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MOSCOW SINOLOGY IN 1960–1970s: THE TRAJECTORIES OF INSTITUTIONAL AND PERSONNEL EVOLUTION 20世纪60 - 70年代的莫斯科汉学:制度和人员演变的轨迹
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31696/2618-7302-2021-2-211-223
V. Golovachev
The crisis of Soviet-Chinese relations and Cultural Revolution in PRC had an extremely negative impact on Soviet Sinology in 1960–1970s. In response to the new challenges, a few years after the closing of Institute of Sinology and its merger with Institute of Asian Peoples in 1961, several new centers for China Studies appeared in Moscow, reflecting a big change in trajectories of institutional evolution or the transition from mono-centrism to a new stage of Moscow Sinology’s dispersion. These centers had their own specifics and were linked by relations of partnership and competition. The personnel policy was also greatly influenced by abrupt institutional metamorphosis. Despite the fact that the small number of Sinologists graduated in 1960–1970s, the scanty demand and shortage of vacancies led to a paradoxical overproduction of specialists on China in Moscow and Leningrad, which remained the main centers of Soviet Sinology. Weak dynamics and stagnation in personnel’s career growth were aggravated by the registration regime in Moscow, which cut off all regional Sinologists, regardless of their talent, experience and knowledge of China. Competition was also hampered by discrimination based on personal data, prejudices and non-academic preferences, forcing the talented scholars to change their jobs, adjust to political needs or stay shadowed by the party ideologists and “academic propagandists”. Normalization of Soviet-Chinese relations in early 1980s evoked no noticeable institutional and personnel changes, but Soviet Sinology faced the need for radical revision of old intellectual approaches and choosing the new ones. This paper outlines the trajectories of institutional and personnel evolution of Moscow Sinology in mentioned time. The concurrent trajectories of its intellectual evolution would be reviewed in another article.
苏中关系危机和中国文化大革命对1960 - 70年代的苏联汉学产生了极其负面的影响。为了应对新的挑战,在汉学研究所关闭并于1961年与亚洲民族研究所合并的几年后,莫斯科出现了几个新的中国研究中心,反映了机构演变轨迹的重大变化,或从单一中心主义向莫斯科汉学分散的新阶段过渡。这些中心各有特点,并通过伙伴关系和竞争关系联系在一起。人事政策也受到突如其来的制度蜕变的极大影响。尽管1960 - 70年代毕业的汉学家数量很少,但由于需求不足和职位空缺不足,莫斯科和列宁格勒的中国专家数量过剩,这两个地方仍然是苏联汉学的主要中心。莫斯科的注册制度加剧了人员职业发展的动力薄弱和停滞,该制度切断了所有地区汉学家的联系,无论他们的才能、经验和对中国的了解如何。基于个人资料、偏见和非学术偏好的歧视也阻碍了竞争,迫使有才华的学者换工作,适应政治需要,或者被党的意识形态家和“学术宣传者”所笼罩。20世纪80年代初,苏中关系正常化并没有引起明显的制度和人员变化,但苏联汉学面临着彻底修改旧知识方法并选择新方法的需要。本文概述了莫斯科汉学在上述时期的制度和人员演变轨迹。其智力进化的同步轨迹将在另一篇文章中进行回顾。
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引用次数: 0
DISAPPEARING PARTICIPANTS IN THE KHMER SENTENCE: SEMANTIC INCORPORATION, EXCORPORATION, ZERO ANAPHORA 高棉语句子中消失的参与者:语义合并、外合、零回指
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31696/2618-7302-2020-1-281-293
T. G. Pogibenko
The paper deals with representation of obligatory participants of a situation described by the verb which do not get a syntactic role in the syntactic structure of a Khmer sentence, i. e. incorporation in the verb semantic structure, excorporation into a lexical complex, deictic zero, zero anaphors. Special attention is paid to the role of lexical complex, which is a unique resource of the Khmer language, and its use for implicit and explicit representation of the participants of the situation described. An issue of a particular interest is participants’ representation as a component of a lexical complex, rather than a component of the sentence syntactic structure. Language data of Modern Khmer, Middle Khmer, and Old Khmer is used to show that this mode of representation has been used throughout the whole period of the evolution of Khmer beginning with the Old Khmer inscriptions. An attempt is made to reveal the functional character of the phenomenon discussed. It is maintained that this strategy is used for semantic derivation, for a more detailed conceptualization of the situation described, as well as for word polysemy elimination in the text. Examples are cited where lexical complexes with incorporated participants are used to make up for the inherent semantic emptiness of predicates of evaluation. In case of participants incorporated in deictic verbs, the deictic zero in Khmer may refer to participants other than “observer”. Specific features of zero anaphora in Khmer are also mentioned.
