Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-15-25
M. A. Chirskaia, E. B. Yastrebova, T. V. Krasnoselskikh, M. I. Danilyuk
Syphilis, alongside with HIV infection, remains a pressing public health issue due to its widespread prevalence among high-risk groups: men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women, and female sex workers (FSW). The MSM group shows a disproportionately high prevalence rate of HIV infection, with cases of syphilis/HIV co-infection also on the rise in this population. The increase in these co-infection cases deserves special attention. According to the literature, the rate of HIV infection among syphilis patients averages 15.7%. In addition, it varies significantly, going from 3% in the general population to 90% among MSM. Epidemiological surveillance data showed an increase in cases of HIV/syphilis co-infection in the MSM group, with the proportion of co-infection patients varying from 30 to 60% depending on the region. This syndemia can be explained by the fact that syphilis can contribute to HIV transmission and acquisition. The risk of HIV infection is 2 to 5 times higher among people with syphilis. At the same time, STDs are more and more difficult to control as the Internet and dating applications have made it easier to find potential sex partners. Given the high prevalence rate of syphilis among MSM, screening, diagnosis and treatment of STDs in this population should be a health care priority. Early detection and timely treatment of these socially significant diseases play an important role in epidemic prevention measures.
{"title":"Current characteristics of the HIV/syphilis co-infection epidemic","authors":"M. A. Chirskaia, E. B. Yastrebova, T. V. Krasnoselskikh, M. I. Danilyuk","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-15-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-15-25","url":null,"abstract":"Syphilis, alongside with HIV infection, remains a pressing public health issue due to its widespread prevalence among high-risk groups: men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women, and female sex workers (FSW). The MSM group shows a disproportionately high prevalence rate of HIV infection, with cases of syphilis/HIV co-infection also on the rise in this population. The increase in these co-infection cases deserves special attention. According to the literature, the rate of HIV infection among syphilis patients averages 15.7%. In addition, it varies significantly, going from 3% in the general population to 90% among MSM. Epidemiological surveillance data showed an increase in cases of HIV/syphilis co-infection in the MSM group, with the proportion of co-infection patients varying from 30 to 60% depending on the region. This syndemia can be explained by the fact that syphilis can contribute to HIV transmission and acquisition. The risk of HIV infection is 2 to 5 times higher among people with syphilis. At the same time, STDs are more and more difficult to control as the Internet and dating applications have made it easier to find potential sex partners. Given the high prevalence rate of syphilis among MSM, screening, diagnosis and treatment of STDs in this population should be a health care priority. Early detection and timely treatment of these socially significant diseases play an important role in epidemic prevention measures.","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":"104 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135513567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-26-37
A. I. Kuznetsova
High genetic variability is one of the defining HIV-1 properties. It contributes to the appearance of drug resistance and to the formation of various HIV variants. In the world, the different variants of HIV-1 are distributed unevenly. In Russia there are circulating unique virus variants which are characteristic for our country and some countries of the former USSR and which are difference from HIV-1 variants circulating in other countries of the world. For many years, the studies aimed on the analysis of the influence of various HIV-1 variants on pathogenesis have been conducted. Within the framework of these studies, the polymorphism mutations in different subtypes and recombinant forms have been detected. Currently the main objects of antiretroviral therapy are HIV-1 structural proteins, mainly enzyme proteins, thus polymorphic mutations in which could affect the degree of virus sensitivity to antiretroviral therapy. Non-structural HIV-1 proteins are involved in virus replication and virus protection from the host immune system, enter the bloodstream and tissues, causing the development of inflammation. The polymorphic mutations in non-structural proteins could affect the degree of HIV infection progression and the development of concomitant somatic diseases. Today, nonstructural proteins are considered as objects for the creation of therapeutic agents, thus the identification of polymorphic mutations in nonstructural proteins in different HIV-1 variants is a basis for such developments. Thus, the study of polymorphism of both structural and non-structural HIV-1 proteins is a promising area of research in the future.
