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Unveiling Social Representations: Insights into the Formation, Functioning and Visualisation of Collective Knowledge 揭示社会表征:洞察集体知识的形成、功能和可视化
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/pce-2023-0016
Rok Bratina
Abstract This paper explores social representation theory and its relevance for the understanding of how individuals construct and collectively share knowledge about the social world. It seeks to answer questions related to why and how certain social phenomena unite people and others divide them. Besides, the paper touches upon the research methodology and the way in which social representations can be presented visually.
摘要:本文探讨了社会表征理论及其与理解个体如何构建和集体分享关于社会世界的知识的相关性。它试图回答与某些社会现象为什么以及如何使人们团结起来而另一些社会现象使人们分裂有关的问题。此外,本文还触及了研究方法和社会表征的视觉呈现方式。
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引用次数: 0
Forget about voting, we are going on vacation! Examining the effect of school holidays on turnout 别管投票了,我们要去度假!调查学校放假对投票率的影响
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/pce-2023-0025
Jakub Jusko, Peter Spáč
Abstract Media and politicians widely debate the relationship between holidays and political participation, but research in the field is underdeveloped. To test the impact of holidays on election turnout, we use a natural experimental setting in general elections in Slovakia with respect to the presence of holidays near election day. More specifically, while a part of the country had no holidays, other regions either experienced holidays for the first time or had the holiday in a repeated manner. The results from difference--in-differences and OLS regressions employed in the analysis show that experiencing a holiday near election day decreases electoral turnout. However, this negative effect of holidays on turnout is found to be significant only in territories that experienced holidays for the first time, while it is absent in territories that had holidays near elections repeatedly. This finding points to a potential habituation of the electorate and the holidays’ influence in the long run. The paper thus contributes to our understanding of how different time aspects of holidays affect electoral turnout.
媒体和政治家对假期与政治参与的关系存在广泛的争论,但这方面的研究还不发达。为了测试假期对选举投票率的影响,我们在斯洛伐克大选中使用了一个自然的实验设置,考虑了选举日附近假期的存在。更具体地说,虽然该国的一部分地区没有假期,但其他地区要么是第一次放假,要么是反复放假。分析中使用的差异中的差异和OLS回归的结果表明,在选举日附近经历假期会降低投票率。然而,节假日对投票率的这种负面影响只有在第一次放假的地区才显著,而在选举前后多次放假的地区则没有这种影响。从长远来看,这一发现表明了选民的潜在习惯和假期的影响。因此,本文有助于我们了解假期的不同时间方面如何影响投票率。
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引用次数: 0
Russia’s war against Ukraine and the transformation of the Euro-Atlantic Security Architecture 俄罗斯对乌克兰的战争和欧洲-大西洋安全架构的转变
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/pce-2023-0014
T. Sydoruk, V. Pavliuk, A. Shuliak
Abstract This article attempts to contribute to the debate on the reasons for the inability of the US and its allies to prevent Russia from destroying the Euro ‑Atlantic security architecture by a full ‑scale invasion of Ukraine, as well as to the discussion of scenarios to strengthen the Euro-Atlantic community in the frame of preparation for the new post-war political landscape and reality. Based on a critical analysis of existing research, it is argued that despite the diversity of views of scholars and the still unpredictable outcome of the war in Ukraine, today it is possible to formulate some theses on the main directions of the European order transformation. These include enhancing the unity of the collective West, awakening Europe in the security and defense dimensions, strengthening and expanding NATO, increasing the US presence in the European region and ‘the end of the history’ of Russia’s return to the League of Superpowers. At the same time, the following issues remain controversial: the relations between Russian aggression and the US ‑NATO strategy after the Cold War, the prospects of the United States maintaining the leading role in ensuring European security given the war ‑induced increase in Europe’s defence capabilities, and Ukraine’s future European and Euro ‑Atlantic integration.
