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Review: Endogenously Produced Volatiles for In Vitro Toxicity Testing Using Cell Lines. 回顾:利用细胞株进行体外毒性测试的内源性挥发性物质
Q2 Health Professions Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0038
Brett R Winters, Joachim D Pleil, Jayne C Boyer, Leena A Nylander-French, M Ariel Geer Wallace, Michael C Madden

Due to the ∼86,000 chemicals registered under the Toxic Substances Control Act and increasing ethical concerns regarding animal testing, it is not economically or technically feasible to screen every registered chemical for toxicity using animal-based toxicity assays. To address this challenge, regulatory agencies are investigating high-throughput screening in vitro methods to increase speed of toxicity testing, while reducing the overall cost. One approach for rapid toxicity testing currently being investigated is monitoring of volatile emissions produced by cell lines in culture. Such a metabolomics approach would measure gaseous emissions from a cell line and determine if such gaseous metabolites are altered upon exposure to a xenobiotic. Herein, we describe the history and rationale of monitoring endogenously produced volatiles for identification of pathologic conditions, as well as emerging applications in toxicity testing for such an approach.

由于根据《有毒物质控制法案》注册的化学品多达 86,000 种,而且人们对动物试验的伦理问题日益关注,因此使用动物毒性试验对每种注册化学品进行毒性筛选在经济上和技术上都是不可行的。为了应对这一挑战,监管机构正在研究高通量体外筛选方法,以提高毒性测试的速度,同时降低总体成本。目前正在研究的一种快速毒性测试方法是监测细胞系在培养过程中产生的挥发性排放物。这种代谢组学方法将测量细胞系的气体排放,并确定这些气体代谢物是否会在暴露于异种生物后发生改变。在此,我们将介绍监测内源性挥发物以确定病理状况的历史和原理,以及这种方法在毒性测试中的新兴应用。
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引用次数: 0
Air-Liquid Interface In Vitro Models for Respiratory Toxicology Research: Consensus Workshop and Recommendations. 呼吸毒理学研究的体外气液界面模型:共识研讨会和建议。
Q2 Health Professions Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0034
Ghislaine Lacroix, Wolfgang Koch, Detlef Ritter, Arno C Gutleb, Søren Thor Larsen, Thomas Loret, Filippo Zanetti, Samuel Constant, Savvina Chortarea, Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, Pieter S Hiemstra, Emeric Frejafon, Philippe Hubert, Laura Gribaldo, Peter Kearns, Jean-Marc Aublant, Silvia Diabaté, Carsten Weiss, Antoinette de Groot, Ingeborg Kooter

In vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) cell culture models can potentially be used to assess inhalation toxicology endpoints and are usually considered, in terms of relevancy, between classic (i.e., submerged) in vitro models and animal-based models. In some situations that need to be clearly defined, ALI methods may represent a complement or an alternative option to in vivo experimentations or classic in vitro methods. However, it is clear that many different approaches exist and that only very limited validation studies have been carried out to date. This means comparison of data from different methods is difficult and available methods are currently not suitable for use in regulatory assessments. This is despite inhalation toxicology being a priority area for many governmental organizations. In this setting, a 1-day workshop on ALI in vitro models for respiratory toxicology research was organized in Paris in March 2016 to assess the situation and to discuss what might be possible in terms of validation studies. The workshop was attended by major parties in Europe and brought together more than 60 representatives from various academic, commercial, and regulatory organizations. Following plenary, oral, and poster presentations, an expert panel was convened to lead a discussion on possible approaches to validation studies for ALI inhalation models. A series of recommendations were made and the outcomes of the workshop are reported.

