在 zai and着 zhe are commonly recognized imperfective aspect makers in Mandarin Chinese, though there are noticeable differences between their distributions and functions. By resorting to origins, historical evolutions, and corpus data for the meanings and functions of these two characters, it can be observed that they are both polysemies displaying semantic networks organized around a central sense respectively and the characters 在 and 着 are distinct form and meaning pairings. 在 is a construction indicating presence within a certain range while 着generally denotes ‘reach to’. Related to their basic meanings, 在 and 着 exhibit some constraints respectively when marking imperfective aspect. From this character-based constructional account, 在’s and 着’s qualifications as Chinese imperfective aspect markers are theoretically arguable.
{"title":"A Character-Based Constructional Approach to Chinese Imperfective Aspect Markers 在Zai and 着Zhe","authors":"Liulin Zhang","doi":"10.4312/ALA.6.1.59-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ALA.6.1.59-79","url":null,"abstract":"在 zai and着 zhe are commonly recognized imperfective aspect makers in Mandarin Chinese, though there are noticeable differences between their distributions and functions. By resorting to origins, historical evolutions, and corpus data for the meanings and functions of these two characters, it can be observed that they are both polysemies displaying semantic networks organized around a central sense respectively and the characters 在 and 着 are distinct form and meaning pairings. 在 is a construction indicating presence within a certain range while 着generally denotes ‘reach to’. Related to their basic meanings, 在 and 着 exhibit some constraints respectively when marking imperfective aspect. From this character-based constructional account, 在’s and 着’s qualifications as Chinese imperfective aspect markers are theoretically arguable.","PeriodicalId":37373,"journal":{"name":"Acta Linguistica Asiatica","volume":"6 1","pages":"59-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70544103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since Kinsui's (2000, 2003) initial proposal, research on role language has progressed with the topics growing more diverse. In this paper we propose that a peculiar speech style assigned to a certain character in fiction should be treated as character language rather than role language. Role language, which is based on social and cultural stereotypes, is a subset of character language. Given that role language is also a linguistic stereotype, its knowledge should be widely shared by members of the speech community, and its patterns within limits. Character language, on the other hand, allows for various types, being far from being a closed class. We examine and give examples of four types of character language: speech styles that could become actual role language, once shared widely in the speech community; speech styles that are effectively adopted by characters outside of their expected speaker's social and cultural groups; speech styles employed to represent something other than their stereotypes; and uniquely created speech styles.
{"title":"Role Language and Character Language","authors":"Satoshi Kinsui, H. Yamakido","doi":"10.4312/ALA.5.2.29-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ALA.5.2.29-42","url":null,"abstract":"Since Kinsui's (2000, 2003) initial proposal, research on role language has progressed with the topics growing more diverse. In this paper we propose that a peculiar speech style assigned to a certain character in fiction should be treated as character language rather than role language. Role language, which is based on social and cultural stereotypes, is a subset of character language. Given that role language is also a linguistic stereotype, its knowledge should be widely shared by members of the speech community, and its patterns within limits. Character language, on the other hand, allows for various types, being far from being a closed class. We examine and give examples of four types of character language: speech styles that could become actual role language, once shared widely in the speech community; speech styles that are effectively adopted by characters outside of their expected speaker's social and cultural groups; speech styles employed to represent something other than their stereotypes; and uniquely created speech styles.","PeriodicalId":37373,"journal":{"name":"Acta Linguistica Asiatica","volume":"5 1","pages":"29-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70543710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper introduces current status of "role language" and the "speaker's character" and their applications in Japanese teaching materials. Besides it studies the knowledge of Russian learners of Japanese and carefully examines their knowledge of four typical kinds of "role language" in Japanese anime and manga by using a questionnaire and follow-up interviews. From the results of the textbook research, the following two things are revealed; (a) first person pronouns except for watashi are rarely used, (b) there is not enough explanations about different "speaker's characters" in detail. Furthermore, findings of the questionnaire show that some of the learners who have the same impression of the characters as Japanese native speakers, wrongly connect a certain "role language" to illustrations of a character, and results of as much as three kinds of "role language" have a low positive correlation with the learners' results of the Japanese Language Proficiency Test. Results also reveal that all four kinds of "role language" have no correlation with other factors, such as student's duration of learning Japanese, or frequency of the use of Japanese outside the classroom.
