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Fuzzy Logic Based Teaching/Learning of a Foreign Language in Multilingual Situations 多语情境下基于模糊逻辑的外语教学
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2017-12-29 DOI: 10.4312/ALA.7.2.71-84
S. Sinha
The concept of Fuzzy Logic (FL) has gained momentum in areas of artificial intelligence and allied researches because of its absolute ability to present efficient solutions to real life problems. Contrary to the paradigmatic approach to the solutions of being either absolutely true or false [0 or 1] the fuzzy sets provide a range of possible outputs with error prone inputs which are vague and inaccurate using linguistic objects instead of mere mathematical numbers. A multilingual situation poses a similar challenge for a language teacher/learner where languages exist in continuum. Learners with heavy mother tongue influence tend to use their natural languages instinctively in a way that can create their own fuzzy rules to encounter the situation of being taught an entirely new language. A typical Indian language classroom is highly multilingual where scope of errors is numerous though they are ignored. This leads to stress both for the teachers as well as the learners making the classroom ambience more mechanistic than human. To combat such situations FL based Three-Phase Model of language teaching has been proposed which derives its basis on the presumption that the language instructor is aware of general rules of linguistics. An empirical longitudinal study on 150 undergraduate technical students designed on the proposed framework has been conducted to establish the efficiency and the success of the model. Observing language pedagogy through the lens of fuzzy logic and fuzzy thinking will not only make the classroom more real-like but it will also tap the pre-existing linguistic knowledge of the learners. Language interference will be more of a resource than a challenge.
模糊逻辑(FL)的概念在人工智能和相关研究领域获得了发展,因为它具有为现实生活问题提供有效解决方案的绝对能力。与绝对真或假[0或1]解的范式方法相反,模糊集提供了一系列可能的输出,这些输出具有容易出错的输入,这些输入是模糊和不准确的,使用语言对象而不仅仅是数学数字。在语言连续存在的情况下,多语言环境对语言教师/学习者构成了类似的挑战。母语影响较大的学习者倾向于本能地使用他们的自然语言,从而创造自己的模糊规则,以应对被教授一门全新语言的情况。典型的印度语课堂是高度多语言的,错误的范围很多,尽管它们被忽视了。这给老师和学习者都带来了压力,使课堂氛围比人类更机械。为了应对这种情况,人们提出了基于外语的三阶段语言教学模式,该模式的基础是假设语言教师了解语言学的一般规则。对150名本科生进行了纵向实证研究,以确定该模型的有效性和成功性。从模糊逻辑和模糊思维的角度观察语言教学法,不仅会使课堂更真实,而且会挖掘学习者原有的语言知识。语言干扰与其说是挑战,不如说是一种资源。
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引用次数: 1
Ancient Greek Legend in Modern Japanese Literature: “Run, Melos!” by Dazai Osamu 现代日本文学中的古希腊传说:“快跑,米洛斯!”《大宰修》
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2017-12-29 DOI: 10.4312/ALA.7.2.51-68
Lija Gantar
Dazai Osamu (1909-1948), a modern Japanese writer, wrote “Run, Melos!” in 1940. The short story is a rework of an Ancient Greek legend of Damon and Pythias from the 4 th century B.C., which was introduced to Dazai through Schiller’s version of the legend, “The Hostage”. The legend, based on a true event, represents the perfect friendship and was reworked a number of times by different antique writers. After having been forgotten for a while, it reappeared in the Middle Ages as a fictional story and has gotten many new adaptations from then on. One of them was Schiller’s ballad in 1798, which – alongside an anecdote from Dazai’s own life – represented the basis for Dazai’s story. Even though “Run, Melos!” is not an autobiographical work, Dazai managed to pass his own feelings onto the characters, add some biblical elements, and included a never-before-employed dark twist in the story, thus making his version more realistic than the preceding ones. Despite the distance in time and place between him and the legend, with “Run, Melos!”, Dazai managed to retell a Western literature story, making it a part of the Japanese literature as well, adding motifs and themes influenced by his own life, time, and place.