体外气液界面(ALI)细胞培养模型可以潜在地用于评估吸入毒理学终点,并且通常考虑经典(即浸没)体外模型和动物模型之间的相关性。在某些需要明确定义的情况下,ALI方法可能是体内实验或经典体外方法的补充或替代选择。然而,很明显存在许多不同的方法,迄今为止只进行了非常有限的验证研究。这意味着比较来自不同方法的数据是困难的,现有的方法目前不适合用于监管评估。尽管吸入毒理学是许多政府组织的优先领域。在此背景下,2016年3月在巴黎组织了为期1天的ALI体外模型呼吸毒理学研究研讨会,以评估情况并讨论在验证研究方面可能存在的问题。欧洲主要政党参加了研讨会,来自各种学术、商业和监管组织的60多名代表参加了会议。在全体会议、口头和海报报告之后,召集了一个专家小组,就ALI吸入模型验证研究的可能方法进行讨论。提出了一系列建议,并报告了讲习班的成果。
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引用次数: 119
Through the Looking Glass: In Vitro Models for Inhalation Toxicology and Interindividual Variability in the Airway. 透过镜子:吸入毒理学和气道个体间变异的体外模型。
Q2 Health Professions Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1089/AIVT.2018.0002
Samantha C. Faber, S. McCullough
With 7 million deaths reported annually from air pollution alone, it is evident that adverse effects of inhaled toxicant exposures remain a major public health concern in the 21st century. Assessment and characterization of the impacts of air pollutants on human health stems from epidemiological and clinical studies, which have linked both outdoor and indoor air contaminant exposure to adverse pulmonary and cardiovascular health outcomes. Studies in animal models support epidemiological findings and have been critical in identifying systemic effects of environmental chemicals on cognitive abilities, liver disease, and metabolic dysfunction following inhalation exposure. Likewise, traditional monoculture systems have aided in identifying biomarkers of susceptibility to inhaled toxicants and served as a screening platform for safety assessment of pulmonary toxicants. Despite their contributions, in vivo and classic in vitro models have not been able to accurately represent the heterogeneity of the human population and account for interindividual variability in response to inhaled toxicants and susceptibility to the adverse health effects. Development of new technologies that can investigate genetic predisposition, are cost and time efficient, and are ethically sound, will enhance elucidation of mechanisms of inhalation toxicity, and aid in the development of novel pharmaceuticals and/or safety evaluation. This review will describe the classic and novel cell-based inhalation toxicity models and how these emerging technologies can be incorporated into regulatory or nonregulatory testing to address interindividual variability and improve overall human health.
每年仅空气污染就造成700万人死亡,显然,吸入有毒物质暴露的不利影响仍然是21世纪的一个主要公共卫生问题。对空气污染物对人类健康影响的评估和表征源于流行病学和临床研究,这些研究已将室外和室内空气污染物暴露与不利的肺部和心血管健康结果联系起来。动物模型研究支持流行病学研究结果,对于确定环境化学物质在吸入后对认知能力、肝脏疾病和代谢功能障碍的全身影响至关重要。同样,传统的单一栽培系统有助于识别对吸入毒物易感性的生物标志物,并作为肺部毒物安全性评估的筛选平台。尽管它们做出了贡献,但体内和经典的体外模型仍不能准确地反映人口的异质性,并不能解释对吸入毒物的反应和对不利健康影响的易感性方面的个体差异。开发能够研究遗传易感性、成本和时间效率高、伦理合理的新技术,将加强对吸入毒性机制的阐明,并有助于开发新药物和/或安全性评价。这篇综述将描述经典的和新的基于细胞的吸入毒性模型,以及如何将这些新兴技术纳入监管或非监管测试,以解决个体间的差异并改善整体人类健康。
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引用次数: 28
Nonanimal Approaches to Assessing the Toxicity of Inhaled Substances: Current Progress and Future Promise 评估吸入物质毒性的非动物方法:当前进展和未来前景
Q2 Health Professions Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.1089/AIVT.2018.29015.RTL
A. Clippinger, D. Allen, H. Behrsing, P. Hinderliter, R. Landsiedel, Emily N. Reinke, V. Stone
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引用次数: 4
Transcriptomic, Proteomic, and Functional Long-Term Characterization of Multicellular Three-Dimensional Human Liver Microtissues. 多细胞三维人类肝脏微组织的转录组学、蛋白质组学和功能长期表征。
Q2 Health Professions Pub Date : 2018-03-01 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0022
Simon Messner, Lisa Fredriksson, Volker M Lauschke, Katrin Roessger, Claudia Escher, Magdalena Bober, Jens M Kelm, Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg, Wolfgang Moritz