{"title":"Japanese Language and \"Characters\": From the Perspective of Teaching Japanese as a Foreign Language","authors":"Yukiko Shukuri","doi":"10.4312/ALA.5.2.61-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ALA.5.2.61-68","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces current status of \"role language\" and the \"speaker's character\" and their applications in Japanese teaching materials. Besides it studies the knowledge of Russian learners of Japanese and carefully examines their knowledge of four typical kinds of \"role language\" in Japanese anime and manga by using a questionnaire and follow-up interviews. From the results of the textbook research, the following two things are revealed; (a) first person pronouns except for watashi are rarely used, (b) there is not enough explanations about different \"speaker's characters\" in detail. Furthermore, findings of the questionnaire show that some of the learners who have the same impression of the characters as Japanese native speakers, wrongly connect a certain \"role language\" to illustrations of a character, and results of as much as three kinds of \"role language\" have a low positive correlation with the learners' results of the Japanese Language Proficiency Test. Results also reveal that all four kinds of \"role language\" have no correlation with other factors, such as student's duration of learning Japanese, or frequency of the use of Japanese outside the classroom.","PeriodicalId":37373,"journal":{"name":"Acta Linguistica Asiatica","volume":"5 1","pages":"61-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70543791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The issue of language in Pakistan is not just related to linguistics. It has far more implications for cultural, economic, political, and social issues. The current paper studies the latest language policy of Pakistan and its implications for local languages. It then relates to the formation and implementation of a (certain steps) sound language policy to root out the conflicts and ethnic clashes from time to time in the country, and to survive the language shock of majority of students in Pakistan, who are taught English as compulsory subject up to 14 years of education. The current situation of the country also correlates to the puzzling phenomenon of cultural aversive attitudes towards English language by the masses. The current teaching methods and curriculum employed in the institutions of Pakistan, for decades, have only been successful in maintaining the gap between the privileged English related people and the hardcore anti-English sentiments. In this battle for linguistic-identity crisis and supremacy, a lot of national talent has been wasted. This paper briefly re-explores the situation of languages in the country on the first step, then it moves on to focus on the national policy, its flaws, and it possible ways out by bringing in examples from Chinese and Indian Language Policies.
{"title":"Language Policy and Medium of Instruction Issue in Pakistan","authors":"Ali Ammar, N. Ali, A. Fawad, K. Qasim","doi":"10.4312/ALA.5.1.111-124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ALA.5.1.111-124","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of language in Pakistan is not just related to linguistics. It has far more implications for cultural, economic, political, and social issues. The current paper studies the latest language policy of Pakistan and its implications for local languages. It then relates to the formation and implementation of a (certain steps) sound language policy to root out the conflicts and ethnic clashes from time to time in the country, and to survive the language shock of majority of students in Pakistan, who are taught English as compulsory subject up to 14 years of education. The current situation of the country also correlates to the puzzling phenomenon of cultural aversive attitudes towards English language by the masses. The current teaching methods and curriculum employed in the institutions of Pakistan, for decades, have only been successful in maintaining the gap between the privileged English related people and the hardcore anti-English sentiments. In this battle for linguistic-identity crisis and supremacy, a lot of national talent has been wasted. This paper briefly re-explores the situation of languages in the country on the first step, then it moves on to focus on the national policy, its flaws, and it possible ways out by bringing in examples from Chinese and Indian Language Policies.","PeriodicalId":37373,"journal":{"name":"Acta Linguistica Asiatica","volume":"5 1","pages":"111-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70543302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grammatical category of quantity is absent in the Japanese language but there are many different grammatical, lexical, derivational and morphological modes of expression of quantity. This paper provides an analysis of the lexical mode of expression of quantitative meanings and their semantics with the help of onomatopoeic ( giongo ) and mimetic ( gitaigo ) words in the Japanese language. Based on the analysis, we have distinguished the following semantic groups: mimetic words A) existence of some (large or small) quantity (things, phenomena and people), B) degree of change of quantity; and onomatopoeic words A) single sound, B) repetitive sounds.