{"title":"The role of HIV-1 polymorphism in the pathogenesis of the disease","authors":"A. I. Kuznetsova","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-26-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-26-37","url":null,"abstract":"High genetic variability is one of the defining HIV-1 properties. It contributes to the appearance of drug resistance and to the formation of various HIV variants. In the world, the different variants of HIV-1 are distributed unevenly. In Russia there are circulating unique virus variants which are characteristic for our country and some countries of the former USSR and which are difference from HIV-1 variants circulating in other countries of the world. For many years, the studies aimed on the analysis of the influence of various HIV-1 variants on pathogenesis have been conducted. Within the framework of these studies, the polymorphism mutations in different subtypes and recombinant forms have been detected. Currently the main objects of antiretroviral therapy are HIV-1 structural proteins, mainly enzyme proteins, thus polymorphic mutations in which could affect the degree of virus sensitivity to antiretroviral therapy. Non-structural HIV-1 proteins are involved in virus replication and virus protection from the host immune system, enter the bloodstream and tissues, causing the development of inflammation. The polymorphic mutations in non-structural proteins could affect the degree of HIV infection progression and the development of concomitant somatic diseases. Today, nonstructural proteins are considered as objects for the creation of therapeutic agents, thus the identification of polymorphic mutations in nonstructural proteins in different HIV-1 variants is a basis for such developments. Thus, the study of polymorphism of both structural and non-structural HIV-1 proteins is a promising area of research in the future.","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":"34 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135513608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-84-94
T. Yu. Kurganova, S. V. Ogurtsova, E. V. Boeva, M. A. Matveeva, T. N. Melnikova, N. A. Belyakov
Aim. To determine the general patterns and distinctive features of the formation of the HIV epidemic in chronology in various administrative territories of the Vologda Region. Materials and methods. The data of the epidemiological survey maps of HIV infection foci, reports «Causes of mortality of HIV-infected», statistical observations were analyzed: form No. 61 «Information on the contingent of HIV-infected patients», form No. 4 of the Federal State Statistical Observation, forms of the Vologda Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, materials of the North-Western District Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS. Dynamic monitoring of the HIV epidemic in the Vologda Region (since 1995) and evaluation of the effectiveness of the national project to combat HIV infections were carried out. Results and discussion . On the territory of the Vologda Region, the trend of stability of the indicator of HIV infection remains. The prevalence of the population is increasing, accompanied by the identification of patients at late stages with the manifestation of secondary diseases. In the region, the HIV epidemic corresponds to the main trends of the epidemic process in the North-Western Federal District (NWFD) with some differences. The dominant transmission routes are parenteral (39.9% in 2021) and heterosexual. Over the past 5 years, there has been an upward trend in homosexual transmission of infection among men who have sex with a men (MSM), the share of which increased in 2021 by 2 times compared to 2017 and amounted to 3.1%. The detection rate in 2021, calculated for 100 thousand surveyed, in the Vologda Region was 111.3 (in the NWFD — 160.1). The highest detection rate of HIV infection was observed among MSM — 14.3% (in the NWFD — 4.1%), among injecting drug users (IDUs) — 1.0% (in the NWFD — 1.1%), among persons in prison — 1.8% (in the NWFD — 1.8%). One of the main causes of death in HIV-infected patients is the late detection of the disease and the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). During the entire period of observation, the epidemic was most intense in Cherepovets and Vologda, since 2000 there has been a gradual spread of infection with involvement in the process in rural areas. Conclusion . The results obtained demonstrate the importance of implementing different models of the main stages of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of people in urban and rural areas, which is included in the developing concept of personalized HIV medicine. It is necessary to carry out additional measures for the active identification and registration of dispensary patients, the formation of adherence to dispensary monitoring and therapy, the timely appointment of ART, the introduction of new approaches to providing medical care to HIV-infected patients in the districts of the region.