本文试图对美国及其盟国无法阻止俄罗斯通过全面入侵乌克兰来破坏欧洲-大西洋安全架构的原因进行辩论,并在为新的战后政治格局和现实做准备的框架下讨论加强欧洲-大西洋共同体的方案。在对现有研究进行批判性分析的基础上,本文认为,尽管学者们的观点多种多样,乌克兰战争的结果仍然不可预测,但今天有可能就欧洲秩序转型的主要方向提出一些论点。其中包括加强西方集体的团结,在安全和防务方面唤醒欧洲,加强和扩大北约,增加美国在欧洲地区的存在,以及俄罗斯重返超级大国联盟的“历史终结”。与此同时,以下问题仍然存在争议:冷战后俄罗斯侵略与美国-北约战略之间的关系,在战争导致欧洲防务能力增强的情况下,美国在确保欧洲安全方面保持主导作用的前景,以及乌克兰未来的欧洲和欧洲-大西洋一体化。
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引用次数: 0
Long torn by ill fate? Wounded collective identity in light of a survey in Hungary 长期被厄运折磨?从匈牙利的一项调查看受伤的集体身份
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/pce-2023-0012
Dávid Kollár, Tamás László
Abstract The primary aim of the paper is to explore the relationship between the trauma ‑focused self ‑description of Hungarian history and other factors such as sense of regional betweenness, memory, well ‑being or even the respondent’s personality (sympathy for authoritarian personality traits, political orientation, religiosity). In the current study, network analysis is used to explore the elective affinities between the above ‑mentioned variables. This method – rather than focusing on linear relationships – concentrates on interactions and feedback loops to better understand this social phenomenon. Our results show that the outlined factors form a coherent and highly stable belief system that can only be changed by significant influences.
摘要本文的主要目的是探讨匈牙利历史中以创伤为中心的自我描述与其他因素之间的关系,如区域介乎感、记忆、幸福感甚至受访者的个性(对独裁人格特征的同情、政治取向、宗教信仰)。在当前的研究中,使用网络分析来探索上述变量之间的选择性亲和力。这种方法——而不是关注线性关系——专注于互动和反馈循环,以更好地理解这种社会现象。我们的研究结果表明,这些因素形成了一个连贯且高度稳定的信念体系,只有受到重大影响才能改变。
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引用次数: 0
Measures against right-wing extremism in an illiberal populist country: The case of Hungary 在一个不自由的民粹主义国家打击右翼极端主义的措施:以匈牙利为例
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/pce-2023-0015
Zsuzsanna Vidra, A. Félix
Abstract The paper focuses on the question of what it means both conceptually and practically to talk about counter right ‑wing extremism (RWE) measures in an illiberal populist regime while the dominant political ideology or narratives are very close to those of right ‑wing extremists. Through a qualitative analysis of policies in the Hungarian context, the paper explores both the political and the policy scene to understand how the political context and policies identified as counter ‑RWE measures interact. Relying on the categorisation of counter ‑measures, different sets of policies are scrutinised: legal, security, anti ‑terrorism, and public order measures including education, prevention, exit, deterrence, training, and communication programmes. It was concluded that there is a lack of government strategy and policies for countering RWE including almost all relevant policy fields. It was also observed that hate crime incidents have increased under the illiberal regime while at the same time previously strong extremist militant activities have declined. However, as it is argued, it is not due to effective policies but the manipulating political strategy of the incumbent party.
摘要本文关注的问题是,在一个不自由的民粹主义政权中,当主流政治意识形态或叙事与右翼极端分子的意识形态或叙事非常接近时,谈论反右翼极端主义(RWE)措施在概念和实践上意味着什么。通过对匈牙利背景下的政策进行定性分析,本文探讨了政治和政策场景,以了解政治背景和被确定为反RWE措施的政策是如何相互作用的。根据反措施的分类,对不同的政策进行审查:法律、安全、反恐和公共秩序措施,包括教育、预防、出境、威慑、培训和沟通计划。得出的结论是,政府缺乏应对RWE的战略和政策,包括几乎所有相关的政策领域。另据观察,在不自由的政权下,仇恨犯罪事件有所增加,而与此同时,以前强大的极端主义激进活动有所减少。然而,正如人们所说,这不是由于有效的政策,而是现任政党操纵政治策略。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of closed and flexible candidate lists on the representation of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic 不公开和灵活的候选人名单对捷克共和国议会众议院代表人数的影响
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/pce-2023-0009
P. Dvořák
Abstract This article addresses the impact of closed and flexible candidate lists on the representativeness of the lower house of the Czech Parliament from 1996 to 2021. Specifically, the paper explores representativeness according to gender, profession, residence, education, age and political experience. The effectiveness of preferential votes has manifested only since the electoral reform in 2010, mainly in the representativeness of women. Other monitored variables had a more pronounced influence, mainly in 2010 and 2013, when various citizen initiatives called for a change in the existing political set, and the new political parties disrupted the party system. Or when the voters of the PirStan coalition preferred the candidates of the STAN at the expense of the candidates of the Pirates in 2021.
