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Procurement, Reduction, and Use of Lithic Technology from ca. 9500–11,800 Years Ago at Niidhaayh Na’, Central Alaska 阿拉斯加中部Niidhaayh Na约9500 - 11800年前的石器技术的获取、还原和使用
Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1932073
Briana N. Doering, Julie Esdale, Senna D. Catenacci
ABSTRACT The middle Tanana Valley near Fairbanks, Alaska has been the subject of nearly a century of archaeological research focused on the earliest inhabitants of the region. Recent research at Niidhaayh Na’ (XBD-110) provides new information about human behavior and technological organization at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. This multicomponent site is located on the Delta moraine and overlooks Delta Creek (Niidhaayh Na’). The results of the first seasons of full-scale excavation research at the site, begun in 2017, reveal two lithic workshops dating to ca. 11,800 and 9500 calendar years ago, associated with core fragments, tools, debitage, and intact faunal remains. Future research at the site will advance archaeological understandings of human adaptive decision-making during the late glacial period in central Alaska, with implications for our understanding of the first Americans and human behavior more generally.
近一个世纪以来,阿拉斯加费尔班克斯附近的塔纳纳山谷中部一直是考古研究的主题,重点是该地区最早的居民。最近在Niidhaayh Na ' (XBD-110)的研究提供了更新世-全新世过渡时期人类行为和技术组织的新信息。这个多组件站点位于三角洲冰碛上,俯瞰三角洲溪(Niidhaayh Na’)。从2017年开始,对该遗址进行了第一季的全面挖掘研究,结果显示,两个石器作坊的历史可以追溯到大约11800年和9500年以前,与核心碎片、工具、碎屑和完整的动物遗骸有关。未来对该遗址的研究将促进对阿拉斯加中部冰期晚期人类适应性决策的考古理解,对我们对第一批美洲人和人类行为的更广泛理解产生影响。
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引用次数: 2
Envisioning a Western Clovis Ritual Complex 设想一个西方克洛维仪式综合体
Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-16 DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1933334
M. Sutton
ABSTRACT It is becoming increasingly apparent that the initial migrants into the Americas arrived via the Pacific coastal route prior to the inception of the Clovis complex. It further appears that these initial immigrants had non-Clovis technology and a generalized (or broad spectrum) economy with little use of the megafauna in their midst. Once developed, Clovis, marked by a different lithic technology, quickly spread over most of the Americas as far south as Panama, and is associated with the exploitation of proboscideans. This begs the question of why these animals were not exploited by the apparently earlier people. It is speculated herein that the seemingly abrupt appearance of Clovis, its focus on proboscideans, and its sudden demise reflects the appearance of a technologic and organizational system focused on the ritual exploitation of mammoths operating within preexisting Paleoindian societies, herein called the Western Clovis Ritual Complex.
越来越明显的是,在克洛维斯建筑群开始之前,最初的移民是通过太平洋沿海路线到达美洲的。进一步看来,这些最初的移民拥有非克洛维人的技术和一种普遍的(或广泛的)经济,很少利用他们中间的巨型动物。克洛维斯一旦被开发出来,就以一种不同的石器技术为标志,迅速传播到美洲的大部分地区,南至巴拿马,并与对长鼻类动物的开发有关。这就引出了为什么这些动物没有被明显更早的人类利用的问题。本文推测,克洛维人的突然出现,其对长鼻猿的关注,以及它的突然消亡,反映了一个技术和组织系统的出现,该系统专注于在先前存在的古印第安社会中对猛犸象的仪式利用,这里称为西部克洛维仪式综合体。
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引用次数: 3
Clovis Technology is not Unique to Clovis 三叶草技术并非三叶草独有
Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-05-22 DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1890402
M. Eren, D. Meltzer, Brian N. Andrews
ABSTRACT We previously showed that stone-tool technological attributes thought to be unique to the Clovis period were present in a radiocarbon and OSL dated middle Holocene-age stratum at Goodson Shelter, Oklahoma (Eren et al. 2018a. “Is Clovis Technology Unique to Clovis?” PaleoAmerica 4:202–228). Consequently, we argued that technological attributes alone should not be used to assign assemblages to Clovis times. Huckell, Haynes, and Holliday (2019. “Comments on the Lithic Technology and Geochronology of the Goodson Rock Shelter.” PaleoAmerica 6:131–134) proposed two alternative hypotheses: that material we identified as Clovis-like was not, or that it was Clovis but had been mixed with younger deposits. They called for more information on the Clovis-like assemblage at Goodson, and additional dating of the site's lowest deposits. We provide that information, which confirms that stone-tool technologies ostensibly unique to Clovis were indeed in use in the middle Holocene.