{"title":"Chronology and problems of the evolution of HIV infection in the Vologda Region in the structure of the North-West of the Russian Federation","authors":"T. Yu. Kurganova, S. V. Ogurtsova, E. V. Boeva, M. A. Matveeva, T. N. Melnikova, N. A. Belyakov","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-84-94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-84-94","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To determine the general patterns and distinctive features of the formation of the HIV epidemic in chronology in various administrative territories of the Vologda Region. Materials and methods. The data of the epidemiological survey maps of HIV infection foci, reports «Causes of mortality of HIV-infected», statistical observations were analyzed: form No. 61 «Information on the contingent of HIV-infected patients», form No. 4 of the Federal State Statistical Observation, forms of the Vologda Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, materials of the North-Western District Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS. Dynamic monitoring of the HIV epidemic in the Vologda Region (since 1995) and evaluation of the effectiveness of the national project to combat HIV infections were carried out. Results and discussion . On the territory of the Vologda Region, the trend of stability of the indicator of HIV infection remains. The prevalence of the population is increasing, accompanied by the identification of patients at late stages with the manifestation of secondary diseases. In the region, the HIV epidemic corresponds to the main trends of the epidemic process in the North-Western Federal District (NWFD) with some differences. The dominant transmission routes are parenteral (39.9% in 2021) and heterosexual. Over the past 5 years, there has been an upward trend in homosexual transmission of infection among men who have sex with a men (MSM), the share of which increased in 2021 by 2 times compared to 2017 and amounted to 3.1%. The detection rate in 2021, calculated for 100 thousand surveyed, in the Vologda Region was 111.3 (in the NWFD — 160.1). The highest detection rate of HIV infection was observed among MSM — 14.3% (in the NWFD — 4.1%), among injecting drug users (IDUs) — 1.0% (in the NWFD — 1.1%), among persons in prison — 1.8% (in the NWFD — 1.8%). One of the main causes of death in HIV-infected patients is the late detection of the disease and the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). During the entire period of observation, the epidemic was most intense in Cherepovets and Vologda, since 2000 there has been a gradual spread of infection with involvement in the process in rural areas. Conclusion . The results obtained demonstrate the importance of implementing different models of the main stages of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of people in urban and rural areas, which is included in the developing concept of personalized HIV medicine. It is necessary to carry out additional measures for the active identification and registration of dispensary patients, the formation of adherence to dispensary monitoring and therapy, the timely appointment of ART, the introduction of new approaches to providing medical care to HIV-infected patients in the districts of the region.","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":"102 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135513757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-95-104
E. V. Anufrieva, E. N. Serikova, Yu. V. Ostankova, A. N. Shchemelev, V. S. Davydenko, D. E. Reingardt, E. B. Zueva, A. A. Totolian
The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of serological and molecular genetic markers of HIV infection, viral hepatitis B and C among persons in pre-trial detention. Materials and methods. The material of the study identified 138 samples of blood sequences obtained from men in the pretrial detention center in St. Petersburg. Patients were examined by ELISA for the presence of serological markers of HIV infection (Ag/Ab HIV), HBV (HBsAg, antiHBs IgG, anti-HBcore IgG) and HCV (anti-HCV IgG). Determination of HIV and HCV RNA, as well as HBV DNA by PCR with hybridization-fluorescence detection in «real time» mode. HBV DNA with a low viral form was detected using a technique developed at the Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute. Results and discussion . With the prevalence of the general prevalence of serological markers, markers of HIV infection were detected in 55 (39.86%) patients, HBV — in 73 (52.90%), HCV — in 83 (60.14%). the same markers of HIV infection and HBV were detected in 6 (4.35%) examined, HIV infection and HCV in 17 (12.32%), HBV and HCV in 22 (15.94%) persons, to all three infections in 26 (18.84%) cases. In 22 (15.94%) people did not notice any of the analyzed markers. HIV RNA was found in 23.19%, HCV RNA — in 46.38%, HBV DNA — in 10.14% of the examined. At the same time, HBV DNA with a low viral form (less than 50 IU/ml) was detected in 7.97% of cases, including 6.52% of seronegative samples. Simultaneously, HIV and HCV RNA were detected in 6.52%, HCV RNA and HBV DNA in 2.17% of patients. Molecular biological markers of all three indicators were found in 1.45% of patients. The examined group was ranked by age into the following subgroups: 21– 30 years old (12.32%), 31–40 years old (34.78%), 41–50 years old (37.68%) and older than 51 years old (15.22%). Certain differences in the prevalence and distribution of the analysis of serological and molecular biological markers between age markers, the highest frequency was found for groups of 31–40 and 41–50 years. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate a high prevalence of HIV infections and parenteral viral hepatitis B and C among persons convicted and awaiting a stage in a pre-trial detention center. Careful attention must be paid to their admission to penitentiary institutions, since many convicts are not aware of their morbidity and may become infected. Regular conclusions, concluded in dynamics, including laboratory diagnostics using highly sensitive molecular biological methods, upon admission to a penitentiary institution, and then annually and upon release, should be taken into account as measures to prevent infection with HIV, HBV, HCV.
{"title":"The structure of some blood-borne infections distribution among persons from penitentiary institutions the markers","authors":"E. V. Anufrieva, E. N. Serikova, Yu. V. Ostankova, A. N. Shchemelev, V. S. Davydenko, D. E. Reingardt, E. B. Zueva, A. A. Totolian","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-95-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-95-104","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of serological and molecular genetic markers of HIV infection, viral hepatitis B and C among persons in pre-trial detention. Materials and methods. The material of the study identified 138 samples of blood sequences obtained from men in the pretrial detention center in St. Petersburg. Patients were examined by ELISA for the presence of serological markers of HIV infection (Ag/Ab HIV), HBV (HBsAg, antiHBs IgG, anti-HBcore IgG) and HCV (anti-HCV IgG). Determination of HIV and HCV RNA, as well as HBV DNA by PCR with hybridization-fluorescence detection in «real time» mode. HBV DNA with a low viral form was detected using a technique developed at the Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute. Results and discussion . With the prevalence of the general prevalence of serological markers, markers of HIV infection were detected in 55 (39.86%) patients, HBV — in 73 (52.90%), HCV — in 83 (60.14%). the same markers of HIV infection and HBV were detected in 6 (4.35%) examined, HIV infection and HCV in 17 (12.32%), HBV and HCV in 22 (15.94%) persons, to all three infections in 26 (18.84%) cases. In 22 (15.94%) people did not notice any of the analyzed markers. HIV RNA was found in 23.19%, HCV RNA — in 46.38%, HBV DNA — in 10.14% of the examined. At the same time, HBV DNA with a low viral form (less than 50 IU/ml) was detected in 7.97% of cases, including 6.52% of seronegative samples. Simultaneously, HIV and HCV RNA were detected in 6.52%, HCV RNA and HBV DNA in 2.17% of patients. Molecular biological markers of all three indicators were found in 1.45% of patients. The examined group was ranked by age into the following subgroups: 21– 30 years old (12.32%), 31–40 years old (34.78%), 41–50 years old (37.68%) and older than 51 years old (15.22%). Certain differences in the prevalence and distribution of the analysis of serological and molecular biological markers between age markers, the highest frequency was found for groups of 31–40 and 41–50 years. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate a high prevalence of HIV infections and parenteral viral hepatitis B and C among persons convicted and awaiting a stage in a pre-trial detention center. Careful attention must be paid to their admission to penitentiary institutions, since many convicts are not aware of their morbidity and may become infected. Regular conclusions, concluded in dynamics, including laboratory diagnostics using highly sensitive molecular biological methods, upon admission to a penitentiary institution, and then annually and upon release, should be taken into account as measures to prevent infection with HIV, HBV, HCV.","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":"20 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135513569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-73-83