Three-Dimensional (3D) liver microtissues, specifically prepared from primary human hepatocytes (PHH) in coculture with nonparenchymal cells (NPCs), have been shown to be a valuable tool for in vitro toxicology. However, a lack of thorough characterization on a functional, transcriptomic, and proteomic level of such models during long-term cultivation is evident. By integrating multiple omics technologies, we provide in this study an in-depth long-term characterization of 3D microtissues composed of PHH from three different donors cocultured with primary NPCs. The 3D human liver microtissues (hLiMTs) exhibited stable adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and albumin secretion over 5 weeks. Histological analysis indicated a healthy liver tissue with polarized expression of bile salt export pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) in a structure reminiscent of bile canaliculi. The 3D microtissues exhibited stable basal and inducible cytochrome P450 activities up to 5 weeks in culture. Analysis of 40,716 transcripts using RNA arrays revealed distinct similarities to native human liver gene expression. Long-term culture showed a stable phenotype up to 5 weeks, with differences in liver gene expression primarily attributed to individual donors. Proteomic profiling of 2200 unique proteins by label-free LC-MS/MS revealed a relatively stable protein expression where only 7.3% were up- or downregulated more than twofold from day 7 to 35 in culture. Taken together, these results suggest that hLiMTs represent a responsive and physiologically relevant in vitro liver model that maintains stable function over 5 weeks and is therefore well suited for repeated-dose toxicity testing.

三维(3D)肝脏微组织是由原代人类肝细胞(PHH)与非肾小球细胞(NPC)共培养制备而成的,已被证明是体外毒理学的重要工具。然而,此类模型在长期培养过程中的功能、转录组和蛋白质组水平显然缺乏全面的表征。通过整合多种全息技术,我们在本研究中提供了由来自三个不同供体的 PHH 与原代 NPCs 共同培养的三维微组织的长期深入表征。三维人体肝脏微组织(hLiMTs)在5周内表现出稳定的三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量和白蛋白分泌。组织学分析表明,健康的肝脏组织具有胆盐输出泵(BSEP)和多药耐药蛋白2(MRP2)的极化表达,其结构与胆管相似。三维微组织在长达 5 周的培养过程中表现出稳定的基础和诱导细胞色素 P450 活性。利用 RNA 阵列对 40,716 个转录本进行的分析表明,它们与原生人类肝脏基因表达有明显的相似性。长期培养显示了长达 5 周的稳定表型,肝脏基因表达的差异主要归因于个体供体。通过无标记 LC-MS/MS 对 2200 种独特蛋白质进行的蛋白质组分析表明,蛋白质表达相对稳定,从培养第 7 天到第 35 天,只有 7.3% 的蛋白质上调或下调超过 2 倍。总之,这些结果表明,hLiMTs 是一种反应灵敏、与生理相关的体外肝脏模型,可在 5 周内保持稳定的功能,因此非常适合重复剂量毒性测试。
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引用次数: 0
Metabolism of Diazinon in Rainbow Trout Liver Slices. 虹鳟肝片中二嗪农的代谢。
Q2 Health Professions Pub Date : 2018-03-01 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0025
Mark A Tapper, Jose A Serrano, Patricia K Schmieder, Dean E Hammermeister, Richard C Kolanczyk

Introduction: Understanding biotransformation pathways in aquatic species is an integral part of ecological risk assessment with respect to the potential bioactivation of chemicals to more toxic metabolites. The long-range goal is to gain sufficient understanding of fish metabolic transformation reactions to be able to accurately predict fish xenobiotic metabolism. While some metabolism data exist, there are few fish in vivo exposure studies where metabolites have been identified and the metabolic pathways proposed. Previous biotransformation work has focused on in vitro studies which have the advantage of high throughput but may have limited metabolic capabilities, and in vivo studies which have full metabolic capacity but are low throughput. An aquatic model system with full metabolic capacity in which a large number of chemicals could be tested would be a valuable tool.

Materials and methods: The current study evaluated the ex vivo rainbow trout liver slice model, which has the advantages of high throughput as found in vitro models and non-dedifferentiated cells and cell to cell communication found in in vivo systems. The pesticide diazinon, which has been previously tested both in vitro and in vivo in a number of mammalian and aquatic species including rainbow trout, was used to evaluate the ex vivo slice model as a tool to study biotransformation pathways.