本文研究了在高棉语句子的句法结构中不占有句法地位的动词所描述的情景的义务参与者的表征,即:在动词语义结构中占有一席之地、在词汇复合体中占有一席之地、指示零、零回指。特别关注词汇复合体的作用,这是高棉语的独特资源,以及它对所描述情境参与者的隐性和显性表征的使用。一个特别感兴趣的问题是参与者作为词汇复合体的组成部分的表征,而不是句子句法结构的组成部分。现代高棉语、中高棉语和古高棉语的语言资料被用来表明这种表达方式在高棉语从古高棉铭文开始的整个演变过程中一直被使用。试图揭示所讨论的现象的功能特征。这一策略被用于语义派生,更详细地概念化所描述的情况,以及在文本中消除词的多义。引用了一些例子,其中使用包含参与者的词汇复合体来弥补评价谓词固有的语义空白。在指示动词中包含参与者的情况下,高棉指示零可以指除“观察者”以外的参与者。文中还提到了高棉语零回指的具体特点。
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引用次数: 0
AUGUST 15, 1947: A LOOK FROM THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 1947年8月15日:21世纪的景象
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31696/2618-7302-2022-2-28-34
L. Chereshneva
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引用次数: 0
FIELDWORK IN NORTHEAST INDIA: THE STATE OF TRIPURA 在印度东北部的实地考察:特里普拉邦
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31696/2618-7302-2023-2-117-130
Liliia R. Zaripova
The author went on a fieldwork to the state of Tripura in September–October 2022. It was done as part of the Russian-Indian Anthropological Expedition of Paleoethnology Research Center and Timiryazev State Biology Museum. The main goal was to clarify and add to the data that had been collected during a bio-anthropological research of the Tripuri people in 2019. As a result, the author was able to conduct a questionnaire survey at various educational institutions in Agartala and Khumulwng, collecting a total of 405 questionnaires. The article gives a general summary of the work done to create the questionnaire and details how it was given to Indian students in a classroom environment. This article is based on a presentation given at a meeting of the Center for Indian Studies, RAS, on November 28, 2022.
作者于2022年9月至10月到特里普拉邦进行了实地考察。这是古民族学研究中心和Timiryazev国家生物博物馆的俄罗斯-印度人类学考察的一部分。主要目标是澄清和补充2019年对特里普尔人进行生物人类学研究期间收集的数据。因此,作者得以在Agartala和Khumulwng的各教育机构进行问卷调查,共收集了405份问卷。这篇文章给出了一个总的总结所做的工作,以创建问卷和详细说明它是如何给印度学生在课堂环境。本文基于2022年11月28日印度研究中心会议上的一份报告。
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引用次数: 0
MANUSCRIPT FROM THE STATE ARCHIVES OF THE IRKUTSK REGION «HISTORICAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE FRAGILITY OF THE POLITICAL SITUATION OF HULUNBUIR» AS A SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN OUTER MONGOLIA AND HULUN-­BUIR IN 1912–1915 伊尔库茨克地区国家档案馆的手稿“呼伦贝尔政治局势脆弱的历史信息”,作为1912-1915年外蒙古与呼伦贝尔关系历史的来源
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31696/2618-7302-2023-1-150-160
L. Kuras, B. Tsybenov
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引用次数: 0
DESCRIPTION OF THE SHALAGRAMАS AND THE RITUALS OF THEIR WORSHIP IN THE PURANAS 在往世书中对shalagramАs和他们的崇拜仪式的描述
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31696/2618-7302-2021-3-178-186
E. Tyulina
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引用次数: 0
LATE POTTERY FROM THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TOMB OF NESEMNAU IN GIZA AND FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THIEVES’ DEBRIS IN BURIAL SHAFTS 古埃及吉萨内塞姆瑙墓的晚期陶器和墓葬竖井中盗贼残骸形成的特征
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31696/2618-7302-2022-1-126-139
S. Malykh