V. O. Kotova, O. E. Trotsenko, L. A. Balakhontseva, E. A. Bazykina, L. S. Sokolova, V. N. Kulagina, R. N. Fedorova
Aim. To perform molecular-genetic analysis of HIV-1 variants circulation in the Republic Sakha (Yakutia) and analysis of drug resistance mutations. Materials and methods. 123 patients diagnosed with HIV infection were examined. Mutations of drug resistance were detected via sequencing of amplified fragments of pol gene that is coding protease and a part of reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 using «Amplisens® HIV-Resist-Seq» test-system. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with software MEGA version 7.0. Results and discussion . Sub-subtype A6 that is prevalent in the Russian Federation was revealed most frequently (78.0%) in the examined group. Subtype B was detected in four cases (3.3%). Isolated cases of infection due to subtypes C, G and subsubtype A7 were revealed. Recombinant forms of the virus were found in 16.2% of the patients (n=20). Drug resistance mutations were revealed in 65 patients (52.8%) that were undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) which dictates a necessity of changing ART drugs. Conclusion . The results of the research state changes in the genetic profile of HIV-1 variants that were circulating during the last years in the Republic Sakha (Yakutia).
{"title":"Genetic profile of HIV-1 in the Republic Sakha, Yakutia","authors":"V. O. Kotova, O. E. Trotsenko, L. A. Balakhontseva, E. A. Bazykina, L. S. Sokolova, V. N. Kulagina, R. N. Fedorova","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-73-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-73-83","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To perform molecular-genetic analysis of HIV-1 variants circulation in the Republic Sakha (Yakutia) and analysis of drug resistance mutations. Materials and methods. 123 patients diagnosed with HIV infection were examined. Mutations of drug resistance were detected via sequencing of amplified fragments of pol gene that is coding protease and a part of reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 using «Amplisens® HIV-Resist-Seq» test-system. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with software MEGA version 7.0. Results and discussion . Sub-subtype A6 that is prevalent in the Russian Federation was revealed most frequently (78.0%) in the examined group. Subtype B was detected in four cases (3.3%). Isolated cases of infection due to subtypes C, G and subsubtype A7 were revealed. Recombinant forms of the virus were found in 16.2% of the patients (n=20). Drug resistance mutations were revealed in 65 patients (52.8%) that were undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) which dictates a necessity of changing ART drugs. Conclusion . The results of the research state changes in the genetic profile of HIV-1 variants that were circulating during the last years in the Republic Sakha (Yakutia).","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135513714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-7-14
N. A. Belyakov, V. V. Rassokhin, E. V. Boeva
.
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{"title":"15<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the journal «HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders»","authors":"N. A. Belyakov, V. V. Rassokhin, E. V. Boeva","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-7-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-7-14","url":null,"abstract":".","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":"93 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135513758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-105-115
A. S. Kolbin, Yu. M. Gomon
According to official information about the coronavirus, as of May 2023, about 400 thousand people died from COVID-19 in Russia, 6.9 million people in the world. Social, as well as medical and economic aspects are associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The main global financial resources were allocated to the provision of vaccines ($13.8 billion, 40.4%); reorganization of health systems ($4.1 billion); COVID-19 drug therapy ($3.4 billion). The costs of research, development and study of vaccines and medicines accounted for only 0.6% of total costs ($166 million). The article presents a clinical and pharmacological analysis of various medicines recommended for the treatment of infection. In these conditions, the reliability and effectiveness of national health technology assessment systems has become particularly relevant.