Results/discussion: While somewhat limited by the analytical chemistry method employed, results of the liver slice model, mainly that hydroxypyrimidine was the major diazinon metabolite, are in line with the results of previous rainbow trout in vivo studies.

Conclusion: Therefore, the rainbow trout liver slice model is a useful tool for the study of metabolism in aquatic species.

简介:了解水生物种的生物转化途径是生态风险评估的一个组成部分,涉及化学物质对毒性更大的代谢物的潜在生物激活。长期目标是获得对鱼类代谢转化反应的充分了解,以便能够准确预测鱼类的异种代谢。虽然存在一些代谢数据,但很少有鱼类体内暴露研究确定了代谢物并提出了代谢途径。以前的生物转化工作主要集中在体外研究,这些研究具有高通量的优势,但可能具有有限的代谢能力,以及体内研究,具有完全的代谢能力,但低通量。一个具有完全代谢能力的水生模型系统,可以对大量化学物质进行测试,将是一个有价值的工具。材料和方法:本研究对离体虹鳟鱼肝片模型进行了评价,该模型具有体外模型高通量和体内系统非去分化细胞和细胞间通讯的优点。农药二嗪农此前已在许多哺乳动物和水生物种(包括虹鳟鱼)中进行了体外和体内测试,该研究利用离体切片模型来评估其作为研究生物转化途径的工具。结果/讨论:肝脏切片模型的结果与之前虹鳟鱼体内研究的结果一致,虽然受到分析化学方法的限制,但主要是羟基嘧啶是二嗪农的主要代谢物。结论:虹鳟鱼肝脏切片模型是研究水生物种代谢的有效工具。
{"title":"Metabolism of Diazinon in Rainbow Trout Liver Slices.","authors":"Mark A Tapper,&nbsp;Jose A Serrano,&nbsp;Patricia K Schmieder,&nbsp;Dean E Hammermeister,&nbsp;Richard C Kolanczyk","doi":"10.1089/aivt.2017.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/aivt.2017.0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Understanding biotransformation pathways in aquatic species is an integral part of ecological risk assessment with respect to the potential bioactivation of chemicals to more toxic metabolites. The long-range goal is to gain sufficient understanding of fish metabolic transformation reactions to be able to accurately predict fish xenobiotic metabolism. While some metabolism data exist, there are few fish <i>in vivo</i> exposure studies where metabolites have been identified and the metabolic pathways proposed. Previous biotransformation work has focused on <i>in vitro</i> studies which have the advantage of high throughput but may have limited metabolic capabilities, and <i>in vivo</i> studies which have full metabolic capacity but are low throughput. An aquatic model system with full metabolic capacity in which a large number of chemicals could be tested would be a valuable tool.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The current study evaluated the <i>ex vivo</i> rainbow trout liver slice model, which has the advantages of high throughput as found <i>in vitro</i> models and non-dedifferentiated cells and cell to cell communication found in <i>in vivo</i> systems. The pesticide diazinon, which has been previously tested both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> in a number of mammalian and aquatic species including rainbow trout, was used to evaluate the <i>ex vivo</i> slice model as a tool to study biotransformation pathways.</p><p><strong>Results/discussion: </strong>While somewhat limited by the analytical chemistry method employed, results of the liver slice model, mainly that hydroxypyrimidine was the major diazinon metabolite, are in line with the results of previous rainbow trout <i>in vivo</i> studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Therefore, the rainbow trout liver slice model is a useful tool for the study of metabolism in aquatic species.</p>","PeriodicalId":37448,"journal":{"name":"Applied In Vitro Toxicology","volume":"4 1","pages":"13-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/aivt.2017.0025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37128433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Estrogen Mitigates the Negative Effects of Arsenic Contamination in an In Vitro Wound Model. 雌激素在体外创伤模型中减轻砷污染的负面影响。
Q2 Health Professions Pub Date : 2018-03-01 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0020
Bronson I Pinto, Oscar R Lujan, Stephan A Ramos, Catherine R Propper, Robert S Kellar