The ancient Egyptian rock-cut tomb of Nesemnau in the north-eastern part of the Giza Necropolis was explored by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in 2015–2017 and 2020. Archaeological study of the three tomb shafts revealed repeated violation of the filling layers due to the numerous robberies; as a result, the original burials of the Old Kingdom were destroyed, and later pottery (827 out of 2602 ceramic samples) and artifacts entered these complexes. Pottery analysis dating from the New Kingdom to the beginning of the 20th century allows speculating on the formation of thieves’ debris in the burial shafts of this tomb. Obtained data indicates repeated human intervention into the tomb, occurring apparently in the Late Period (possibly in order to create secondary burials), in Ptolemaic and Byzantine times, in the Middle Ages and in Modern times (during the robbery). Fragments from the same vessels are present in the fillings of all the shafts in Nesemnau’s tomb; therefore, they ended in these burial complexes at the same time as a result of the one and the same group of robbers’ activities. The latest ceramic fragments belonging to the zir-jars of the 19th — early 20th centuries indicate terminus ante quem of plundering. It is probable that the increase of tourism and the beginning of large-scale archaeological excavations in Giza Necropolis at that time intensified the thieves’ activity at the ancient site.
2015-2017年和2020年,俄罗斯东方研究所考古考察团对吉萨墓地东北部的古埃及岩石雕刻的涅塞姆瑙墓进行了探索。考古研究发现,由于多次抢劫,填充物层被反复破坏;结果,古王国的原始墓葬被破坏,后来的陶器(2602个陶瓷样品中的827个)和文物进入了这些建筑群。从新王国时期到20世纪初的陶器分析,可以推测出这座坟墓的墓葬轴上盗贼残骸的形成。获得的数据表明,在后期(可能是为了建立二次埋葬)、托勒密和拜占庭时代、中世纪和现代(在抢劫期间),人类反复对坟墓进行干预。内塞姆瑙墓中所有竖井的填充物中都有来自同一容器的碎片;因此,由于同一群强盗的活动,他们在同一时间结束了这些墓葬。最新的陶瓷碎片属于19世纪至20世纪初的锆石罐,表明了掠夺的终结。很可能是当时旅游业的增长和吉萨墓地大规模考古发掘的开始加剧了盗贼在古代遗址的活动。
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引用次数: 0
SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C. CHRONOLOGY AND THE ‘GREAT SETTLEMENT SHANG’ (14TH–11TH CENTURIES B.C.): INTRODUCTION 公元前第二个千年的年表和“商朝”(公元前14 - 11世纪):介绍
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-86-95
M. E. Kuznetsova-Fetisova
Second half of the II millennium B.C. can be considered as the time when the first writing system appeared in East Asia in the form of oracle bone inscriptions jiagu wen (甲骨文). For the first time those inscriptions sparked academic interest and received recognition at the end of 19th century, though their place of origin remained a mystery for some time. At the end of the 1920s Archaeological department of Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica initiated archaeological excavations near modern city of Anyang, Henan province, PRC, because it was implied that the oracle bones with inscriptions had originated there. Archaeological excavations reveled a great ancient center in Anyang, including a cult center, workshops, and cemeteries including royal necropolis. Due to the fact that names of rulers, known from the transmitted texts, were often mentioned in those inscriptions, it was possible to identify the site as the last capital of Shang-Yin dynasty, so-called ‘Great Settlement Shang’ (14th–11th centuries B.C.). All these make the complex rather unique for its time, as it gives us a chance to connect pre-historical and historical data. Researchers managed to determine two relative chronologies (based on archaeological and epigraphic sources) and later to interconnect them and relate to the events mentioned in transmitted texts on early political history. Still, there is a number of problems in correlating those relative chronologies with absolute dates. Up to now the greatest project to coordinate chronology of the II millennium B.C. has been the project “Chronology of the Three Dynasties: Xia–Shang–Zhou” in 1996–2000, initiated by the Chinese political figure Song Jiang. Regardless of some international criticism of the projects’ results, a great number of scholars make use of them in their studies.