日本现代作家大宰治(1909-1948)写过《跑吧,米洛斯!》1940年。这个短篇故事是根据公元前4世纪的一个关于达蒙和皮西厄斯的古希腊传说改编的,这个传说是通过席勒的传说版本“人质”介绍给大寨的。这个传说,基于一个真实的事件,代表了完美的友谊,被不同的古代作家重写了很多次。在被遗忘了一段时间后,它在中世纪作为一个虚构的故事重新出现,并从那时起得到了许多新的改编。其中之一是席勒1798年的民谣,它与大宰自己生活中的一段轶事一起构成了大宰故事的基础。即使“快跑,甜瓜!”并非自传体作品,大宰设法将自己的感受传递给人物,加入了一些圣经元素,并在故事中加入了前所未有的黑暗转折,从而使他的版本比之前的版本更真实。尽管在时间和地点上,他与传说中的“跑吧,米洛斯!”,大斋成功地复述了一个西方文学故事,使其成为日本文学的一部分,并加入了受他自己的生活、时代和地点影响的主题和主题。
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引用次数: 1
Prevajanje Ko Unove poezije iz korejščine v slovenščino Ko Un诗歌的韩语翻译
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2017-12-29 DOI: 10.4312/ALA.7.2.37-49
Eva Vučkovič, Byoung Yoong Kang
Pisem v zrak is a collection of poems by the Korean poet Ko Un, that was translated into Slovenian in August of 2016. The collection features a selection of poems written in the last 15 years. Ko Un's poetry appears simple, however, there are often deeper messages hidden within the verses. His subjects are diverse and embrace such themes as nature, Buddhism, as well as allusions to the political situation of the modern Korean society, and criticism of the modern man. From the structure of his poems, it seems that Ko Un does not want to use any formalism in his work. He uses free verse and sometimes even breaks the verse into two lines, just to defy the set norms of poetry. Complex metaphors, intertwining of the traditional and modern language, and wordplay take precedence over the form. To list all the problems that occurred in the process of translating would be an impossible undertaking, since it would have to include an in-depth analysis of each separate poem. Therefore, this article addresses only the major and most obvious problems we have encountered when translating poetry from Korean into Slovenian. The majority of problems arose due to the difference in the structure of both languages and many due to the vocabulary and cultural differences. The  essential dilemma was how much freedom we have as translators, and to what extent we are allowed to alter a poem  without ignoring the gist the author intends to convey to readers.
Pisem v zrak是韩国诗人Ko Un的诗集,于2016年8月被翻译成斯洛文尼亚语。该诗集精选了过去15年创作的诗歌。柯恩的诗歌看似简单,但诗中往往隐藏着更深层次的信息。他的题材多种多样,既有自然、佛教,也有对现代韩国社会政治状况的影射和对现代人的批判。从他的诗歌结构来看,高恩似乎不想在他的作品中使用任何形式主义。他使用自由诗,有时甚至把诗分成两行,只是为了挑战诗歌的既定规范。复杂的隐喻、传统和现代语言的交织以及文字游戏优先于形式。列出翻译过程中出现的所有问题是不可能的,因为它必须包括对每首单独诗歌的深入分析。因此,本文只讨论我们在将韩语诗歌翻译成斯洛文尼亚语时遇到的主要和最明显的问题。大多数问题是由于两种语言的结构差异引起的,许多问题是由于词汇和文化差异引起的。本质上的困境是,作为译者,我们有多大的自由,以及在多大程度上我们可以在不忽视作者意图传达给读者的主旨的情况下修改一首诗。
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引用次数: 0
Functional Significance of Contextual Distribution: Discourse Particle ar in Bangla 语境分布的功能意义:孟加拉语语篇小品ar
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2017-06-28 DOI: 10.4312/ALA.7.1.23-39
S. Ghosh, S. Karmakar, Arka Banerjee
This paper deals with Bangla indeclinable ar to explore its role in conversational discourse. In doing so, the paper provides a detail study about ar in the Bangla language. This, in turn, helps to conceptualize how the occurrences of ar motivate a conversation in a pragmatic domain, in particular. More specifically, multiple interpretations of ar pose a particular challenge to semantics and pragmatics, which can be taken care of through the incorporation of phonological context. Phonological context contains information about speaker’s intention and speaker’s approach to their utterance. The paper discusses several criteria, namely the traditional and polysemous nature, intonational pattern, evidentiality etc., which are crucial in determining its role in structuring a conversation.