Arsenic, a naturally occurring environmental contaminant, is harmful to humans at elevated concentrations. Increased levels of arsenic in the environment occur as a result of human activities and from natural geologically sourced leaching into ground and surface water. These sources pose an exposure risk above the USEPA standard to individuals whose food and water sources become contaminated. Arsenic exposure negatively impacts organ function and increases the risk for developing pathologies, including cancer. Some of the effects of arsenic on cancer translate to normal cell function in wound healing. To evaluate whether arsenic influences wound healing, an in vitro scratch assay was employed to study the effects of arsenic on cellular migration, which is a key component in the normal wound-healing process. In this study, skin cells were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of arsenic, and wound closure was evaluated. Results indicated that arsenic significantly decreased the rate of cellular migration in the scratch assay when compared with controls. In addition, estradiol, which has been shown to positively influence cellular and tissue processes involved in wound healing, reversed the slowing effects of arsenic on wound closure. These results suggest that arsenic contamination may inhibit, and estrogen may provide a therapeutic benefit for individuals with arsenic-contaminated wounds.

砷是一种天然存在的环境污染物,浓度升高对人体有害。环境中砷含量的增加是由于人类活动和自然地质来源的浸出进入地表水和地表水造成的。这些来源对食物和水源受到污染的个人构成的暴露风险高于美国环保署的标准。砷暴露会对器官功能产生负面影响,并增加发生包括癌症在内的病理的风险。砷对癌症的一些影响转化为伤口愈合中的正常细胞功能。为了评估砷是否会影响创面愈合,我们采用体外划痕实验来研究砷对细胞迁移的影响,而细胞迁移是正常创面愈合过程中的关键组成部分。在这项研究中,皮肤细胞暴露于环境相关浓度的砷,并评估伤口愈合。结果表明,与对照组相比,砷显著降低了划痕实验中细胞迁移的速度。此外,已经证明对参与伤口愈合的细胞和组织过程具有积极影响的雌二醇逆转了砷对伤口愈合的减缓作用。这些结果表明砷污染可能抑制,雌激素可能对砷污染伤口的个体提供治疗益处。
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引用次数: 4
Measurement of kinetic parameters for biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by trout liver S9 fractions: Implications for bioaccumulation assessment. 鳟鱼肝脏S9馏分生物转化多环芳烃动力学参数的测定:对生物积累评价的意义。
Q2 Health Professions Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0005
John W Nichols, Melanie A Ladd, Patrick N Fitzsimmons

In vitro substrate depletion methods developed by the pharmaceutical industry are being used with increasing frequency to support chemical bioaccumulation assessments for fish. However, the application of these methods to high log K ow chemicals poses special challenges. Biotransformation of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured using trout liver S9 fractions. Measured activity declined with incubation time and was reduced by acetone (used as a spiking solvent) at concentrations greater than 0.5%. Addition of alamethicin, a pore-forming peptide used to support UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity, also reduced activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The substrate concentration dependence of activity was evaluated to estimate K M and V max values for each compound. Derived kinetic constants suggested that all three PAHs are transformed by the same reaction pathway and indicated an inverse correlation between K M and chemical log K ow. Binding effects on activity were evaluated by measuring unbound chemical concentrations across a range of S9 protein levels. Reaction rates were proportional to the unbound concentration except when these concentrations approached saturating levels, providing a direct demonstration of the free chemical hypothesis. These findings suggest that previous in vitro work with high log K ow compounds was conducted at inappropriately high substrate concentrations resulting in underestimation of true in vivo activity. Preliminary calculations also indicate that PAH metabolism in fish may approach saturation during standardized in vivo testing efforts, potentially resulting in concentration-dependent accumulation and/or steady-state levels of accumulation greater than those which occur in a natural setting.

