Pub Date : 2023-02-04DOI: 10.1007/s40475-023-00284-x
Giulia Giunti, A. Wilke, J. Beier, G. Benelli
{"title":"What Do We Know About the Invasive Mosquitoes Aedes atropalpus and Aedes triseriatus?","authors":"Giulia Giunti, A. Wilke, J. Beier, G. Benelli","doi":"10.1007/s40475-023-00284-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-023-00284-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41462244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01Epub Date: 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00281-6
Gonzalo Roca-Acevedo, Ivana Boscaro, Ariel Ceferino Toloza
Purpose of review: Houseflies, Musca domestica L., are an important sanitary pest that affects human and domesticated animals. They are mechanical carriers of more than 100 human and animal diseases including protozoan, bacterial, helminthic, and viral infections. Recently, it was demonstrated that houseflies acquired, harbored, and transmitted SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) for up to 1 day post-exposure. The most widely used control strategy relays on the application of pyrethroid insecticides due to their effectiveness, low mammalian toxicity, low cost, and environmental safety. The main mechanism of action of pyrethroids is to exert their toxic effects through affecting the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) modifying the transmission of the nerve impulse and leading to the death of the insects. Target site insensitivity of the VSSC is due to the presence of single nuclear polymorphisms (SNPs) named knockdown mutations (kdr). In this review, we synthetize recent data on the type and distribution of these mutations globally.
Recent findings: Housefly resistance is reported in several countries. Increased applications of pyrethroids to control housefly populations led to the emergence of multiple evolutionary origins of resistance determined by five amino acid substitutions or specific mutations in the VSSC: kdr (L1014F), kdr-his (L1014H), super-kdr (M918T + L1014F), type N (D600N + M918T + L1014F), and 1B (T929I + L1014F). According to the global map obtained, high levels of resistance to pyrethroids are associated with the L1014F mutation found mostly in North America, Europe, and Asia, while the super-kdr mutation was mostly found in the American continent. The level of protection conferred by these alleles against pyrethroids was generally kdr-his < kdr < Type N ≤ super-kdr ≤ 1B. The relative fitness of the alleles under laboratory conditions was susceptible ≅ kdr-his > kdr > super-kdr suggesting that the fitness cost of an allele was relative to the presence of other alleles in a population and that the reversion of resistance in a free insecticide environment might be quite variable from one region to another.
Summary: An adequate integrated pest management program should consider monitoring susceptibility to pyrethroids to detect early levels of resistance and predict the spread and evolution of resistant phenotypes and genotypes. From this review, the pyrethroid resistance status of housefly population was determined in very few countries and has evolved independently in different areas of the world affecting chemical control programs.
{"title":"Global Pattern of <i>kdr</i>-Type Alleles in <i>Musca domestica</i> (L.).","authors":"Gonzalo Roca-Acevedo, Ivana Boscaro, Ariel Ceferino Toloza","doi":"10.1007/s40475-022-00281-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40475-022-00281-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Houseflies, <i>Musca domestica</i> L., are an important sanitary pest that affects human and domesticated animals. They are mechanical carriers of more than 100 human and animal diseases including protozoan, bacterial, helminthic, and viral infections. Recently, it was demonstrated that houseflies acquired, harbored, and transmitted SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) for up to 1 day post-exposure. The most widely used control strategy relays on the application of pyrethroid insecticides due to their effectiveness, low mammalian toxicity, low cost, and environmental safety. The main mechanism of action of pyrethroids is to exert their toxic effects through affecting the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) modifying the transmission of the nerve impulse and leading to the death of the insects. Target site insensitivity of the VSSC is due to the presence of single nuclear polymorphisms (SNPs) named knockdown mutations (<i>kdr</i>). In this review, we synthetize recent data on the type and distribution of these mutations globally.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Housefly resistance is reported in several countries. Increased applications of pyrethroids to control housefly populations led to the emergence of multiple evolutionary origins of resistance determined by five amino acid substitutions or specific mutations in the VSSC: <i>kdr</i> (L1014F), <i>kdr-his</i> (L1014H), <i>super-kdr</i> (M918T + L1014F), <i>type N</i> (D600N + M918T + L1014F), and <i>1B</i> (T929I + L1014F). According to the global map obtained, high levels of resistance to pyrethroids are associated with the L1014F mutation found mostly in North America, Europe, and Asia, while the <i>super-kdr</i> mutation was mostly found in the American continent. The level of protection conferred by these alleles against pyrethroids was generally <i>kdr-his</i> < <i>kdr</i> < <i>Type N</i> ≤ <i>super-kdr</i> ≤ <i>1B</i>. The relative fitness of the alleles under laboratory conditions was susceptible ≅ <i>kdr-his</i> > <i>kdr</i> > <i>super-kdr</i> suggesting that the fitness cost of an allele was relative to the presence of other alleles in a population and that the reversion of resistance in a free insecticide environment might be quite variable from one region to another.