本文以孟加拉语为研究对象,探讨其在会话语篇中的作用。在此过程中,本文对孟加拉语中的ar进行了详细的研究。这反过来又有助于概念化ar的出现是如何在语用领域中激发对话的。更具体地说,对ar的多重解释对语义学和语用学提出了特殊的挑战,这可以通过结合语音语境来解决。语音语境包含了说话人的意图和说话人说话方式的信息。本文讨论了几个标准,即传统和多义词性质、语调模式、证据性等,这些标准是决定其在会话结构中的作用的关键。
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引用次数: 1
“Two Sides of the Same Coin”: Yokohama Pidgin Japanese and Japanese Pidgin English “同一枚硬币的两面”:横滨洋泾浜日语和日本洋泾浜英语
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2017-06-28 DOI: 10.4312/ALA.7.1.57-76
A. Avram
The paper is a comparative overview of the phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon of Yokohama Pidgin Japanese and Japanese Pidgin English, formerly spoken in Japan. Both varieties are shown to exhibit features typical of pre-pidgins, while they differ considerably in the circumstances of their emergence and the context of use.
本文对横滨洋泾浜日语和日本洋泾浜英语的音韵、词法、句法和词汇进行了比较综述。这两个变体都表现出前洋泾浜语的典型特征,尽管它们在出现的环境和使用的背景上有很大的不同。
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引用次数: 0
Chinese legal texts – Quantitative Description 中国法律文本-数量描述
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2017-06-28 DOI: 10.4312/ALA.7.1.77-87
Luboš Gajdoš
The aim of the paper is to provide a quantitative description of legal Chinese. This study adopts the approach of corpus-based analyses and it shows basic statistical parameters of legal texts in Chinese, namely the length of a sentence, the proportion of part of speech etc. The research is conducted on the Chinese monolingual corpus Hanku . The paper also discusses the issues of statistical data processing from various corpora, e.g. the tokenisation and part of speech tagging and their relevance to study of registers variation.
本文的目的是对法律汉语进行定量描述。本研究采用基于语料库的分析方法,展示了汉语法律文本的基本统计参数,即句长、词性比例等。本研究以汉语单语语料库汉库为研究对象。本文还讨论了各种语料库的统计数据处理问题,如标记化和词性标注及其与语域变化研究的相关性。
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引用次数: 2
Perceptual Errors in Chinese Language Processing: A Case Study of Czech learners 汉语语言加工中的知觉错误:以捷克语学习者为例
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2017-06-28 DOI: 10.4312/ALA.7.1.89-101
Tereza Slaměníková
There are now a vast number of cross-linguistic studies that investigate how perceptual performance with non-native speech categories is constrained by the listener's native language. However, considering the acquisition of the Chinese language phonological system, studies examining the transfer from less frequent languages are rather rare. The aim of this paper is to fill the gap regarding Czech native speakers. Through examining errors in dictation tests, it introduces some difficulties experienced by beginner level Chinese students and thus provides insight on the perception of Chinese language segmental and suprasegmental features by Czech learners. The findings imply that while errors in initials and finals show a high influence of the native language, errors in disyllabic tonal combinations seem to follow the basic language-independent patterns that have been observed in previous studies.
现在有大量的跨语言研究调查了非母语语言类别的感知表现如何受到听者母语的限制。然而,考虑到汉语语音系统的习得,对非常用语言迁移的研究却很少。本文的目的是填补关于捷克语母语人士的空白。通过对听写错误的分析,介绍了初学水平的中国学生在听写过程中遇到的一些困难,从而对捷克学习者对汉语语段和超语段特征的感知提供了见解。研究结果表明,虽然首字母和韵母的错误受母语的影响很大,但双音节音调组合的错误似乎遵循了先前研究中观察到的基本语言独立模式。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding Reference: Morphological Marking in Japanese 理解指称:日语中的形态标记
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2017-06-28 DOI: 10.4312/ALA.7.1.9-21
Shinichi Shoji
This study investigates reference resolution with repeated-name anaphors in Japanese, particularly focusing on (i) subject anaphor with the nominative postposition ga, (ii) topic-subject anaphor with the topic postposition wa , (iii) scrambled object anaphor with the accusative postposition o , and (iv) topic-object anaphor with the topic postposition wa . A self-paced sentence-by-sentence reading experiment was conducted using two-sentence discourse items followed by comprehension questions, aiming to examine which type of anaphor would trigger a faster realization of the anaphor-antecedent relationship. The discourse items included antecedents in the first sentence and anaphors in the second sentences, and the comprehension questions asked about the antecedents in the first sentences. Results showed that the comprehension questions for the discourses that included topic anaphors (topic-subject- wa and topic-object- wa ) were responded to faster than those for the discourses that included non-topic anaphors (subject- ga and scrambled object- o ). The results indicate that anaphors’ topic-hood given by wa facilitates the realization of antecedents.
