This paper focuses on the Iranian taaroff politeness system. We report a quantitative analysis of the attitudes to taaroff held by 60 Iranians (30 women and 30 men) of two age groups (20–29 and 40–59 years old) and their use of formulaic taaroff expressions in conversations. The data come from dialogues elicited from the participants in Iran via short scripted scenarios and from their answers to a questionnaire survey about their attitudes to taaroff. Taaroff expressions were manually extracted from the dialogue transcripts and their overall use as well as frequencies of each expression were compared across the gender and age groups with the help of t-tests. The participants’ answers to the survey questions were compared across the groups with Kruskal-Wallis H tests. The results show statistically significant differences in the participants’ attitudes to taaroff and in its use in dialogues by gender and age group.
{"title":"Age and gender in Iranian ‘taaroff’ politeness system","authors":"V. Makarova","doi":"10.1075/ijolc.20005.mak","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.20005.mak","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper focuses on the Iranian taaroff politeness system. We report a quantitative analysis of the attitudes to taaroff held by 60 Iranians (30 women and 30 men) of two age groups (20–29 and 40–59 years old) and their use of formulaic taaroff expressions in conversations. The data come from dialogues elicited from the participants in Iran via short scripted scenarios and from their answers to a questionnaire survey about their attitudes to taaroff. Taaroff expressions were manually extracted from the dialogue transcripts and their overall use as well as frequencies of each expression were compared across the gender and age groups with the help of t-tests. The participants’ answers to the survey questions were compared across the groups with Kruskal-Wallis H tests. The results show statistically significant differences in the participants’ attitudes to taaroff and in its use in dialogues by gender and age group.","PeriodicalId":37349,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Language and Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48919633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the cultural conceptualizations of haghighat/vagheyat (‘truth’/‘reality’) expressions in Persian as these are fundamental concepts in life, religion, as well as culture and are used in many commonly used everyday expressions. Therefore, it is important to understand what these expressions really mean and how they compare with equivalent concepts in other languages. To that end, this study investigates haghighat/vagheyat expressions that instantiate cultural conceptualizations in Persian. This is the first attempt at employing the analytical tools of Cultural Linguistics (Sharifian 2011, 2017b) to exclusively focus on exploring such cultural conceptualizations. In order to study naturally instigated expressions, the researcher makes use of multiple sources including an open-ended questionnaire, dictionaries, online sources, and focus group interviews. The study further draws on the author’s intuition as a native speaker and analyzes have been cross-checked by a number of Persian native speakers and experts. Analysis of the data concerns the significant conceptualizations of haghighat/vagheyat expressions, indicating that haghighat/vagheyat functions as the main conceptual basis for many manifestations of truth/reality in Persian. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that a number of sociocultural factors such as religion, history, and literature have a role in shaping the cultural conceptualizations of haghighat/vagheyat expressions in Persian.
{"title":"Cultural conceptualizations of haghighat/vagheyat (‘truth’/‘reality’) in Persian","authors":"Vahede Nosrati","doi":"10.1075/ijolc.19008.nos","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.19008.nos","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines the cultural conceptualizations of haghighat/vagheyat\u0000 (‘truth’/‘reality’) expressions in Persian as these are fundamental concepts in life, religion, as well as culture and are used in\u0000 many commonly used everyday expressions. Therefore, it is important to understand what these expressions really mean and how they\u0000 compare with equivalent concepts in other languages. To that end, this study investigates\u0000 haghighat/vagheyat expressions that instantiate cultural conceptualizations in Persian. This\u0000 is the first attempt at employing the analytical tools of Cultural Linguistics (Sharifian\u0000 2011, 2017b) to exclusively focus on exploring such cultural\u0000 conceptualizations. In order to study naturally instigated expressions, the researcher makes use of multiple sources including an\u0000 open-ended questionnaire, dictionaries, online sources, and focus group interviews. The study further draws on the author’s\u0000 intuition as a native speaker and analyzes have been cross-checked by a number of Persian native speakers and experts. Analysis of\u0000 the data concerns the significant conceptualizations of haghighat/vagheyat expressions, indicating that\u0000 haghighat/vagheyat functions as the main conceptual basis for many manifestations of truth/reality in\u0000 Persian. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that a number of sociocultural factors such as religion, history, and literature\u0000 have a role in shaping the cultural conceptualizations of haghighat/vagheyat expressions in Persian.","PeriodicalId":37349,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Language and Culture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41583804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wine discourse has been readily found in the forms of wine tasting notes, reviews, advertisements, poetry, and classical literature. The popularity of Japanese wine manga, however, introduces a new venue for wine discourse and vector along which academic analysis can be conducted. In this paper, we seek to expand upon prior research on wine semantics and wine discourse by applying the framework of Cultural Linguistics to the subgenre of wine manga. Based on an original, Japanese-French bilingual corpus developed from the graphic novels Sommelier and Kami no Shizuku – each an epoch-making work, highly didactic in nature – our analysis focuses on the conceptual metaphor wine is a person. Results illustrate the Japanese authors’ contribution to the figurative language used in wine discourse. In other words, in Japan just as in France, wine is a person, and there is a shared cultural understanding of wine, or traits therein, being the embodiment of the human.
