Pub Date : 2021-10-23DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1978721
B. Potter, J. Chatters, A. Prentiss, S. Fiedel, G. Haynes, R. L. Kelly, J. D. Kilby, François B. Lanoë, Jacob Holland-Lulewicz, D. Miller, J. Morrow, Angela R. Perri, K. Rademaker, Joshua D. Reuther, Brandon T. Ritchison, G. Sánchez, Ismael Sánchez-Morales, S. M. Spivey-Faulkner, J. Tune, C. Haynes
ABSTRACT Various chronologies of the earliest Native American occupations have been proposed with varying levels of empirical support and conceptual rigor, yet none is widely accepted. A recent survey of pre-Clovis dated sites (Becerra-Valdivia and Higham 2020) concludes a pre-Last Glacial Maximum (>26,500–19,000 cal yr BP) entry of humans in the Americas, in part based on recent work at Chiquihuite Cave, Mexico. We evaluate the evidence used to develop this inference. To provide clarity, we present three explicit dispersal models for the earliest human dispersals to the Americas: Strict Clovis-First (13,050 cal yr BP), Paleoindian (<16,000 cal yr BP), and Pre-Paleoindian (>16,000 cal yr BP, encompassing pre-LGM, preferred by Becerra-Valdivia and Higham (2020)), and we summarize the current genetic and archaeological evidence bearing on each. We regard all purported Pre-Paleoindian sites as equivocal and the Strict Clovis-First model to be equally unsupported at present. We conclude that current data strongly support the Paleoindian Dispersal model, with Native American ancestors expanding into the Americas sometime after 16,000 cal yr BP (and perhaps after 14,800 cal yr BP), consistent with well-dated archaeological sites and with genetic data throughout the western hemisphere. Models of the Americas’ peopling that incorporate Chiquihuite or other claimed Pre-Paleoindian sites remain unsubstantiated.
{"title":"Current Understanding of the Earliest Human Occupations in the Americas: Evaluation of Becerra-Valdivia and Higham (2020)","authors":"B. Potter, J. Chatters, A. Prentiss, S. Fiedel, G. Haynes, R. L. Kelly, J. D. Kilby, François B. Lanoë, Jacob Holland-Lulewicz, D. Miller, J. Morrow, Angela R. Perri, K. Rademaker, Joshua D. Reuther, Brandon T. Ritchison, G. Sánchez, Ismael Sánchez-Morales, S. M. Spivey-Faulkner, J. Tune, C. Haynes","doi":"10.1080/20555563.2021.1978721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2021.1978721","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Various chronologies of the earliest Native American occupations have been proposed with varying levels of empirical support and conceptual rigor, yet none is widely accepted. A recent survey of pre-Clovis dated sites (Becerra-Valdivia and Higham 2020) concludes a pre-Last Glacial Maximum (>26,500–19,000 cal yr BP) entry of humans in the Americas, in part based on recent work at Chiquihuite Cave, Mexico. We evaluate the evidence used to develop this inference. To provide clarity, we present three explicit dispersal models for the earliest human dispersals to the Americas: Strict Clovis-First (13,050 cal yr BP), Paleoindian (<16,000 cal yr BP), and Pre-Paleoindian (>16,000 cal yr BP, encompassing pre-LGM, preferred by Becerra-Valdivia and Higham (2020)), and we summarize the current genetic and archaeological evidence bearing on each. We regard all purported Pre-Paleoindian sites as equivocal and the Strict Clovis-First model to be equally unsupported at present. We conclude that current data strongly support the Paleoindian Dispersal model, with Native American ancestors expanding into the Americas sometime after 16,000 cal yr BP (and perhaps after 14,800 cal yr BP), consistent with well-dated archaeological sites and with genetic data throughout the western hemisphere. Models of the Americas’ peopling that incorporate Chiquihuite or other claimed Pre-Paleoindian sites remain unsubstantiated.","PeriodicalId":37319,"journal":{"name":"PaleoAmerica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43358933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-23DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1985063
C. Ardelean, M. W. Pedersen, J. Schwenninger, J. Arroyo‐Cabrales, Devlin A. Gandy, M. Sikora, J. I. Macías-Quintero, Vladimir Huerta-Arellano, Jesús J. De La Rosa-Díaz, Y. Ocampo-Díaz, I. I. Rubio-Cisneros, Luis Barba-Pingarón, Agustín Ortíz-Butrón, Jorge Blancas-Vázquez, Corina Solís-Rosales, M. Rodríguez-Ceja, Irán Rivera-González, Zamara Navarro-Gutiérrez, A. López-Jiménez, Marco B. Marroquín-Fernández, L. M. Martínez-Riojas, E. Willerslev
ABSTRACT This paper is a reply to Chatters et al. (2021. “Evaluating Claims of Early Human Occupation at Chiquihuite Cave, Mexico.” PaleoAmerica 8, doi:10.1080/20555563.2021.1940441), in which they raise a large number of doubts about the legitimacy of our claims of earlier-than-expected human presence at Chiquihuite Cave, in northern Zacatecas, Mexico, mainly questioning the artificial nature of the lithic assemblage and the integrity of our geological contexts. We respond to their main topics of concern, contributing arguments in defense of the human origin of the artifacts. We also include 10 examples of stone tools, with full descriptions and photographs, focusing on modified flakes that bear indicators of use-wear and intentional modification.