本文讨论了1996年至2021年期间,封闭和灵活的候选人名单对捷克议会下院代表性的影响。具体而言,本文从性别、职业、居住地、教育程度、年龄、政治经历等方面探讨了代表性。优惠票的有效性直到2010年选举改革后才显现出来,主要体现在女性的代表性上。其他监测变量的影响更为明显,主要是在2010年和2013年,当时各种公民倡议呼吁改变现有的政治体制,新的政党扰乱了政党制度。或者在2021年,当PirStan联盟的选民更喜欢STAN的候选人,而牺牲了海盗的候选人。
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引用次数: 1
Hungary’s Pragmatic Diplomacy in the Age of Détente: The Case of the African Opening between 1956 and 1970 匈牙利在dassitente时代的务实外交:1956年至1970年非洲开放的案例
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/pce-2023-0013
Daniel Solymári
Abstract Following the change of the political systems that swept across the former Soviet Bloc region toward the end of the 1980s, it was obvious for the ex ‑satellite states that they would direct the major (re)orientation in their foreign policies towards the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Since the 2010s, every country of the ex ‑Communist Bloc, including the Russian Federation itself, has fostered pragmatic foreign policies with African regions and states. To be able to understand present ‑day Hungary’s recently enhanced engagements with the African continent, as well as making sense of its governmental ‘Africa Strategy’ of April 2019, this paper proposes to offer a general and historical analysis of changing geopolitical landscapes and foreign policies – towards Africa in the Age of Détente, between 1956 and 1970.
随着20世纪80年代末席卷前苏联集团地区的政治制度变革,前卫星国显然将把外交政策的主要(重新)方向转向欧盟和北大西洋公约组织。自2010年代以来,包括俄罗斯联邦在内的每个前共产主义集团国家都对非洲地区和国家采取了务实的外交政策。为了理解匈牙利最近加强了与非洲大陆的接触,并理解其2019年4月的政府“非洲战略”,本文建议对1956年至1970年期间dsamente时代不断变化的地缘政治格局和对非洲的外交政策进行一般和历史分析。
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引用次数: 0
How to make the EU affairs more attractive? Case study teaching at Czech universities 如何使欧盟事务更有吸引力?捷克大学案例教学
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/pce-2023-0011
Kateřina Kočí, Markéta Votoupalová
Abstract The article examines the case study (CS) method of teaching the studies focusing on the European Union (i.e. EU studies) through the lenses of the current debates on the EU’s future which stress the growing cleavage and diversity inside and outside the EU. It is then difficult to present these topics to university students via traditional means, or via existing CS on international relations or EU affairs which are often of Western origin, and thus not always easily transferred to other environments. Its aim is to explore how the CS may be enriched by bringing local narratives. The article investigates the Czech Republic, a relatively newer member of the Union, where the EU studies has suffered from declining interest from students over the last few years. Particularly by employing questionnaires and semi ‑structured interviews with Czech university teachers, we examine the type of CS, the extent to which they are and may be applied as a learning method and what their benefits are towards students, teachers and EU studies as a discipline. Our findings suggest that CS are used by the majority of respondents, but confusion prevails over the way CS should be employed. Moreover, the broader context of the CS learning method is rather neglected. Hence, there is space for greater systematic preparation and possibly for CS templates and samples that can be shared by instructors.