{"title":"Anthropomorphic metaphors in wine discourse, with special reference to Japanese wine manga","authors":"Nadine Normand-Marconnet, Jason Jones","doi":"10.1075/ijolc.17009.nor","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.17009.nor","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Wine discourse has been readily found in the forms of wine tasting notes, reviews, advertisements, poetry, and classical\u0000 literature. The popularity of Japanese wine manga, however, introduces a new venue for wine discourse and vector along which academic\u0000 analysis can be conducted. In this paper, we seek to expand upon prior research on wine semantics and wine discourse by applying the\u0000 framework of Cultural Linguistics to the subgenre of wine manga. Based on an original, Japanese-French bilingual corpus developed from the\u0000 graphic novels Sommelier and Kami no Shizuku – each an epoch-making work, highly didactic in nature – our\u0000 analysis focuses on the conceptual metaphor wine is a person. Results illustrate the Japanese authors’ contribution to the\u0000 figurative language used in wine discourse. In other words, in Japan just as in France, wine is a person, and there is a shared cultural\u0000 understanding of wine, or traits therein, being the embodiment of the human.","PeriodicalId":37349,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Language and Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46506600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ‘Witoto’ people from Northwest Amazonia practised long distance drum communication, used for relaying messages among their villages. The messages were encoded on a pair of hollowed-out wooden drums, and appear to have been ‘drummed codes’, with only some iconic relation to the sound structure of the spoken language. The practice of drum communication appears to be easily diffusible in contact situations. The Caquetá-Putumayo (C-P) cultural area is a case in point, as the Witoto drums were shared with other C-P groups including the Ocaina, Nonuya, Bora, Muinane, Resígaro, and Andoque. Today, the practice of long distance drum communication among the Witoto has been long gone, with just a handful of elders who are still able to recall some of the (once extensive) drummed signal repertoire.
{"title":"Traversing language barriers","authors":"Katarzyna I. Wojtylak","doi":"10.1075/IJOLC.00022.WOJ","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/IJOLC.00022.WOJ","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The ‘Witoto’ people from Northwest Amazonia practised long distance drum communication, used for relaying messages\u0000 among their villages. The messages were encoded on a pair of hollowed-out wooden drums, and appear to have been ‘drummed codes’,\u0000 with only some iconic relation to the sound structure of the spoken language. The practice of drum communication appears to be\u0000 easily diffusible in contact situations. The Caquetá-Putumayo (C-P) cultural area is a case in point, as the Witoto drums were\u0000 shared with other C-P groups including the Ocaina, Nonuya, Bora, Muinane, Resígaro, and Andoque. Today, the practice of long\u0000 distance drum communication among the Witoto has been long gone, with just a handful of elders who are still able to recall some\u0000 of the (once extensive) drummed signal repertoire.","PeriodicalId":37349,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Language and Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48798847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The western margin of the Amazon basin near the modern-day border between Ecuador and Peru is an area of notable linguistic and ethnic diversity, but the indigenous cultures also show considerable similarities, thanks to a long history of contact and mutual influence. One of the cultural traits of the area is a genre of “magic” songs used to ensure success in all kinds of activities, but especially romantic pursuits, hunting (for men), and gardening (for women). These songs are distinguished musically from other song types, the lyrics are rich in imagery and metaphor (especially relating to birds and animals) and allusions to mythology, and they use a lexicon that includes both archaisms and innovative loanwords from neighbouring languages. This paper focuses on the magic songs (called anɨn or anen) of the Aguaruna or Awajún, an indigenous group of north Peru. I describe the formal and poetic properties of these songs and their significance within the context of Aguaruna oral tradition and traditional culture, and then ask what these songs can tell us about the social and linguistic history of the region.