{"title":"Chiquihuite Cave and America’s Hidden Limestone Industries: A Reply to Chatters et al.","authors":"C. Ardelean, M. W. Pedersen, J. Schwenninger, J. Arroyo‐Cabrales, Devlin A. Gandy, M. Sikora, J. I. Macías-Quintero, Vladimir Huerta-Arellano, Jesús J. De La Rosa-Díaz, Y. Ocampo-Díaz, I. I. Rubio-Cisneros, Luis Barba-Pingarón, Agustín Ortíz-Butrón, Jorge Blancas-Vázquez, Corina Solís-Rosales, M. Rodríguez-Ceja, Irán Rivera-González, Zamara Navarro-Gutiérrez, A. López-Jiménez, Marco B. Marroquín-Fernández, L. M. Martínez-Riojas, E. Willerslev","doi":"10.1080/20555563.2021.1985063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2021.1985063","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper is a reply to Chatters et al. (2021. “Evaluating Claims of Early Human Occupation at Chiquihuite Cave, Mexico.” PaleoAmerica 8, doi:10.1080/20555563.2021.1940441), in which they raise a large number of doubts about the legitimacy of our claims of earlier-than-expected human presence at Chiquihuite Cave, in northern Zacatecas, Mexico, mainly questioning the artificial nature of the lithic assemblage and the integrity of our geological contexts. We respond to their main topics of concern, contributing arguments in defense of the human origin of the artifacts. We also include 10 examples of stone tools, with full descriptions and photographs, focusing on modified flakes that bear indicators of use-wear and intentional modification.","PeriodicalId":37319,"journal":{"name":"PaleoAmerica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47890424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-23DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1988229
L. Becerra-Valdivia, T. Higham
ABSTRACT This is a response to a critique, “Current Understanding of the Earliest Human Occupations in the Americas: Evaluation of Becerra–Valdivia and Higham (2020)”, made by Potter et al. (2021) on one of our previous publications (“The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America”; Becerra–Valdivia and Higham, 2020, Nature). Here, we address their concerns and clarify their misunderstandings.
摘要：这是对Potter等人（2021）在我们之前的一篇出版物（“最早人类到达北美的时间和影响”；Becerra–Valdivia和Higham，2020，《自然》）上发表的一篇评论文章《当前对美洲最早人类职业的理解：对Becerra-Valdivia and Higham的评估》（2020）的回应。在这里，我们解决他们的关切，澄清他们的误解。
{"title":"Response to “Current Understanding of the Earliest Human Occupations in the Americas: Evaluation of Becerra-Valdivia and Higham (2020)”","authors":"L. Becerra-Valdivia, T. Higham","doi":"10.1080/20555563.2021.1988229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2021.1988229","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This is a response to a critique, “Current Understanding of the Earliest Human Occupations in the Americas: Evaluation of Becerra–Valdivia and Higham (2020)”, made by Potter et al. (2021) on one of our previous publications (“The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America”; Becerra–Valdivia and Higham, 2020, Nature). Here, we address their concerns and clarify their misunderstandings.","PeriodicalId":37319,"journal":{"name":"PaleoAmerica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41516859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1979309
Ashley K. Lemke
ABSTRACT Since 2009, systematic interdisciplinary investigations on the Alpena-Amberley Ridge in Lake Huron have documented hunting features, stone tools and debitage, and unique paleoenvironmental data reported in numerous peer-reviewed publications. Andrew A. White presents a contrarian critique of this work that attempts to dismiss each find and hypothesis that has been generated by the research. White’s assertions rely on a cherry-picked reading of the literature, outdated typological analogies and paleoenvironmental models, and are rife with contradictions. Yet White is unable to present a convincing or coherent counter-scenario to account for the Lake Huron data. This critique aptly illustrates that there is still much research to be done in the Great Lakes.