本研究考察了日语中重复名称回指的指称消解,特别是(i)主格后置ga的主语回指,(ii)主题后置wa的主题-主语回指、(iii)宾格后置o的扰乱宾语回指和(iv)主题后置wa的主题-宾语回指。采用两个句子语篇项目和理解问题进行了逐句自节奏阅读实验,旨在检验哪种类型的回指会更快地实现回指-先行关系。话语项目包括第一句中的先行词和第二句中的回指,以及关于第一句中先行词的理解问题。结果表明,包含主题回指的语篇(主题-主语-wa和主题-宾语-wa)的理解问题的回答速度快于包含非主题回指(主题-ga和加扰宾语-o)的语篇。研究结果表明,wa赋予回指词的话题性有利于先行词的实现。
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引用次数: 0
Japanese n deshita in Discourse: Past Form of n desu 话语中的日语名词:名词的过去形式
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2017-06-28 DOI: 10.4312/ALA.7.1.41-56
Hironori Nishi
N deshita / datta , which is the past-tense form of n desu / da , has not been explored in depth in studies of Japanese Linguistics. The present study examines a large corpus, and explores the cases of n deshita / datta used for past events and situations. The findings of the present study show that out of the 167 cases of n deshita / datta used for past events and situations in the corpus, 63 cases (37.7%) co-occurred with grammatical elements that require past-tense connections for the preceding item such as the sentential ending particle kke , the tara structure, and the tari structure. For the cases of n deshita / datta that co-occurred with kke , tara , or tari , it was concluded that the grammatical restrictions arising from these elements triggered the occurrences of n deshita / datta . On the other hand, 104 cases (62.3%) occurred without any grammatical elements that require past-tense connections. These cases of n deshita / datta in the corpus were used to express the speaker’s recollection of previously held knowledge, or as part of confirmation seeking utterances for previously held knowledge.
作为名词desu/da的过去时形式的名词deshita/datta,在日本语言学研究中尚未得到深入的探索。本研究考察了一个大型语料库,并探讨了n deshita/datta用于过去事件和情况的情况。本研究的结果表明,在语料库中用于过去事件和情况的167种n deshita/datta中,有63种(37.7%)与前一项需要过去时连接的语法元素共同出现,如句子结尾助词kke、tara结构和tari结构。对于与kke、tara或tari同时出现的n deshita/datta的情况,可以得出结论,由这些元素引起的语法限制触发了n deshita/datta的出现。另一方面,104例(62.3%)发生在没有任何需要过去时连接的语法元素的情况下。语料库中n deshita/datta的这些情况被用来表达说话者对先前掌握的知识的回忆,或者作为对先前掌握知识的确认寻求话语的一部分。
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引用次数: 1
Interpretation of Daba Script: Gemu from Wujiao Village 大巴文解读:乌角村格木
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2016-12-28 DOI: 10.4312/ALA.6.2.53-67
Duoduo Xu
Daba calendars are the only written texts of Dabaism discovered so far. Some studies have been discontinuously conducted on this topic since the first report on this script in 1940. However, some unclear and obscure hermeneutic points of Daba script have still to be investigated in-depth. In this paper, I present an interpretation of a Daba calendar based on my original field work data. This Daba calendar, entitled "Gemu", is from Wūjiǎo ( 屋脚 ) Village. It is relatively old, showing a more archaic version of Daba calendars if compared with other ones and with the classification proposed in Song (2003). The present study aims to expand our knowledge of Daba script and of the context in which it was and is still used. Further on, this paper can contribute in establishing a philological foundation for further researches on Daba script, originating possibly related comparative studies.
达巴历法是迄今为止发现的唯一的达巴教文字。自1940年第一份关于这个剧本的报告以来,一些研究断断续续地进行着。然而,大巴文的一些不明确、不明确的释经要点仍有待深入研究。在本文中,我提出了一个基于我的原始野外工作数据的解释。这个大巴历名为“格穆”,来自Wūjiǎo()村。它比较古老,与其他日历和宋(2003)提出的分类相比,显示了一个更古老的大巴历版本。目前的研究旨在扩大我们对大巴文字的了解,以及它曾经和现在仍在使用的背景。此外,本文还可以为进一步研究大巴文奠定文献学基础,开创可能相关的比较研究。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Acta Linguistica Asiatica
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