{"title":"Medicak techniligies assesment in COVID-19","authors":"A. S. Kolbin, Yu. M. Gomon","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-105-115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-105-115","url":null,"abstract":"According to official information about the coronavirus, as of May 2023, about 400 thousand people died from COVID-19 in Russia, 6.9 million people in the world. Social, as well as medical and economic aspects are associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The main global financial resources were allocated to the provision of vaccines ($13.8 billion, 40.4%); reorganization of health systems ($4.1 billion); COVID-19 drug therapy ($3.4 billion). The costs of research, development and study of vaccines and medicines accounted for only 0.6% of total costs ($166 million). The article presents a clinical and pharmacological analysis of various medicines recommended for the treatment of infection. In these conditions, the reliability and effectiveness of national health technology assessment systems has become particularly relevant.","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":"97 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135513568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-50-60
E. B. Tsybikova, M. Yu. Kotlovskiy, S. O. Fadeeva, P. A. Fadeev
Aim . To study the effectiveness of measures aimed at timely diagnosis of HIV infection in Russia and the subjects of the Russian Federation for the period from 2016 to 2022. Materials and methods . Information from Rosstat forms No. 4 and No. 61 for 2016–2022 and data on the population of Russia. To search for correlations between the indicators characterizing the number of persons covered by the survey and the number of identified patients with HIV infection, data from 85 subjects of Russia for 2016–2021 were used. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistica 10.0 program. To work with data from 85 subjects of Russia for the period from 2016 to 2021, the Jupiter Notebook interactive computing environment (6.5.2) was used. The Pandas software library (1.5.3) was used for data processing and analysis, compilation and work with a structured dataset. The statistical function module Scipy (1.9.3) was used to find correlation coefficients by the Pearson, Spearman and t-Kendall method. Scikit-learn (1.0.2) and Statsmodels (0.13.5) software libraries were used to build a trend line and find linear regression coefficients. Results and discussion . In Russia in 2016–2022, there was an annual increase in the proportion of the population covered by a survey aimed at timely diagnosis of HIV infection among the population. However, this did not lead to an increase in the number of identified patients with HIV infection, the proportion of which decreased and in 2022 reached 0.11% among the total number of examined persons (in 2016 — 0.23%). The current situation was caused by a decrease in the incidence of HIV infection in 2017–2022 by 1.5 times — from 52.8 to 34.7 per 100,000 population. As a result, in order to identify one patient with HIV infection, an increasing number of healthy individuals had to be examined, which led to an increase in the economic costs for diagnosing HIV infection in one patient. Among the examined persons there was an extremely low proportion of persons from key risk groups, which averaged 2.3% in 2018–2022, and the proportion of identified patients among them in 2022, on the contrary, reached 24.1% of their total number. As a result, it became necessary to make changes to the existing strategy aimed at expanding the coverage of the Russian population with a survey for the diagnosis of HIV infection. The results of the study showed that the increase in the coverage of the population by the survey was justified only in those 15 subjects of the Russian Federation in which coverage was low and did not correspond to the growth rate of the number of identified patients with HIV infection, which increased the risk of late detection of patients with HIV infection, when they independently applied to medical organizations with clinical manifestations of the disease. In the same 8 subjects of the Russian Federation, in which the survey coverage was excessive and did not lead to a proportional increase in the number of identified