自2009年以来，对休伦湖Alpena-Amberley山脊进行了系统的跨学科调查，记录了狩猎特征、石器工具和碎屑，以及许多同行评审出版物中报道的独特的古环境数据。安德鲁·a·怀特(Andrew a . White)对这项工作提出了一种相反的批评，试图驳斥这项研究产生的每一个发现和假设。怀特的断言依赖于对文献的精心挑选，过时的类型学类比和古环境模型，并且充满了矛盾。然而，怀特无法提出一个令人信服或连贯的反方案来解释休伦湖的数据。这一批评恰如其分地说明，在五大湖地区仍有许多研究有待完成。
{"title":"The Day the Armchair Broke: A Reply to White","authors":"Ashley K. Lemke","doi":"10.1080/20555563.2021.1979309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2021.1979309","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since 2009, systematic interdisciplinary investigations on the Alpena-Amberley Ridge in Lake Huron have documented hunting features, stone tools and debitage, and unique paleoenvironmental data reported in numerous peer-reviewed publications. Andrew A. White presents a contrarian critique of this work that attempts to dismiss each find and hypothesis that has been generated by the research. White’s assertions rely on a cherry-picked reading of the literature, outdated typological analogies and paleoenvironmental models, and are rife with contradictions. Yet White is unable to present a convincing or coherent counter-scenario to account for the Lake Huron data. This critique aptly illustrates that there is still much research to be done in the Great Lakes.","PeriodicalId":37319,"journal":{"name":"PaleoAmerica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44318929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1940440
G. R. Scott, D. O’Rourke, Jennifer A. Raff, Justin C. Tackney, L. Hlusko, S. Elias, Lauriane Bourgeon, O. Potapova, E. Pavlova, V. Pitulko, J. Hoffecker
ABSTRACT A widely accepted model for the peopling of the Americas postulates a source population in the Northeast Asian maritime region, which includes northern Japan. The model is based on similarities in stone artifacts (stemmed points) found in North American sites dating as early as 15,000 years ago and those of comparable age in Japan and neighboring regions of Northeast Asia. Here we show, on the basis of data and analyses in biological anthropology, that the people who made stemmed points in northern Japan (labeled “Incipient Jomon” in the archaeological literature) represent an unlikely source population for the indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere.
{"title":"Peopling the Americas: Not “Out of Japan”","authors":"G. R. Scott, D. O’Rourke, Jennifer A. Raff, Justin C. Tackney, L. Hlusko, S. Elias, Lauriane Bourgeon, O. Potapova, E. Pavlova, V. Pitulko, J. Hoffecker","doi":"10.1080/20555563.2021.1940440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2021.1940440","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A widely accepted model for the peopling of the Americas postulates a source population in the Northeast Asian maritime region, which includes northern Japan. The model is based on similarities in stone artifacts (stemmed points) found in North American sites dating as early as 15,000 years ago and those of comparable age in Japan and neighboring regions of Northeast Asia. Here we show, on the basis of data and analyses in biological anthropology, that the people who made stemmed points in northern Japan (labeled “Incipient Jomon” in the archaeological literature) represent an unlikely source population for the indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere.","PeriodicalId":37319,"journal":{"name":"PaleoAmerica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47808600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1942651
Andrew A. White
ABSTRACT A series of papers has developed the claim that stone features on the submerged Alpena-Amberley Ridge (AAR) in Lake Huron provides unique insight into the Paleoindian caribou-hunting economies of the Great Lakes. The documented human occupation of the AAR dates to the late Early Holocene (about 9000 calendar years ago): however, a time when glacial ice was far to the north and the region was occupied by hunting-gathering societies with ties to the western Great Plains and the deciduous forests of the Eastern Woodlands. Key elements of the caribou-hunting scenario as presented are poorly explained, contradictory, and/or ecologically unsound. Ethnographic and archaeological data demonstrate the use of structures for hunting other kinds of large game, presenting possibilities for alternative explanations. Constructing a satisfying explanation of the AAR features will require expanding the scope of investigation to develop and test multiple hypotheses that engage with the terrestrial archaeological record.