摘要:我们之前已经表明,在俄克拉荷马州古德森避难所的一个放射性碳和OSL年代的全新世中期地层中,存在着被认为是克洛维斯时期特有的石器技术属性(Eren等人,2018a。“克洛维斯技术是克洛维斯独有的吗?”古美洲4:202–228)。因此,我们认为,不应仅使用技术属性来将组合分配给克洛维斯时代。Huckell、Haynes和Holliday(2019。古美洲6:131-134)提出了两个替代假设:我们确定的类似克洛维斯的物质不是,或者它是克洛维斯,但与较年轻的矿床混合在一起。他们呼吁提供更多关于古德森类似克洛维斯的组合的信息,并对该遗址最低矿床进行额外的年代测定。我们提供了这些信息,这证实了克洛维斯表面上独特的石制技术确实在全新世中期使用。
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引用次数: 9
Assessing the Validity of Mojave Desert Lake Mohave and Silver Lake Projectile-Point Types 莫哈韦沙漠、莫哈韦湖和银湖弹丸点类型的有效性评价
Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-04-08 DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1894380
E. Knell, M. Hill, M. Sutton
ABSTRACT This study uses univariate and multivariate statistical analyses to assess whether Lake Mohave and Silver Lake projectile points from the Mojave Desert of western North America are statistically discrete, recognizable, and valid types. Univariate analyses run on 400 Lake Mohave and Silver Lake points reveal significant differences in six linear and three angle measures, though overlapping measurements pose difficulties for differentiating the types. To address the problem of overlapping measurements, multivariate principal components and discriminant function analyses were employed to statistically define groups of related attributes. Size- and shape-based attributes of the stem distinguish approximately 80% of the sample to type and reveal region-wide consistency among archaeologists who have classified these points to type. Though this study did not entirely overcome the challenge of using metrics to differentiate Lake Mohave from Silver Lake points, key discriminating variables are now better defined and the types deemed valid.
摘要:本研究采用单变量和多变量统计分析来评估来自北美西部莫哈韦沙漠的莫哈韦湖和银湖抛射点是否具有统计离散性、可识别性和有效类型。对400个莫哈韦湖和银湖点进行的单变量分析显示,在6个线性测量和3个角度测量中存在显著差异,尽管重叠测量给区分类型带来了困难。为了解决重叠测量的问题,采用多元主成分和判别函数分析来统计定义相关属性组。茎的大小和形状属性区分了大约80%的样本类型,并揭示了考古学家将这些点分类为类型的区域范围内的一致性。虽然这项研究并没有完全克服使用指标区分莫哈维湖和银湖点的挑战,但关键的区分变量现在得到了更好的定义,并且类型被认为是有效的。
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引用次数: 0
Dental Morphology of Naia, a Late Pleistocene Human from Mexico and the Sinodont/Sundadont Issue 墨西哥晚更新世人类Naia的牙齿形态与sinodon /Sundadont问题
Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1895531
A. Cucina, Elma Maria Vega Lizama, J. Chatters
ABSTRACT The dental morphology of the earliest Americans is poorly known, partly because existing data are largely unpublished and partly because dental wear is typically extreme in the few complete dentitions available. The remains of Naia, a 13,000–12,000 year-old young woman from Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, possess a complete dental record in perfect condition, offering the unique opportunity to record the dental morphology of an early Paleoindian and a chance to address the long-standing debate about whether these first people exhibited Sundadont or Sinodont dental morphology. As an individual, her dentition would fit comfortably in the Sinodont grouping. However, when she is included in the population of North American skeletal remains that can be confidently placed before ∼9000 years ago, a different pattern emerges. The Paleoindians fall neatly between the two dental patterns, suggesting that the founding North American population exhibits a dental pattern of its own, independent of its east Asian relatives.
