Current Tropical Medicine Reports最新文献

Purpose of review: In Argentina, there are five non-human primate (NHP) species: Sapajus nigritus cucullatus, Sapajus cay, Alouatta caraya, Alouatta guariba clamitans, and Aotus azarae. All of them inhabit protected and non-protected areas and face severe threats due anthropization. We aim to summarize the information available about parasites and infectious diseases of these NHPs and suggest further research on primate diseases in Argentina.

Recent findings: NHPs of Argentina are hosts of several parasites and pathogens important for conservation as well as public health. Alouatta species are lethally susceptible to yellow fever virus, which makes them suitable health sentinels of possible outbreaks. For other primate species, few parasite surveys have been carried out.

Summary: Assessing the presence of infectious diseases and long-term surveillance on NHP allow the development of strategies to help in the early detection of pathogens that may threat public health. Increasing the knowledge about parasites and infectious diseases and their consequences in NHP of Argentina is needed, considering a One Health approach.

Purpose of review: Rabies is an ancient yet still neglected tropical disease (NTD). This review focuses upon highlights of recent research and peer-reviewed communications on the underestimated tropical burden of disease and its management due to the complicated dynamics of virulent viral species, diverse mammalian reservoirs, and tens of millions of exposed humans and animals - and how laboratory-based surveillance at each level informs upon pathogen spread and risks of transmission, for targeted prevention and control.

Recent findings: While both human and rabies animal cases in enzootic areas over the past 5 years were reported to PAHO/WHO and OIE by member countries, still there is a huge gap between these "official" data and the need for enhanced surveillance efforts to meet global program goals.

Summary: A review of the complex aspects of rabies perpetuation in human, domestic animal, and wildlife communities, coupled with a high fatality rate despite the existence of efficacious biologics (but no therapeutics), warrants the need for a One Health approach toward detection via improved laboratory-based surveillance, with focal management at the viral source. More effective methods to prevent the spread of rabies from enzootic to free zones are needed.

Purpose of review: Pediatric HIV differentiated service delivery (DSD) programming has historically lagged behind adult care despite WHO recommendations to include family-friendly alternatives for children and caregivers. This review explores the status of Pediatric DSD programming before the COVID-19 pandemic and then reviews published differentiated approaches that developed during the pandemic.

Recent findings: Differentiated service delivery programming for adults living with HIV has increased worldwide, and patient outcomes from these programs have been positive. Pediatric DSD programming has lagged, with many children ineligible for multi-month refills. Despite WHO recommendations to space ART visits for children, limited access to viral load monitoring and a lack of viral suppression among children have left them out of this more convenient care option. Community ART groups historically were not structured to include children. Furthermore, after-hours clinics and teen clubs with ART dispensing have not reached the majority of CLHIV.

Summary: This review highlights programs that developed out of necessity during the lockdowns of the pandemic. Ingenuity and creativity forced programmers to provide care to their patients with less patient-clinician interaction. Children became eligible for multi-month dispensing as programs loosened eligibility criteria. Technology helped provide virtual psychological support, and unique ART delivery methods were developed. This rapid expansion or growth spurt, of pediatric DSD programming sped up the inclusion of children into care options that were less burdensome to the family. As we move away from the pandemic and adjust to a new standard, we will remain diligent in ensuring that CLHIV outcomes remain stable or perhaps, improve.

Purpose of review: The purpose of this editorial is to introduce the pediatric global health issue focusing on health disparities emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).

Recent findings: As the COVID-19 pandemic ensues, children and adolescents living in LMIC have been disproportionately affected by socio-economic and mitigation practices, leading to widening disparities in health and the social determinants of health that influence their well-being.

Summary: This pediatric global health issue brings to bare the extent, range, and nature of these health disparities, integrated with expert viewpoints, to prompt critical dialogue to address these complex problems.