the printed media was ensured.
{"title":"Anonymity, Piracy and Counterfeiting in the Polish Language Publications in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 2nd Half of the 16th Century","authors":"Tomas Petreikis","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.129","url":null,"abstract":"On the grounds of the bibliographic analysis of the publications in the Polish language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of the 16th century, this article reconstructs the phenomena of anonymity, counterfeiting and piracy. In this country, the life of the printed media was fairly liberal and hardly restricted at all. In the course of political and religious struggles, authors, translators, publishers and compilers frequently preferred to conceal the data on the real authorship and typography in their publications. Political and religious factions had to consider the opinion of the ruler and their seniority; therefore, only anonymous impact on the public opinion allowed ensuring the defense of one’s attitudes and the desired impact on the society. This strategy of anonymity was protecting the stakeholders from getting into trouble, while also expanding the scope of commercial activity for the typographers. The phenomenon of piracy was also being promoted by the different legal regulation of the printed media in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, and, due to the physically vast distances, the feeling of impunity developed. The authors and typographers were acting honestly in such cases when the published literature contained no controversial materials, or when they had the solid backing of the powers, and also in the cases when legal protection of the printed media was ensured.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45092608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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