摘要:最早的美国人的牙齿形态鲜为人知,部分原因是现有数据大多未发表,另一部分原因是在为数不多的完整牙列中,牙齿磨损通常非常严重。Naia是一位来自墨西哥尤卡坦半岛的13000–12000岁年轻女性,她的遗骸拥有完整的牙齿记录,状况良好,这为记录早期古印度人的牙齿形态提供了独特的机会,也为解决关于这些第一批人是表现出Sundadont还是Sinodot牙齿形态的长期争论提供了机会。作为一个个体,她的齿列会很适合Sinodot组。然而,当她被纳入可以自信地放置在约9000年前的北美骨骼遗骸中时,一种不同的模式出现了。古印第安人巧妙地介于这两种牙齿模式之间,这表明北美的创始人口表现出自己的牙齿模式,独立于东亚亲属。
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引用次数: 1
The Rise and Fall of Alice Boer: A Reassessment of a Purported Pre-Clovis Site Alice Boer的兴衰:对一个被挖掘的前克洛维斯遗址的重新评估
Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1894379
Astolfo G. M. Araujo, J. C. Moreno de Sousa, Letícia C. Correa, J. Feathers, M. Okumura
ABSTRACT In this paper we present a review of previous research carried out at the Alice Boer site coupled with new data regarding its lithic industry and ages. Our data suggest that the site, once believed to be at least 14,000 years old, most probably was occupied no earlier than 8000 years ago. The lithic material, comprising both bifacial and unifacial formal artifacts, can be associated to the Rioclarense industry. This industry is now well described and was dated elsewhere (at Caetetuba site) as early Holocene. Therefore, in spite of not being as old as originally thought, Alice Boer can be considered to relate to the late Paleoamerican occupation of South America from a cultural point of view.
在本文中,我们提出了以前的研究在爱丽丝布尔网站进行了回顾,再加上新的数据关于其石业和年龄。我们的数据表明,这个曾经被认为至少有14000年历史的遗址,很可能在8000年前就有人居住了。包括双面和单面正式工件的石质材料可以与Rioclarense工业联系起来。这个工业现在被很好地描述,并在其他地方(在Caetetuba遗址)被确定为全新世早期。因此,从文化的角度来看,Alice Boer可以被认为与古美洲人占领南美洲的晚期有关,尽管它并不像最初想象的那么古老。
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引用次数: 5
The First Fishtail Point Find in Piauí State, Northeastern Brazil: Significance and Hypothesis 巴西东北部Piauí州首次发现鱼尾点:意义与假设
Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2020.1868750
E. Böeda, Nora Flegenheimer, Sibeli Viana, M. Gluchy, Antonio Pérez, M. Ramos, N. Guidon
ABSTRACT Here we report a newly discovered Fishtail, or Fell 1, projectile-point type, from Coronel José Dias, southern Piauí, northeastern Brazil. It is an almost complete bifacial piece on light local silex. In Brazil, Fishtail points have not been previously reported in detail north of the 22° S parallel. Hence, this new evidence importantly establishes human occupation of extreme northeast of South America during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition.
摘要在这里,我们报道了一种新发现的鱼尾鱼,或称Fell 1,投射点型,来自巴西东北部皮亚伊南部的Coronel JoséDias。这是一个几乎完全的双面作品上的光局部silex。在巴西,在22°S平行线以北的鱼尾点以前没有详细报告。因此,这一新证据重要地确立了更新世-全新世过渡时期人类对南美洲极东北部的占领。
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引用次数: 8
In Memoriam: Remembering the Scientists We Lost in 2020 记忆中:缅怀2020年我们失去的科学家
Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1904165
T. Goebel, S. González, M. Kornfeld, M. Larson, Aleksei Tetenkin
ABSTRACT In 2020, the international and interdisciplinary field of the peopling of the Americas lost three giants: George C. Frison, José C. Jiménez López, and Yuri A. Mochanov. We join their families, friends, and colleagues in the USA, Mexico, Russia, and elsewhere across the Americas and northeast Asia in mourning their deaths and celebrating their lives and accomplishments.