摘要本文通过当前关于欧盟未来的辩论的视角,探讨了以欧盟为重点的研究(即欧盟研究)的案例研究(CS)教学方法,这些辩论强调了欧盟内外日益增长的分裂和多样性。因此,很难通过传统方式,或通过现有的国际关系或欧盟事务CS向大学生介绍这些主题,这些主题通常源自西方,因此并不总是容易转移到其他环境中。其目的是探索如何通过引入当地叙事来丰富CS。这篇文章调查了捷克共和国,一个相对较新的欧盟成员国,在过去几年里,学生对欧盟的研究兴趣下降。特别是通过对捷克大学教师进行问卷调查和半结构化访谈,我们研究了CS的类型,它们作为一种学习方法的应用程度,以及它们对学生、教师和欧盟研究作为一门学科的好处。我们的研究结果表明,大多数受访者都使用CS,但人们对CS的使用方式普遍感到困惑。此外,CS学习方法的更广泛的背景被忽略了。因此,有更大的系统准备空间,也可能有CS模板和样本可供教员共享。
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引用次数: 0
Linking European Integration with Illiberalism: ‘Laboratory’ of Central-Eastern Europe 将欧洲一体化与非自由主义联系起来:中东欧的“实验室”
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/pce-2023-0010
Vít Hloušek
Abstract The essay discusses Central Eastern Europe as a ‘laboratory’ of existing, emerging as well as contained elements of illiberal backlash. The Central European countries show both challenges and resilience mechanisms in more ‘extreme’ conditions than the cases from Western Europe. The paper offers the connection between the domestic development of Central European states and the ‘polycrisis’ of European integration by linking the issue of politicisation of European integration with the emergence of illiberal politics in contemporary Europe. The goal and main argument of the paper are that there exists a nexus between illiberal Central Eastern European politicians and rising Euroscepticism in the region. The empirical research of Central Eastern European cases will help us better understand general trends of European integration politicisation.
摘要本文讨论了中东欧作为一个现有的、新兴的以及包含的非自由反弹元素的“实验室”。中欧国家在比西欧更“极端”的条件下表现出挑战和韧性机制。本文通过将欧洲一体化的政治化问题与当代欧洲非自由政治的出现联系起来,提供了中欧国家国内发展与欧洲一体化“多危机”之间的联系。该论文的目标和主要论点是,不自由的中东欧政客与该地区日益高涨的欧洲怀疑主义之间存在联系。对中东欧案例的实证研究将有助于我们更好地理解欧洲一体化政治化的总体趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Turbulent energy transformations in Central Europe: Nord Stream projects in the context of geopolitics 中欧动荡的能源转型:地缘政治背景下的北溪项目
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.2478/pce-2023-0006
A. Virág, Gréta Tancsa
Abstract The sabotage related to the Nord Stream pipelines does not only signify the Russo ‑Ukrainian War’s escalated realities and potential future risks, also tied to the energy security of supply, but in addition to traditional economic and energetic dilemmas, it also has a specific meaning in light of classic geopolitical concepts. Our study aims to highlight that the contradictions between the direct or indirect nation-state stakeholders, even nowadays, fit into the logic of the power plays illustrated in traditional geopolitical theories. And thus, the events related to the Nord Stream 2 project, as guiding principles, underline not only the energy relations of relevant international state actors appearing in the pipeline’s environment but also in the context of geopolitical positions and the structure of potential geopolitical transformations.
北溪天然气管道的破坏不仅意味着俄乌战争的现实升级和潜在的未来风险,也关系到能源供应安全,而且除了传统的经济和能源困境之外,它还具有经典地缘政治概念的特定含义。我们的研究旨在强调,即使在今天,直接或间接的民族国家利益相关者之间的矛盾也符合传统地缘政治理论中所阐述的权力游戏逻辑。因此,作为指导原则,与北溪2号项目相关的事件不仅强调了在管道环境中出现的相关国际国家行为体的能源关系,而且强调了地缘政治地位和潜在地缘政治转型结构的背景。
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引用次数: 1
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Politics in Central Europe
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