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>An adequate integrated pest management program should consider monitoring susceptibility to pyrethroids to detect early levels of resistance and predict the spread and evolution of resistant phenotypes and genotypes. From this review, the pyrethroid resistance status of housefly population was determined in very few countries and has evolved independently in different areas of the world affecting chemical control programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9760529/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10639668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01Epub Date: 2023-01-28DOI: 10.1007/s40475-023-00283-y
Oluwafemi A Adepoju, Olubunmi A Afinowi, Abdullah M Tauheed, Ammar U Danazumi, Lamin B S Dibba, Joshua B Balogun, Gouegni Flore, Umar Saidu, Bashiru Ibrahim, Olukunmi O Balogun, Emmanuel O Balogun
Purpose of review: The climate change (CC) or global warming (GW) modifies environment that favors vectors' abundance, growth, and reproduction, and consequently, the rate of development of pathogens within the vectors. This review highlights the threats of GW-induced vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in Southern Europe (SE) and the need for mitigation efforts to prevent potential global health catastrophe.
Recent findings: Reports showed astronomical surges in the incidences of CC-induced VBDs in the SE. The recently (2022) reported first cases of African swine fever in Northern Italy and West Nile fever in SE are linked to the CC-modified environmental conditions that support vectors and pathogens' growth and development, and disease transmission.
Summary: VBDs endemic to the tropics are increasingly becoming a major health challenge in the SE, a temperate region, due to the favorable environmental conditions caused by CC/GW that support vectors and pathogens' biology in the previously non-endemic temperate regions.
审查目的:气候变化(CC)或全球变暖(GW)改变了有利于病媒大量存在、生长和繁殖的环境,从而改变了病媒体内病原体的发展速度。本综述强调了南欧(SE)由全球变暖引发的病媒传染病(VBDs)的威胁,以及为防止潜在的全球健康灾难而采取减缓措施的必要性:报告显示,南欧由 CC 引起的病媒传染病发病率急剧上升。最近(2022年)在意大利北部报告的首例非洲猪瘟病例和在东南欧报告的首例西尼罗河热病例与CC改变的环境条件有关,CC改变的环境条件支持了病媒和病原体的生长和发育以及疾病的传播。
{"title":"Multisectoral Perspectives on Global Warming and Vector-borne Diseases: a Focus on Southern Europe.","authors":"Oluwafemi A Adepoju, Olubunmi A Afinowi, Abdullah M Tauheed, Ammar U Danazumi, Lamin B S Dibba, Joshua B Balogun, Gouegni Flore, Umar Saidu, Bashiru Ibrahim, Olukunmi O Balogun, Emmanuel O Balogun","doi":"10.1007/s40475-023-00283-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40475-023-00283-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>The climate change (CC) or global warming (GW) modifies environment that favors vectors' abundance, growth, and reproduction, and consequently, the rate of development of pathogens within the vectors. This review highlights the threats of GW-induced vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in Southern Europe (SE) and the need for mitigation efforts to prevent potential global health catastrophe.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Reports showed astronomical surges in the incidences of CC-induced VBDs in the SE. The recently (2022) reported first cases of African swine fever in Northern Italy and West Nile fever in SE are linked to the CC-modified environmental conditions that support vectors and pathogens' growth and development, and disease transmission.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>VBDs endemic to the tropics are increasingly becoming a major health challenge in the SE, a temperate region, due to the favorable environmental conditions caused by CC/GW that support vectors and pathogens' biology in the previously non-endemic temperate regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9883833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9402547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01Epub Date: 2023-01-23DOI: 10.1007/s40475-023-00282-z
Theresa E Gildner, Tara J Cepon-Robins
Purpose of review: Biocultural methods are critically important for identifying environmental and socioeconomic factors linked with tropical disease risk and outcomes. For example, embodiment theory refers to the process by which lived experiences impact individual biology. Increased exposure to pathogens, chronic psychosocial stress, and unequal resource access are all outcomes linked with discrimination and poverty. Through lived experiences, race and socioeconomic inequality can literally become embodied-get under the skin and affect physiology-impacting immune responses and contributing to lifelong health disparities. Yet, few studies have investigated tropical disease patterns and associated immune function using embodiment theory to understand lasting physiological impacts associated with living in a high-pathogen environment.