{"title":"A Critique of the Case for Paleoindian Caribou Hunting on the Submerged Alpena-Amberley Ridge","authors":"Andrew A. White","doi":"10.1080/20555563.2021.1942651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2021.1942651","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A series of papers has developed the claim that stone features on the submerged Alpena-Amberley Ridge (AAR) in Lake Huron provides unique insight into the Paleoindian caribou-hunting economies of the Great Lakes. The documented human occupation of the AAR dates to the late Early Holocene (about 9000 calendar years ago): however, a time when glacial ice was far to the north and the region was occupied by hunting-gathering societies with ties to the western Great Plains and the deciduous forests of the Eastern Woodlands. Key elements of the caribou-hunting scenario as presented are poorly explained, contradictory, and/or ecologically unsound. Ethnographic and archaeological data demonstrate the use of structures for hunting other kinds of large game, presenting possibilities for alternative explanations. Constructing a satisfying explanation of the AAR features will require expanding the scope of investigation to develop and test multiple hypotheses that engage with the terrestrial archaeological record.","PeriodicalId":37319,"journal":{"name":"PaleoAmerica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43133772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-21DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1942649
Derek J. Reaux
ABSTRACT Cave and rockshelter sites have long been the cornerstone of Western Stemmed Tradition (WST) research in the northwestern Great Basin; however, these sites likely offer a narrow view of Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene lifeways. Open-air sites dominate the WST record and are critical to our understanding of WST settlement–subsistence practices and technological organization. I present the results of a lithic technological, source provenance, and spatial analysis of the Catnip Creek Delta (CCD) Locality, Guano Valley, OR. The CCD Locality contains one of the densest concentrations of Paleoindian artifacts in the region. My results indicate that the CCD Locality WST assemblage is likely a product of numerous short-term occupations by residentially mobile groups who primarily used the location to replenish their lithic toolkit and as a hunting location.
{"title":"Western Stemmed Tradition Settlement–Subsistence and Lithic Technological Organization in the Catnip Creek Delta, Guano Valley, Oregon, USA","authors":"Derek J. Reaux","doi":"10.1080/20555563.2021.1942649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2021.1942649","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Cave and rockshelter sites have long been the cornerstone of Western Stemmed Tradition (WST) research in the northwestern Great Basin; however, these sites likely offer a narrow view of Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene lifeways. Open-air sites dominate the WST record and are critical to our understanding of WST settlement–subsistence practices and technological organization. I present the results of a lithic technological, source provenance, and spatial analysis of the Catnip Creek Delta (CCD) Locality, Guano Valley, OR. The CCD Locality contains one of the densest concentrations of Paleoindian artifacts in the region. My results indicate that the CCD Locality WST assemblage is likely a product of numerous short-term occupations by residentially mobile groups who primarily used the location to replenish their lithic toolkit and as a hunting location.","PeriodicalId":37319,"journal":{"name":"PaleoAmerica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49085597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1932340
T. Dillehay
ABSTRACT Over the past few decades several genetic models have been published to explain the peopling of the Americas. Most of these models have not been fully reconciled with prior ones and with local and regional archaeological records. The implications of this and other concerns are discussed and solutions offered to better coordinate the joint approach of the two disciplines in the study of First Peoples and in archaeology and genetics in general.