{"title":"Japanese Onomatopoeic Expressions with Quantitative Meaning","authors":"N. V. Kutafeva","doi":"10.4312/ALA.5.1.39-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ALA.5.1.39-52","url":null,"abstract":"Grammatical category of quantity is absent in the Japanese language but there are many different grammatical, lexical, derivational and morphological modes of expression of quantity. This paper provides an analysis of the lexical mode of expression of quantitative meanings and their semantics with the help of onomatopoeic ( giongo ) and mimetic ( gitaigo ) words in the Japanese language. Based on the analysis, we have distinguished the following semantic groups: mimetic words A) existence of some (large or small) quantity (things, phenomena and people), B) degree of change of quantity; and onomatopoeic words A) single sound, B) repetitive sounds.","PeriodicalId":37373,"journal":{"name":"Acta Linguistica Asiatica","volume":"5 1","pages":"39-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70543412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on the functions of English versus other languages in Sri Lankan Buddhist rituals. The framework for this paper is based on a previous work on the language of Hindu rituals by Pandharipande (2012). This study aims to examine the following research questions: what languages are used for practicing Buddhism? Is English used in Buddhist rituals? What mechanisms are used to sanction change? and (4) Will English replace Sinhala and Pali in the UK? In order to answer these research questions, I collected data by attending Sri Lankan Buddhist festivals and event in the UK and recording sermons and speeches used during these festivals to gather information regarding language use and language change. The study proved to be a worthy investigation, as unlike in Sri Lanka where only either Sinhala or Pali is sanctioned in Buddhist practice, in the UK, Sinhala is undergoing language shift and is being replaced by English during Buddhist sermons and other activities. Although prayers and ritual chantings are still in Pali, most of these are explained to the congregation using English. In addition, the use of English is also sanctioned by the Buddhist clergy, through the use of the internet and other media for purposes of promoting Buddhism and reaching young Sri Lankans born in the UK.
{"title":"Functions of English vs. Other Languages in Sri Lankan Buddhist Rituals in the UK","authors":"Manel Herat","doi":"10.4312/ALA.5.1.85-110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ALA.5.1.85-110","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the functions of English versus other languages in Sri Lankan Buddhist rituals. The framework for this paper is based on a previous work on the language of Hindu rituals by Pandharipande (2012). This study aims to examine the following research questions: what languages are used for practicing Buddhism? Is English used in Buddhist rituals? What mechanisms are used to sanction change? and (4) Will English replace Sinhala and Pali in the UK? In order to answer these research questions, I collected data by attending Sri Lankan Buddhist festivals and event in the UK and recording sermons and speeches used during these festivals to gather information regarding language use and language change. The study proved to be a worthy investigation, as unlike in Sri Lanka where only either Sinhala or Pali is sanctioned in Buddhist practice, in the UK, Sinhala is undergoing language shift and is being replaced by English during Buddhist sermons and other activities. Although prayers and ritual chantings are still in Pali, most of these are explained to the congregation using English. In addition, the use of English is also sanctioned by the Buddhist clergy, through the use of the internet and other media for purposes of promoting Buddhism and reaching young Sri Lankans born in the UK.","PeriodicalId":37373,"journal":{"name":"Acta Linguistica Asiatica","volume":"5 1","pages":"85-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70543577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of he perspective of dyslexia, which is said to occupy most of LD, in Japanese language education. First, it discusses what dyslexia is and what perspective it offers to Japanese language education. Then, I will outline the present status of accepting and arranging dyslexic learners in Japanese language education and point the several problems of it. Finally, I will take a general view of supporting system in the JLPT and at institutions in Europe that is already systematically established and show us a way of the solution. I will also show the necessities that all teachers including trainees in teaching institutions should learn and know about dyslexia to make prompt and effective Japanese language education to all learners in conclusion.
{"title":"Japanese Language Education and Dyslexia: On the Necessity of the Dyslexia Research","authors":"Nagisa Moritoki Škof","doi":"10.4312/ALA.5.1.71-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ALA.5.1.71-84","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of he perspective of dyslexia, which is said to occupy most of LD, in Japanese language education. First, it discusses what dyslexia is and what perspective it offers to Japanese language education. Then, I will outline the present status of accepting and arranging dyslexic learners in Japanese language education and point the several problems of it. Finally, I will take a general view of supporting system in the JLPT and at institutions in Europe that is already systematically established and show us a way of the solution. I will also show the necessities that all teachers including trainees in teaching institutions should learn and know about dyslexia to make prompt and effective Japanese language education to all learners in conclusion.","PeriodicalId":37373,"journal":{"name":"Acta Linguistica Asiatica","volume":"5 1","pages":"71-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70543537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is a summary of some phonological and morphosyntactice features of the Bhadarwahi language of Indo-Aryan family. Bhadarwahi is a lesser known and less documented language spoken in district of Doda of Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir State in India. Typologically it is a subject dominant language with an SOV word order (SV if without object) and its verb agrees with a noun phrase which is not followed by an overt post-position. These noun phrases can move freely in the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. The indirect object generally precedes the direct object. Aspiration, like any other Indo-Aryan languages, is a prominent feature of Bhadarwahi. Nasalization is a distinctive feature, and vowel and consonant contrasts are commonly observed. Infinitive and participle forms are formed by suffixation while infixation is also found in causative formation. Tense is carried by auxiliary and aspect and mood is marked by the main verb.