Recent findings: Here, we use preliminary data drawn from the Rural Embodiment and Community Health (REACH) study to assess whether pathogen exposure and immune stimulation within a sample of children from the Mississippi Delta are associated with household income. We also test whether immune marker levels-assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using dried blood spot samples-vary between the REACH sample and a similarly aged nationally representative NHANES sample. Immune marker levels did not differ significantly between REACH participants living below vs. above the federal poverty line, yet immunoglobulin E levels-a marker of macroparasite infection-were higher among REACH study participants compared to the NHANES sample.
Summary: These results may suggest community-level pathogenic exposures (i.e., parasitic infections) are embodied by REACH participants with implications for long-term immune function, potentially resulting in immune aspects that differ from nationally representative samples.
Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40475-023-00282-z.
{"title":"Rural Embodiment and Community Health: an Anthropological Case Study on Biocultural Determinants of Tropical Disease Infection and Immune System Development in the USA.","authors":"Theresa E Gildner, Tara J Cepon-Robins","doi":"10.1007/s40475-023-00282-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40475-023-00282-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Biocultural methods are critically important for identifying environmental and socioeconomic factors linked with tropical disease risk and outcomes. For example, embodiment theory refers to the process by which lived experiences impact individual biology. Increased exposure to pathogens, chronic psychosocial stress, and unequal resource access are all outcomes linked with discrimination and poverty. Through lived experiences, race and socioeconomic inequality can literally become embodied-get under the skin and affect physiology-impacting immune responses and contributing to lifelong health disparities. Yet, few studies have investigated tropical disease patterns and associated immune function using embodiment theory to understand lasting physiological impacts associated with living in a high-pathogen environment.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Here, we use preliminary data drawn from the Rural Embodiment and Community Health (REACH) study to assess whether pathogen exposure and immune stimulation within a sample of children from the Mississippi Delta are associated with household income. We also test whether immune marker levels-assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using dried blood spot samples-vary between the REACH sample and a similarly aged nationally representative NHANES sample. Immune marker levels did not differ significantly between REACH participants living below vs. above the federal poverty line, yet immunoglobulin E levels-a marker of macroparasite infection-were higher among REACH study participants compared to the NHANES sample.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>These results may suggest community-level pathogenic exposures (i.e., parasitic infections) are embodied by REACH participants with implications for long-term immune function, potentially resulting in immune aspects that differ from nationally representative samples.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40475-023-00282-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9868515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10651052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00279-0
F. Galassi, P. Audino
{"title":"Chemical Communication of the Head Lice with the Human Host","authors":"F. Galassi, P. Audino","doi":"10.1007/s40475-022-00279-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-022-00279-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41313070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00280-7
M. P. Maurelli, P. Pepe, L. Gualdieri, A. Bosco, G. Cringoli, L. Rinaldi
{"title":"Improving Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites Towards a Migrant-Friendly Health System","authors":"M. P. Maurelli, P. Pepe, L. Gualdieri, A. Bosco, G. Cringoli, L. Rinaldi","doi":"10.1007/s40475-022-00280-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-022-00280-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44172788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00275-4
Antonia Piazzesi, S. Pane, L. Putignani
{"title":"How Modulations of the Gut Microbiota May Help in Preventing or Treating Parasitic Diseases","authors":"Antonia Piazzesi, S. Pane, L. Putignani","doi":"10.1007/s40475-022-00275-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-022-00275-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44841296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-12DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00278-1
L. Harburguer, Jessica Mendoza, Paula V. Gonzalez
{"title":"A Review of the Use of Pyriproxyfen for Controlling Aedes aegypti in Argentina","authors":"L. Harburguer, Jessica Mendoza, Paula V. Gonzalez","doi":"10.1007/s40475-022-00278-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-022-00278-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48433418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00259-4
Maria Fantinatti, Monique Gonçalves-Pinto, A. M. Da-Cruz
{"title":"Can Giardia lamblia Assemblages Drive the Clinical Outcome of Giardiasis?","authors":"Maria Fantinatti, Monique Gonçalves-Pinto, A. M. Da-Cruz","doi":"10.1007/s40475-022-00259-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-022-00259-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48923550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00269-2
O. D. Del Brutto
{"title":"Neurocysticercosis in the Tropics (and Beyond)","authors":"O. D. Del Brutto","doi":"10.1007/s40475-022-00269-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-022-00269-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37441,"journal":{"name":"Current Tropical Medicine Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44761624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}