制药工业开发的体外底物耗尽法正越来越频繁地用于支持鱼类的化学生物积累评估。然而,这些方法在高对数K低化学品中的应用面临着特殊的挑战。用鳟鱼肝脏S9馏分测定了三种多环芳烃(PAHs)的生物转化。测定的活性随孵育时间的延长而下降,当浓度大于0.5%时,丙酮(用作峰值溶剂)使活性降低。添加alamethicin(一种用于支持udp -葡萄糖醛基转移酶活性的成孔肽)也以浓度依赖的方式降低了活性。评估底物浓度对活性的依赖性,以估计每种化合物的K - M和V max值。得到的动力学常数表明,三种多环芳烃通过相同的反应途径转化,K - M与化学对数K - ow呈负相关。通过测量S9蛋白水平范围内的未结合化学物质浓度来评估结合对活性的影响。反应速率与未结合浓度成正比,除非这些浓度接近饱和水平,这直接证明了自由化学假设。这些发现表明,以前在高对数K低化合物的体外工作是在不适当的高底物浓度下进行的,导致低估了真实的体内活性。初步计算还表明,在标准化体内测试过程中,鱼类体内的多环芳烃代谢可能接近饱和,可能导致浓度依赖性积累和/或稳态积累水平高于自然环境。
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引用次数: 25
Creating a Structured AOP Knowledgebase via Ontology-Based Annotations. 通过基于本体的注解创建结构化的AOP知识库。
Q2 Health Professions Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0017
Cataia Ives, Ivana Campia, Rong-Lin Wang, Clemens Wittwehr, Stephen Edwards

Introduction: The Adverse Outcome Pathway framework is increasingly used to integrate data generated based on traditional and emerging toxicity testing paradigms. As the number of AOP descriptions has increased, so has the need to define the AOP in computable terms.

Materials and methods: Herein, we present a comprehensive annotation of 172 AOPs housed in the AOP-Wiki as of December 4, 2016 using terms from existing biological ontologies.

Results: AOP Key Events (KEs) were assigned ontology terms using a concept called the Event Component, which consists of a Process, an Object, and an Action term, with each term originating from ontologies and other controlled vocabularies. Annotation of KEs with ontology classes from fourteen ontologies and controlled vocabularies resulted in a total of 685 KEs being annotated with a total of 809 Event Components. A set of seven conventions resulted, defining the annotation of KEs via Event Components.

Discussion: This expanded annotation of AOPs allows computational reasoners to aid in both AOP development and applications. In addition, the incorporation of explicit biological objects will reduce the time required for converting a qualitative AOP description into a conceptual model that can support computational modeling. As high throughput genomics becomes a more important part of the high throughput toxicity testing landscape, the new approaches described here for annotating key events will also promote the visualization and analysis of genomics data in an AOP context.

不良后果途径框架越来越多地用于整合基于传统和新兴毒性测试范式产生的数据。随着AOP描述数量的增加,用可计算术语定义AOP的需求也在增加。材料和方法:在此,我们使用现有生物本体中的术语,对截至2016年12月4日收录在AOP-Wiki中的172个aop进行了全面注释。结果:使用称为事件组件的概念为AOP关键事件(ke)分配了本体术语,该概念由过程、对象和操作术语组成,每个术语都源自本体和其他受控词汇表。使用来自14个本体和受控词汇表的本体类对ke进行注释,总共使用809个事件组件对685个ke进行了注释。由此产生了一组七个约定,通过事件组件定义了ke的注释。讨论:AOP的扩展注释允许计算推理器在AOP开发和应用程序中提供帮助。此外,结合显式的生物对象将减少将定性AOP描述转换为可以支持计算建模的概念模型所需的时间。随着高通量基因组学成为高通量毒性测试领域中更重要的一部分,这里描述的用于注释关键事件的新方法也将促进AOP上下文中基因组学数据的可视化和分析。
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引用次数: 48
An Update on Adverse Outcome Pathways Leading to Liver Injury. 导致肝损伤的不良结果通路的最新进展。
Q2 Health Professions Pub Date : 2017-12-01 Epub Date: 2017-12-06 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0027
Eva Gijbels, Mathieu Vinken

Chemical-induced liver injury can be manifested in a number of ways, such as cholestasis, steatosis, fibrosis, and cancer. The mechanisms driving these toxicological processes have been well characterized and have been embedded in adverse outcome pathway frameworks in recent years. This article provides a concise overview of these constructs.

化学诱导的肝损伤可表现为多种方式,如胆汁淤积、脂肪变性、纤维化和癌症。近年来,驱动这些毒理学过程的机制已被很好地描述并嵌入到不良后果途径框架中。本文提供了这些构造的简要概述。
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引用次数: 15
期刊
Applied In Vitro Toxicology
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