{"title":"Bhadarwahi: A Typological Sketch","authors":"A. Dwivedi","doi":"10.4312/ALA.5.1.125-148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ALA.5.1.125-148","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a summary of some phonological and morphosyntactice features of the Bhadarwahi language of Indo-Aryan family. Bhadarwahi is a lesser known and less documented language spoken in district of Doda of Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir State in India. Typologically it is a subject dominant language with an SOV word order (SV if without object) and its verb agrees with a noun phrase which is not followed by an overt post-position. These noun phrases can move freely in the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. The indirect object generally precedes the direct object. Aspiration, like any other Indo-Aryan languages, is a prominent feature of Bhadarwahi. Nasalization is a distinctive feature, and vowel and consonant contrasts are commonly observed. Infinitive and participle forms are formed by suffixation while infixation is also found in causative formation. Tense is carried by auxiliary and aspect and mood is marked by the main verb.","PeriodicalId":37373,"journal":{"name":"Acta Linguistica Asiatica","volume":"5 1","pages":"125-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70543349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we discussed some advantages of and points of attempt to research how to read Hancha (漢字) with Kugyŏl (口訣) markings based on the premise, that the tradition of Hanmun Hundok (漢文訓讀) in Sŏktok Kugyŏl (釋讀口訣) materials has been succeeded to Ŏnhae (諺解) materials since the mid-15th century, the promulgation of Hunmin Chyŏngŭm (訓民正音), and based on Ŏnhae (諺解) system in these Ŏnhae (諺解) materials. As a result, Hundok (訓讀) systems of Sŏktok Kugyŏl (釋讀口訣) materials had much resemblance to the Non-Buddhist (Confucian) Ŏnhae (諺解) materials since the end of 15th century. Therefore, Non-Buddhist (Confucian) Ŏnhae (諺解) materials occupy an important position to consider the reading methods of Sŏktok Kugyŏl (釋讀口訣) materials.
{"title":"Reading Sŏktok Kugyŏl materials based on Ŏnhae materials","authors":"S. Joho","doi":"10.4312/ALA.4.1.43-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ALA.4.1.43-68","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we discussed some advantages of and points of attempt to research how to read Hancha (漢字) with Kugyŏl (口訣) markings based on the premise, that the tradition of Hanmun Hundok (漢文訓讀) in Sŏktok Kugyŏl (釋讀口訣) materials has been succeeded to Ŏnhae (諺解) materials since the mid-15th century, the promulgation of Hunmin Chyŏngŭm (訓民正音), and based on Ŏnhae (諺解) system in these Ŏnhae (諺解) materials. As a result, Hundok (訓讀) systems of Sŏktok Kugyŏl (釋讀口訣) materials had much resemblance to the Non-Buddhist (Confucian) Ŏnhae (諺解) materials since the end of 15th century. Therefore, Non-Buddhist (Confucian) Ŏnhae (諺解) materials occupy an important position to consider the reading methods of Sŏktok Kugyŏl (釋讀口訣) materials.","PeriodicalId":37373,"journal":{"name":"Acta Linguistica Asiatica","volume":"4 1","pages":"43-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70543031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cuneiform is the name of various writing systems in use throughout the Middle East from the end of the fourth millennium BCE until the late first century CE. The wedge-shaped writing was used to write ten to fifteen languages from various language families: Sumerian, Elamite, Eblaite, Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian and other Akkadian dialects, Proto-Hattic, Hittite, Luwian, Palaic, Hurrian, Urartian, Ugaritic, Old Persian etc. Over the centuries it evolved from a pictographic to a syllabographic writing system and eventually became an alphabetic script, but most languages used a 'mixed orthography' which combined ideographic and phonetic elements, and required a rebus principle of reading.
{"title":"The Spread of ‘Heavenly Writing’","authors":"Marina Zorman","doi":"10.4312/ALA.4.1.103-112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4312/ALA.4.1.103-112","url":null,"abstract":"Cuneiform is the name of various writing systems in use throughout the Middle East from the end of the fourth millennium BCE until the late first century CE. The wedge-shaped writing was used to write ten to fifteen languages from various language families: Sumerian, Elamite, Eblaite, Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian and other Akkadian dialects, Proto-Hattic, Hittite, Luwian, Palaic, Hurrian, Urartian, Ugaritic, Old Persian etc. Over the centuries it evolved from a pictographic to a syllabographic writing system and eventually became an alphabetic script, but most languages used a 'mixed orthography' which combined ideographic and phonetic elements, and required a rebus principle of reading.","PeriodicalId":37373,"journal":{"name":"Acta Linguistica Asiatica","volume":"4 1","pages":"103-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70542909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：