公元前2000年的下半叶可以被认为是以甲骨文的形式出现在东亚的第一个书写系统。这些铭文在19世纪末第一次引起了学术界的兴趣并得到了认可,尽管它们的起源在一段时间内仍然是一个谜。20世纪20年代末,中央研究院历史文献学研究所考古系在中国河南省安阳附近开始了考古发掘,因为有迹象表明,有文字的甲骨文起源于那里。考古发掘在安阳发现了一个巨大的古代中心,包括一个邪教中心,车间和包括皇家墓地在内的墓地。由于从传播的文本中得知的统治者的名字经常在这些铭文中提到,因此有可能将该遗址确定为商尹王朝的最后一个首都,即所谓的“大定居商”(公元前14 - 11世纪)。所有这些都使得这个建筑群在当时是独一无二的,因为它给了我们一个将史前和历史数据联系起来的机会。研究人员设法确定了两种相对的年表(基于考古和碑文来源),后来将它们相互联系起来,并将它们与早期政治史上传播的文本中提到的事件联系起来。然而,在将这些相对年表与绝对日期联系起来时仍存在许多问题。到目前为止,最大的协调公元前二千年年表的项目是1996-2000年由中国政治人物宋江发起的“三朝年表:夏商周”项目。尽管国际上对这些项目的结果有一些批评,但大量的学者在他们的研究中使用了它们。
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引用次数: 0
THE OUTSTANDING PHILOLOGIST OF INDIA, S. R. FARUQI 印度杰出的语言学家s·r·法鲁奇
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31696/2618-7302-2023-2-095-105
L. Vasilyeva
One of the primary conditions of our equal participation in the world scholarly community, first of all in the countries of the regions under study, is the awareness of our foreign colleagues and their works and academic activities. The article tells about one of the most reputed Indian philologists of our time, the recently deceased S. R. Farooqi. In the Urdu-speaking world he is known as an encyclopedist who made a huge contribution to the study of the Urdu language, literature and the culture associated with this language, and changed to a certain extent the direction of the development of literary criticism in Urdu. S. R. Farooqi was also a talented poet and prose writer. His works as well as poems, stories and novels have received prestigious awards and have been translated into foreign languages.S. R. Farooqi was an unique admirer of Russian philology among Indian and Pakistani scholars; he knew practically all the works of our famous academics that are available in English and Urdu translations. The names of Russian authors and quotations from their works can be seen on the pages of his publications. There is a translation of a passage from a well-known monograph by S. R. Faruqi at the end of the article, in which the Indian scholar shares his opinion on the book by our colleague, Prof. N. I. Prigarina about the great Urdu poet Mirza Ghalib translated into Urdu.
我们平等参与世界学术界的主要条件之一,首先是在所研究区域的国家,是了解我们的外国同事及其作品和学术活动。这篇文章讲述了我们这个时代最著名的印度语言学家之一,最近去世的S. R. Farooqi。在乌尔都语世界,他被认为是一位百科全书学家,对乌尔都语、文学和与乌尔都语相关的文化的研究做出了巨大贡献,并在一定程度上改变了乌尔都语文学批评的发展方向。S. R. Farooqi也是一位才华横溢的诗人和散文作家。他的作品以及诗歌、故事和小说曾多次获奖,并被翻译成多国文字。在印度和巴基斯坦的学者中,R. Farooqi是一个独特的俄罗斯语言学崇拜者;他几乎知道我们所有著名学者的著作,这些著作都有英语和乌尔都语的译本。在他的出版物中可以看到俄罗斯作家的名字和他们作品中的引文。在文章的末尾,有一段S. R. Faruqi著名专著的译文,这位印度学者在文中分享了他对我们的同事N. I. Prigarina教授关于乌尔都语伟大诗人米尔扎·加利布(Mirza Ghalib)的书的看法。
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引用次数: 0
INTERNATIONAL REACTIONS TO THE 1912 RUSSO-MONGOLIAN AGREEMENT 国际社会对1912年俄蒙协议的反应
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.31696/2618-7302-2023-1-069-091
S. Kuzmin
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS
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