{"title":"HIV diagnosis in Russia: evaluation of effectiveness and prospects","authors":"E. B. Tsybikova, M. Yu. Kotlovskiy, S. O. Fadeeva, P. A. Fadeev","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-50-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-50-60","url":null,"abstract":"Aim . To study the effectiveness of measures aimed at timely diagnosis of HIV infection in Russia and the subjects of the Russian Federation for the period from 2016 to 2022. Materials and methods . Information from Rosstat forms No. 4 and No. 61 for 2016–2022 and data on the population of Russia. To search for correlations between the indicators characterizing the number of persons covered by the survey and the number of identified patients with HIV infection, data from 85 subjects of Russia for 2016–2021 were used. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistica 10.0 program. To work with data from 85 subjects of Russia for the period from 2016 to 2021, the Jupiter Notebook interactive computing environment (6.5.2) was used. The Pandas software library (1.5.3) was used for data processing and analysis, compilation and work with a structured dataset. The statistical function module Scipy (1.9.3) was used to find correlation coefficients by the Pearson, Spearman and t-Kendall method. Scikit-learn (1.0.2) and Statsmodels (0.13.5) software libraries were used to build a trend line and find linear regression coefficients. Results and discussion . In Russia in 2016–2022, there was an annual increase in the proportion of the population covered by a survey aimed at timely diagnosis of HIV infection among the population. However, this did not lead to an increase in the number of identified patients with HIV infection, the proportion of which decreased and in 2022 reached 0.11% among the total number of examined persons (in 2016 — 0.23%). The current situation was caused by a decrease in the incidence of HIV infection in 2017–2022 by 1.5 times — from 52.8 to 34.7 per 100,000 population. As a result, in order to identify one patient with HIV infection, an increasing number of healthy individuals had to be examined, which led to an increase in the economic costs for diagnosing HIV infection in one patient. Among the examined persons there was an extremely low proportion of persons from key risk groups, which averaged 2.3% in 2018–2022, and the proportion of identified patients among them in 2022, on the contrary, reached 24.1% of their total number. As a result, it became necessary to make changes to the existing strategy aimed at expanding the coverage of the Russian population with a survey for the diagnosis of HIV infection. The results of the study showed that the increase in the coverage of the population by the survey was justified only in those 15 subjects of the Russian Federation in which coverage was low and did not correspond to the growth rate of the number of identified patients with HIV infection, which increased the risk of late detection of patients with HIV infection, when they independently applied to medical organizations with clinical manifestations of the disease. In the same 8 subjects of the Russian Federation, in which the survey coverage was excessive and did not lead to a proportional increase in the number of identified","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":"97 24","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135513610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-61-72
A. A. Antonova, A. I. Kuznetsova, E. N. Ozhmegova, A. V. Lebedev, E. V. Kazennova, K. V. Kim, A. S. Tumanov, L. N. Glinkina, M. R. Bobkova
The aim of the study: assessment of genetic diversity and prevalence of recombinant forms of HIV-1 at the current stage of the epidemic in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods . The study used collections of blood and its components obtained from 3178 HIV-infected patients of federal and regional «Centers for the Prevention and Control of AIDS» in the period from 2011 to 2020. Next, the extraction of proviral DNA or HIV-1 viral RNA was carried out, followed by amplification of the pol gene region and sequencing of the ampli fication products. Then, the obtained nucleotide sequences were analyzed to determine their subtype and the prevalence of recombinant forms of the virus was estimated. Results and discussion . It was found that sub-subtype A6 remains the dominant (82.9%) genetic variant of HIV-1 at the current stage of the epidemic in the Russian Federation. The second most common was subtype B — 7.14%. The share of each of the recombinant forms of HIV-1 — CRF02_AG and CRF03_AB accounted for about 1% of all analyzed samples, CRF63_02A6 — about 3.59%. In addition to circulating recombinant forms of HIV-1, 87 unique recombinants (2.74%) were identified. A significant (p<0.001) increase in the frequency of occurrence of HIV-1 recombinant forms of over time was revealed. The largest proportion of recombinant forms of HIV-1 was detected in the Siberian (35.83%) and Northwestern (15.98%) federal districts, the smallest — in the Volga (1.99%) and Ural (2.36%) federal districts. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the growing genetic diversity of HIV-1 in the Russian Federation, along with the spread of HIV infection beyond vulnerable groups, as well as an increase in the frequency of occurrence of recombinant forms of HIV-1 over time and their involvement in the epidemic process.