{"title":"Parrots, peccaries, and people","authors":"Simon E. Overall","doi":"10.1075/IJOLC.00020.OVE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/IJOLC.00020.OVE","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The western margin of the Amazon basin near the modern-day border between Ecuador and Peru is an area of notable\u0000 linguistic and ethnic diversity, but the indigenous cultures also show considerable similarities, thanks to a long history of\u0000 contact and mutual influence. One of the cultural traits of the area is a genre of “magic” songs used to ensure success in all\u0000 kinds of activities, but especially romantic pursuits, hunting (for men), and gardening (for women). These songs are distinguished\u0000 musically from other song types, the lyrics are rich in imagery and metaphor (especially relating to birds and animals) and\u0000 allusions to mythology, and they use a lexicon that includes both archaisms and innovative loanwords from neighbouring languages.\u0000 This paper focuses on the magic songs (called anɨn or anen) of the Aguaruna or Awajún, an\u0000 indigenous group of north Peru. I describe the formal and poetic properties of these songs and their significance within the\u0000 context of Aguaruna oral tradition and traditional culture, and then ask what these songs can tell us about the social and\u0000 linguistic history of the region.","PeriodicalId":37349,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Language and Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45707831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among Northern Kampas, the linguistically creative production of tsinampantsi by non-kin and affines intends – apart from having fun – to initiate an intimate relationship or affirm the intimacy of the existing interpersonal relationship. Northern Kampa participants of tsinampantsi ‘joking’ often resort to gender-switching strategies for jocular effects. Creatively playing with linguistic gender marking is characteristic of tsinampantsi-joking conduct. The study’s findings revealed that there are variable lexicogrammatical means for accomplishing the man > woman gender switch. Two basic gender-switching strategies are deployed: manipulation of person marking indexes and deployment of derivational morphology. The verbal person marking strategy is the most basic and most common means of indicating gender switches, whereas derivational morphology functions as a supplementary technique. In gender reversals, participation structure (production and reception roles) is predominantly coded by third person (other-role) markers on the verb. The woman > man direction of gender reversals is uncommon in joking sequences.
{"title":"Gender-switching strategies in the activity of tsinampantsi ‘joking’ among Northern\u0000 Kampa Arawaks of Peru","authors":"Elena I. Mihas","doi":"10.1075/IJOLC.00019.MIH","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/IJOLC.00019.MIH","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Among Northern Kampas, the linguistically creative production of tsinampantsi by non-kin and\u0000 affines intends – apart from having fun – to initiate an intimate relationship or affirm the intimacy of the\u0000 existing interpersonal relationship. Northern Kampa participants of tsinampantsi ‘joking’ often resort to\u0000 gender-switching strategies for jocular effects. Creatively playing with linguistic gender marking is\u0000 characteristic of tsinampantsi-joking conduct. The study’s findings revealed that there are variable\u0000 lexicogrammatical means for accomplishing the man > woman gender switch. Two basic gender-switching\u0000 strategies are deployed: manipulation of person marking indexes and deployment of derivational morphology. The\u0000 verbal person marking strategy is the most basic and most common means of indicating gender switches, whereas\u0000 derivational morphology functions as a supplementary technique. In gender reversals, participation structure\u0000 (production and reception roles) is predominantly coded by third person (other-role) markers on the verb. The\u0000 woman > man direction of gender reversals is uncommon in joking sequences.","PeriodicalId":37349,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Language and Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45921445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"More thoughts on creative and secret language practices","authors":"A. Hollington, Nico Nassenstein","doi":"10.1075/IJOLC.00023.HOL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/IJOLC.00023.HOL","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37349,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Language and Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48404908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Chini, a language of northeastern New Guinea, speakers rely on principles of semantic extension including metonymy, metaphor, and other types of association to create new terms using material from the vernacular. They do so in a special sociolinguistically marked register referred to here as ‘secret language’, a linguistic practice not unheard of in New Guinea. The same principles at work in secret language can also be seen in the creation of terms for new, modern concepts in the sociolinguistically unmarked register of the language. There is additionally some degree of overlap between the two registers, since what were originally secret language terms have entered into use in the unmarked register. This suggests that secret language has been a resource for resistance to borrowing and brings into focus the larger point that any understanding of borrowability should be rooted in the local sociolinguistic context, to the locally relevant ideologies at work and the particular creative principles of language use that speakers employ.