{"title":"A Commentary on Coordinating Genetic and Archaeology Studies of First Peoples","authors":"T. Dillehay","doi":"10.1080/20555563.2021.1932340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2021.1932340","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Over the past few decades several genetic models have been published to explain the peopling of the Americas. Most of these models have not been fully reconciled with prior ones and with local and regional archaeological records. The implications of this and other concerns are discussed and solutions offered to better coordinate the joint approach of the two disciplines in the study of First Peoples and in archaeology and genetics in general.","PeriodicalId":37319,"journal":{"name":"PaleoAmerica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20555563.2021.1932340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44073865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1928983
R. Suárez, María Julia Melián
ABSTRACT Triangular non-stemmed points (TNSPs) have been recovered for several decades from early archaeological sites in different regions of South America. We report a synthesis and review of 63 early Holocene radiocarbon dates (∼12,650–8050 cal yr BP) of the main sites where TNSPs have been recovered and records of this point design with fluting technology. The oldest ages of dated sites with TNSPs are synchronous with ages obtained for Fishtail point sites. The extra-regional evidence allows discussion of aspects related to the use of open environments, chronology, size, context, fluting technology and distribution of these points, leading to the generation of new ways to continue increasing our understanding of cultural complexity in early settlement in South America. The results open new perspectives and implications for the debate on social interaction and technological transmission by Paleoamericans during the peopling of South America.
{"title":"Fluted Triangular Non-stemmed Points in Uruguay and Their Extra-regional Relationship: Broadening Technological Diversity during the Early Holocene of South America","authors":"R. Suárez, María Julia Melián","doi":"10.1080/20555563.2021.1928983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2021.1928983","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Triangular non-stemmed points (TNSPs) have been recovered for several decades from early archaeological sites in different regions of South America. We report a synthesis and review of 63 early Holocene radiocarbon dates (∼12,650–8050 cal yr BP) of the main sites where TNSPs have been recovered and records of this point design with fluting technology. The oldest ages of dated sites with TNSPs are synchronous with ages obtained for Fishtail point sites. The extra-regional evidence allows discussion of aspects related to the use of open environments, chronology, size, context, fluting technology and distribution of these points, leading to the generation of new ways to continue increasing our understanding of cultural complexity in early settlement in South America. The results open new perspectives and implications for the debate on social interaction and technological transmission by Paleoamericans during the peopling of South America.","PeriodicalId":37319,"journal":{"name":"PaleoAmerica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20555563.2021.1928983","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46688265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1919844
M. Waters, Zach Newell, Morgan F. Smith
ABSTRACT A chert object embedded in the cranium of a bison found at the Alexon site, Florida, is cited as direct evidence of human and megafauna interaction at the end of the Pleistocene in the American Southeast. Previous analyses identified the chert object as the mid-section of a lanceolate projectile point. Radiocarbon ages on unpurified bison collagen from two separate bison elements yielded Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene ages. We were able to relocate the site and examine the stratigraphy, but our attempts to radiocarbon date the bone failed. We obtained micro-computed tomography scans and used digital imaging software to generate a three-dimensional rendering of the embedded object. Finally, the skull and embedded object were visually examined. We conclude that the object embedded in the skull is not an artifact and that the Alexon site is a paleontological locality.
{"title":"A Reexamination of the Paleoindian Bison Kill at the Alexon Site, Florida","authors":"M. Waters, Zach Newell, Morgan F. Smith","doi":"10.1080/20555563.2021.1919844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2021.1919844","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A chert object embedded in the cranium of a bison found at the Alexon site, Florida, is cited as direct evidence of human and megafauna interaction at the end of the Pleistocene in the American Southeast. Previous analyses identified the chert object as the mid-section of a lanceolate projectile point. Radiocarbon ages on unpurified bison collagen from two separate bison elements yielded Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene ages. We were able to relocate the site and examine the stratigraphy, but our attempts to radiocarbon date the bone failed. We obtained micro-computed tomography scans and used digital imaging software to generate a three-dimensional rendering of the embedded object. Finally, the skull and embedded object were visually examined. We conclude that the object embedded in the skull is not an artifact and that the Alexon site is a paleontological locality.","PeriodicalId":37319,"journal":{"name":"PaleoAmerica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20555563.2021.1919844","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48355148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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