{"title":"Genetic diversity of HIV-1 at the current stage of the epidemic in the Russian Federation: an increase in the prevalence of recombinant forms","authors":"A. A. Antonova, A. I. Kuznetsova, E. N. Ozhmegova, A. V. Lebedev, E. V. Kazennova, K. V. Kim, A. S. Tumanov, L. N. Glinkina, M. R. Bobkova","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-61-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-61-72","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study: assessment of genetic diversity and prevalence of recombinant forms of HIV-1 at the current stage of the epidemic in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods . The study used collections of blood and its components obtained from 3178 HIV-infected patients of federal and regional «Centers for the Prevention and Control of AIDS» in the period from 2011 to 2020. Next, the extraction of proviral DNA or HIV-1 viral RNA was carried out, followed by amplification of the pol gene region and sequencing of the ampli fication products. Then, the obtained nucleotide sequences were analyzed to determine their subtype and the prevalence of recombinant forms of the virus was estimated. Results and discussion . It was found that sub-subtype A6 remains the dominant (82.9%) genetic variant of HIV-1 at the current stage of the epidemic in the Russian Federation. The second most common was subtype B — 7.14%. The share of each of the recombinant forms of HIV-1 — CRF02_AG and CRF03_AB accounted for about 1% of all analyzed samples, CRF63_02A6 — about 3.59%. In addition to circulating recombinant forms of HIV-1, 87 unique recombinants (2.74%) were identified. A significant (p<0.001) increase in the frequency of occurrence of HIV-1 recombinant forms of over time was revealed. The largest proportion of recombinant forms of HIV-1 was detected in the Siberian (35.83%) and Northwestern (15.98%) federal districts, the smallest — in the Volga (1.99%) and Ural (2.36%) federal districts. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the growing genetic diversity of HIV-1 in the Russian Federation, along with the spread of HIV infection beyond vulnerable groups, as well as an increase in the frequency of occurrence of recombinant forms of HIV-1 over time and their involvement in the epidemic process.","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135513713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-38-49
E. V. Saidakova
In 10 to 40% of HIV-infected patients being adherent to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), viral load suppression is not accompanied by a significant increase in the number of CD4 + T-lymphocytes. This phenomenon, known as immunological non-response to treatment, is associated with a high risk of developing AIDS-associated and non-AIDS-associated diseases, as well as premature death. The bases of immunological non-response to HAART are poorly understood, while information on the risk factors for its development is scattered. The aim of the present review is to organize data on non-immune-system risk factors for the development of immunological nonresponse to HAART. Materials and methods . Electronic searching using PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus were conducted. Results and discussion. The database search delivered information on genetic, virological, infectious, and pharmacological risk factors for the development of immunological non-response to HAART. Each factor contribution might be substantially different. Still, none of them can be considered a trigger mechanism for this phenomenon. Conclusion. Immunological non-response to HAART is a polyetiological condition. Apparently, this phenomenon is based on normally imperceptible immune system features or defects, which manifest during the CD4 + T-cell regeneration.
{"title":"Genetic, virological, infectious, and pharmacological risk factors for CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell regeneration failure in HIV-infected subjects receiving ART","authors":"E. V. Saidakova","doi":"10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-38-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-38-49","url":null,"abstract":"In 10 to 40% of HIV-infected patients being adherent to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), viral load suppression is not accompanied by a significant increase in the number of CD4 + T-lymphocytes. This phenomenon, known as immunological non-response to treatment, is associated with a high risk of developing AIDS-associated and non-AIDS-associated diseases, as well as premature death. The bases of immunological non-response to HAART are poorly understood, while information on the risk factors for its development is scattered. The aim of the present review is to organize data on non-immune-system risk factors for the development of immunological nonresponse to HAART. Materials and methods . Electronic searching using PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus were conducted. Results and discussion. The database search delivered information on genetic, virological, infectious, and pharmacological risk factors for the development of immunological non-response to HAART. Each factor contribution might be substantially different. Still, none of them can be considered a trigger mechanism for this phenomenon. Conclusion. Immunological non-response to HAART is a polyetiological condition. Apparently, this phenomenon is based on normally imperceptible immune system features or defects, which manifest during the CD4 + T-cell regeneration.","PeriodicalId":37381,"journal":{"name":"HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135513613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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