2020年,美洲人定居的国际和跨学科领域失去了三位巨人:乔治·c·弗里森、乔斯·c·吉米内斯López和尤里·a·莫哈诺夫。我们与他们在美国、墨西哥、俄罗斯以及美洲和东北亚其他地方的家人、朋友和同事一起哀悼他们的死亡,庆祝他们的生活和成就。
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引用次数: 1
Antelope Springs: A Folsom Site in South Park, Colorado 羚羊泉:科罗拉多州南方公园的福尔松遗址
Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2020.1857541
Matthew T. Boulanger, Robert J. Patten, Brian N. Andrews, Michelle R. Bebber, Briggs Buchanan, Ian A. Jorgeson, G. L. Miller, M. Eren, D. Meltzer
ABSTRACT The Antelope Springs Folsom locality is located near Trout Creek Pass, which connects South Park, a high elevation basin in the Rocky Mountains, with the headwaters region of the Arkansas River. The pass is also the source of an eponymous jasper that dominates the small, surface collection of Folsom points, preforms, tools, and debitage we report on here. The Antelope Springs assemblage was focused on the reduction and replacement of a stone tool kit. There does not appear to have been a substantial Folsom-age presence in South Park, although based on other Folsom sites where Trout Creek jasper occurs, and least-cost paths of travel through the southern Rocky Mountains, South Park and Trout Creek Pass may well have been regularly traversed between Middle Park and San Luis Valley, areas that had a more significant Folsom presence.
摘要Antelope Springs Folsom地区位于Trout Creek Pass附近,该地区连接落基山脉的高海拔盆地South Park和阿肯色河的源头地区。通行证也是一种同名jasper的来源,它主导了我们在这里报道的Folsom点、预制件、工具和借记的小型表面收集。Antelope Springs组合的重点是减少和更换一个石头工具包。南公园似乎没有大量的Folsom年龄存在,尽管基于Trout Creek碧玉出现的其他Folsom遗址,以及穿过落基山脉南部的成本最低的旅行路线,南公园和Trout CreekPass很可能经常在中公园和圣路易斯谷之间穿过,这些地区有更重要的Folso姆存在。
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引用次数: 7
Folsom Point Diggings: The Johnson Site in the Foothills of Larimer County, Colorado 福尔松点挖掘:科罗拉多州拉里默县山麓的约翰逊遗址
Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2021.1893957
Jason M. LaBelle, Kelton A. Meyer, R. Sumner
ABSTRACT The Johnson site is a Folsom occupation in Larimer County, Colorado. T. Russell Johnson discovered the site in 1935, which led to excavations by the Colorado Museum of Natural History in 1936 and later work in 1960 by the University of Wyoming. Little is known of the site due to limited reporting of the excavation and the Folsom assemblage. Our examination of the site collections gathered between 1935 and 1936 reveals an assemblage of 96 items, consisting of Folsom points, preforms, and channel flakes, as well as other tools including end scrapers, gravers, bifaces, and flake tools. Technological analysis of the Folsom points and byproducts of hunting-tool production suggests that site occupants fluted and finished points made from preforms of non-local materials, while additional tools and a few points were made from materials locally available in the Front Range foothills. As such, Johnson represents at minimum a hunting-weaponry-replacement locale.
摘要Johnson遗址是位于科罗拉多州拉里默县的Folsom遗址。T.Russell Johnson于1935年发现了该遗址,科罗拉多自然历史博物馆于1936年进行了发掘,后来怀俄明州大学于1960年进行了挖掘。由于对挖掘和Folsom组合的报道有限,人们对该遗址知之甚少。我们对1935年至1936年间收集的现场藏品进行了检查,发现共有96件物品,包括Folsom点、预制件和通道薄片,以及其他工具,包括端部刮刀、雕刻器、双平面和薄片工具。对Folsom点和狩猎工具生产副产品的技术分析表明,现场居住者用非当地材料预制件制作凹槽和成品点,而额外的工具和一些点则用Front Range山麓当地可用的材料制作。因此,约翰逊至少代表了一个狩猎武器的替代地点。
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引用次数: 0
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PaleoAmerica
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