{"title":"Secret language and resistance to borrowing in Chini","authors":"Joseph D. Brooks","doi":"10.1075/IJOLC.00017.BRO","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/IJOLC.00017.BRO","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In Chini, a language of northeastern New Guinea, speakers rely on principles of semantic extension including\u0000 metonymy, metaphor, and other types of association to create new terms using material from the vernacular. They do so in a special\u0000 sociolinguistically marked register referred to here as ‘secret language’, a linguistic practice not unheard of in New Guinea. The\u0000 same principles at work in secret language can also be seen in the creation of terms for new, modern concepts in the\u0000 sociolinguistically unmarked register of the language. There is additionally some degree of overlap between the two registers,\u0000 since what were originally secret language terms have entered into use in the unmarked register. This suggests that secret\u0000 language has been a resource for resistance to borrowing and brings into focus the larger point that any understanding of\u0000 borrowability should be rooted in the local sociolinguistic context, to the locally relevant ideologies at work and the particular\u0000 creative principles of language use that speakers employ.","PeriodicalId":37349,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Language and Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46663678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This contribution examines the metapragmatics of the ‘noisy’ voice: how voice performance that does not include the utterance of words is evaluated and discussed by different audiences and authors. Secrecy as being expressed through and by the transcendental voice is one aspect of these discussions, and notions of interiority of Self and Other are others. The paper thereby suggests that there are many options in conceptualizing language, and that secrecy and transcendentality may be crucial aspects of language as creative and social practice.
{"title":"The idea of a yell","authors":"A. Storch","doi":"10.1075/IJOLC.00013.STO","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/IJOLC.00013.STO","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This contribution examines the metapragmatics of the ‘noisy’ voice: how voice performance that does not include\u0000 the utterance of words is evaluated and discussed by different audiences and authors. Secrecy as being expressed through and by\u0000 the transcendental voice is one aspect of these discussions, and notions of interiority of Self and Other are others. The paper\u0000 thereby suggests that there are many options in conceptualizing language, and that secrecy and transcendentality may be crucial\u0000 aspects of language as creative and social practice.","PeriodicalId":37349,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Language and Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47867383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Secret rituals and a secret language are the core aspect of the seclusion and circumcision, which used to be an important part of the lives of men and women alike. They are meant to be secret, although descriptions of rituals can be found in academic texts as well as in the internet. This article aims at shedding light on the complexity of secrecy and the unveiling of secrets in the Kalenjin society of Kenya and explains the procedure of the unveiling and the various reactions of members of the society.
{"title":"Secrecy, sacredness and unveiling of the Kalenjin cultural initiation rites","authors":"Angelika Mietzner","doi":"10.1075/IJOLC.00016.MIE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/IJOLC.00016.MIE","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Secret rituals and a secret language are the core aspect of the seclusion and circumcision, which used to be an important part of the lives of men and women alike. They are meant to be secret, although descriptions of rituals can be found in academic texts as well as in the internet. This article aims at shedding light on the complexity of secrecy and the unveiling of secrets in the Kalenjin society of Kenya and explains the procedure of the unveiling and the various reactions of members of the society.","PeriodicalId":37349,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Language and Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44554737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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