Pub Date : 2022-06-27DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2022.78.108
J. Tyrkkö, I. Mäkinen
The availability of databases of digitised literary materials, such as Google Books, Europeana and historical newspaper databases, has revolutionised many disciplines, e.g., linguistics and history. So far, the use of digitised materials has not been very frequent in the history of books and the history of reading. This article presents tools, methodologies and practices that offer new possibilities in the study of book history and the history of reading. The use of these tools makes it possible to study vast amounts of data quickly and effectively, to present results in helpful visualisations, to make it possible to follow the line of reasoning and, if necessary, to check the reliability of the research by presenting the data for control. The examples presented are drawn from the Google Books database using a simple piece of software that exploits the API of the Google Books Ngram Viewer tool that is available free of charge.
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Pub Date : 2022-06-27DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2022.78.105
K. Highland
This article explores the phenomenon of the gift enterprise bookstore in the mid-nineteenth-century United States. An early form of premium marketing, the gift-book enterprise promised to reward each book purchase with a surprise ‘gift’, ranging from pencils to dress patterns to cutlery to jewellery. A novel form of marketing books, the gift enterprise bookstore teetered on a thin line between sensation and sham. Although decried as form of illegal lottery gambling and beset by accusations of dishonesty, gift-book enterprises grew immensely popular. Drawing on extensive archival research on one of the most successful gift-book enterprises, the bookstores of G.G. and D.W. Evans—operating in urban centres from 1856–1861—this article examines gift enterprise bookselling in the context of mid-nineteenth-century American print cultures. As savvy entrepreneurs, the Evans’ leveraged the national reach and perceived authority of the newspaper by engaging in debates over the morality and legality of the business in the columns of widely-circulating papers and capitalised on editorial and reprinting practices to endorse their business model and market their bookstores. In addition, in lengthy bookseller catalogues distributed across the nation, the Evans’ created a bookstore in print and shaped inclusive imagined and real communities of reader-book buyers. Examining the print culture of Evans’ gift-book enterprise offers new insights into nineteenth-century book marketing and the ways in which gift enterprise bookselling was intimately connected to and inseparable from contemporary print forms, networks, and practices. Taking the gift-book enterprise seriously expands the histories of American bookselling and decentres the dominant focus on large publishers. In addition, the gift-bookstore phenomenon highlights how bookselling is always entwined with larger cultural dynamics.
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Pub Date : 2022-06-27DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2022.78.109
C. Knott
In the early 1970s, a research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology used new methods of computer modelling to simulate global dynamic processes. The outcome of their work was a series of projections of the depletion of natural resources worldwide, with potentially dire consequences for the environment and the economy. Their report on their modelling and its projections was issued as a book in 1972, entitled The Limits to Growth. It created an immediate debate among scholars, policy makers, and other educated readers, and publications citing The Limits to Growth over its lifespan are voluminous. It continues to be cited 50 years after it was issued. The long citation period and the varied responses over time pose challenges for the book historian seeking to characterise the reception of the book. This article explores the ways in which book historians can use readily available citation analysis and visualisation tools to deepen understanding of a book’s reception beyond the qualitative methods typically used in the secondary literature. The Web of Science’s citation indexing and the HathiTrust collection’s full-text searching capability are used to identify articles and books that have cited or referred to The Limits to Growth. Examples of the visualisations generated from the search results in each are included as illustrations of simple, accessible tools that the lone book historian can use when the scale of his or her work does not require the kind of computational analytics created to parse big textual data in digital humanities projects.
在20世纪70年代早期，麻省理工学院的一个研究小组使用新的计算机建模方法来模拟全球动态过程。他们的工作结果是对全世界自然资源枯竭的一系列预测，这可能给环境和经济带来可怕的后果。他们关于模型及其预测的报告在1972年出版了一本书，名为《增长的极限》。它立即在学者、政策制定者和其他受过教育的读者之间引发了一场辩论，在《增长的极限》一书的整个生命周期中，引用它的出版物数不胜数。它在发布50年后仍然被引用。漫长的引证期和随时间变化的不同反应给书籍历史学家提出了挑战，他们试图描述这本书的接受情况。本文探讨了书籍历史学家可以使用现成的引文分析和可视化工具来加深对二手文献中通常使用的定性方法之外的书籍接受的理解的方法。Web of Science的引文索引和HathiTrust集合的全文搜索功能被用来识别引用或参考《增长的极限》的文章和书籍。从每个搜索结果中生成的可视化示例作为简单易用的工具的插图包含在内，当他或她的工作规模不需要在数字人文项目中创建用于解析大文本数据的那种计算分析时，单独的书籍历史学家可以使用这些工具。
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Pub Date : 2022-06-27DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2022.78.111
Courtney Jacobs, Marcia McIntosh, Kevin O'Sullivan
At the end of the twentieth century, increased access to certain technologies and processes, such as 3D scanning, computer-aided design, rapid fabrication and microcircuitry, enabled consumers to become creators of material design. These activities, which collectively came to be known as making, extended across both public and private sectors, including the study of the book. This paper offers an extended discourse on the full range of activities comprising the bibliographical maker movement, which in recent years has coalesced around the idea that maker culture may be employed to enhance our understanding of not only the history but also the future of the book. The application of these new technologies toward critical book studies has proceeded from the practice-based approach to research and instruction first begun under the auspices of the bibliographical press movement in the mid-twentieth century. In keeping with this earlier work, biblio-making is predicated upon the idea that certain kinds of knowledge are best gained through personal experience and experimentation. This article will first outline the benefits of applying 3D technologies to the goals of book history before locating and describing the activities of participating individuals and institutions within three broad categories: holistic, 3D digitisation; recovering historical tools and processes; and creative experiments in book design. As the article demonstrates, the strength and potential of the bibliographical maker movement lies in its widening community of practice and that, by virtue of its being an open-access network of constituents, it is now poised to make a significant and lasting contribution to the study of the book.
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Pub Date : 2022-06-27DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2022.78.106
S. Burrows
Since the early twentieth century, when Daniel Mornet conducted his path-breaking survey of private library catalogues in an attempt to determine what people read during the enlightenment, historians have debated how to identify the best-selling texts in the distant past. Besides library catalogues, scholars of eighteenth-century France have ransacked will inventories, publishers’ archives, print licence registers, book auction records, the titles available in cabinets de lecture, and even the extraordinarily rich records of books stamped in an amnesty for pirated editions in 1777–1781. This article suggests that none of these sources taken in isolation can give us sufficient insight to provide a reliable overview of the book trade and the market for books. Taken together and analysed digitally, however, they give important representative insights into the best-selling texts, genres and authors of the eighteenth century. The article compares and contrasts the findings of several large-scale digital projects to identify and explore the best-selling – or most frequently-encountered-texts across a number of genres including school-books, self-help manuals, popular medical texts, creative literature and religious works. In the process, it will help us to think more critically about what constituted a best-seller in the early modern period. By revealing some broad contours of eighteenth-century print culture, it will also challenge existing narratives of the enlightenment, secularisation, popular literacy and the book trade.
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Pub Date : 2022-06-27DOI: 10.15388/knygotyra.2022.78.104
Martyn Lyons
COVID-19 pandemija gerokai sujaukė įprastus mokslo konferencijų planus. Daugelį teko atšaukti ar atidėti bei imtis bandymų organizuoti virtualius internetinius renginius, laisvai prieinamus kibernetinėje erdvėje. Paradoksalu, tačiau šie renginiai neišsiplėtė už organizacijos vietų, nes nepavyko jų pritaikyti atokiose laiko zonose gyvenantiems kolegoms, o tai atėmė iš mokslo visuomenės ir jų susitikimų kai kuriuos vertingus tarptautinius aspektus. Tai akademinę bendruomenę privertė tenkintis „hibridinių“ renginių, iš dalies tikrų, iš dalies įsivaizduojamų, organizavimu. 23-iasis tarptautinis istorijos mokslų kongresas, iš pradžių turėjęs įvykti 2020 m. Lenkijoje, buvo tarp nukentėjusių renginių, tačiau vis dar tikimasi, kad sutrumpintą jo versiją išvysime 2022 m. Šio žurnalo tomo temas buvo planuojama pristatyti minėtame susibūrime, tačiau dėl Kongreso organizatorių dvejonių bei tarptautinių kelionių apribojimų tai tapo neįmanoma. Net kai rašau dabar (2021 m. rugsėjį), kai kuriems mūsų bendradarbiams uždrausta išvykti iš savo šalių. Toliau pateikiama situacija yra verta Jorge’ės Luiso Borgeso plunksnos. Vienas iš jo „Fikcijose“ aprašytų modelių buvo įsivaizduojama neegzistuojančios knygos apžvalga. Čia pristatome pranešimus, parengtus niekada neegzistavusių konferencijų diskusijoms. Juos parašė knygos istorijos mokslininkų grupė, kuri niekada nebuvo susitikusi. Drauge su mūsų pranešėjų diskusijų rėmėja Pasauline autorystės, skaitymo ir leidybos istorijos draugija (angl. SHARP) esu
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