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An open-source, battery-powered, low-cost, and dual-channel pneumatic pulse generator for microfluidic cell-stretch assays 用于微流体细胞拉伸测定的开源、电池供电、低成本双通道气动脉冲发生器
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00595
Samuel Olson, McKenna Finley, Raviraj Thakur
Cells in the body are regularly subjected to mechanical forces that influence their biological fate in terms of morphology, gene expression, and differentiation. The current gold standard method to replicate these effects in vitro is to culture cells on devices with elastic substrates and to impart mechanical stretch using mechanical or pneumatic pull–push methods. Microfluidic device designs offer several advantages in this context for general uniform and controlled stretching. However, the experimental setups are bulky, not user-friendly, and often involve several components that reside outside of the tissue culture incubator. Given the wide utility of mechanical stimulation in in-vitro research, our aim was to create a turn-key research tool that bioengineers can deploy in their cell-stretch assays, without having to deal with the complexity and nuances of ad hoc experimental setups. Here, we present an open-source, battery-powered, dual-channel cyclic pneumatic pulse generator box that can reside within an incubator and is compatible with custom microfluidic cell stretch devices. Our method depends on generating pressure-vacuum pulses simply using a linear miniature pneumatic air cylinder actuated using a continuous servo motor. To the best our knowledge, this is a first example of a completely battery-powered, standalone system that doesn’t have any peripherals residing out of the incubator. We provide a detailed list of different components as well as the step-by-step assembly process. We validate its performance in a cell stretch assay using a commercially available microfluidic chip. Our results show an acute stimulation of cyclic stretching over 8 h on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) resulted in preferential alignment of cells perpendicular to the axis of stretch.
人体内的细胞经常受到机械力的作用,这些机械力会影响细胞的形态、基因表达和分化等生物学命运。目前在体外复制这些效应的黄金标准方法是在带有弹性基底的装置上培养细胞,并使用机械或气动拉推方法赋予细胞机械拉伸力。在这种情况下,微流控装置设计在一般的均匀和可控拉伸方面具有一些优势。然而,这些实验装置体积庞大、使用不便,而且往往涉及组织培养箱外的多个组件。鉴于机械刺激在体外研究中的广泛用途,我们的目标是创建一种交钥匙研究工具,生物工程人员可将其用于细胞拉伸实验,而不必处理临时实验装置的复杂性和细微差别。在这里,我们介绍一种开源、电池供电的双通道循环气动脉冲发生器箱,它可以放置在培养箱中,并与定制的微流体细胞拉伸装置兼容。我们的方法依赖于利用连续伺服电机驱动的线性微型气动气缸产生压力-真空脉冲。据我们所知,这是第一个完全由电池供电的独立系统实例,该系统在培养箱外没有任何外围设备。我们提供了不同组件的详细清单以及逐步组装过程。我们使用市售的微流控芯片在细胞拉伸试验中验证了它的性能。我们的结果表明,对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)进行超过 8 小时的急性循环拉伸刺激会导致细胞优先排列成垂直于拉伸轴的直线。
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引用次数: 0
General Purpose Alarm Device: A programmable annunciator 通用报警装置:可编程报警器
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00590
Robert L. Read , Lawrence Kincheloe , Forrest Lee Erickson
The General Purpose Alarm Device (GPAD) shines lights and makes loud noises to draw the attention of a human being to a problem. It provides a programmable, 80 character display to provide textual information. As an inexpensive modular annunciator, it is intended to decrease the cost of any system that requires complex monitoring and rapid human intervention. Fundamentally, it is designed to act as a peripheral to a controlling computer or microcontroller. The controller may communicate over a USB (COM) connection or a 5V SPI connection via an RJ12 cable. The GPAD is intended to be as general purpose as possible, so that it can be used to provide alarm functionality for many engineering and scientific projects, hobby machines, instruments, and various situations. The original driving use case is to provide medical alarm capability to the PolyVent open-source mechanical medical ventilator. The GPAD supports 5 alarm levels above “silent” of increasing urgency in terms of light, rhythm, and frequency. It has a mute button. It is based on the Arduino Uno Atmega328 design and is potentially extensible through headers and shields like an Uno. The GPAD includes a printed wiring assembly, firmware for the GPAD peripheral, a simple documented API and a 3D printable enclosure. The repo includes instructions for using a second GPAD as a controller as an example for programming.
通用报警装置(GPAD)会发出灯光和响声,以引起人类对问题的注意。它提供一个可编程的 80 个字符的显示屏,以提供文本信息。作为一种廉价的模块化警报器,它旨在降低任何需要复杂监控和快速人工干预的系统的成本。从根本上说,它是作为控制计算机或微控制器的外围设备而设计的。控制器可通过 USB (COM) 连接或通过 RJ12 电缆的 5V SPI 连接进行通信。GPAD 具有尽可能广泛的用途,可用于为许多工程和科学项目、业余爱好机器、仪器和各种情况提供报警功能。最初的驱动用例是为 PolyVent 开源机械医疗呼吸机提供医疗报警功能。GPAD 支持高于 "无声 "的 5 个警报级别,警报的轻重、节奏和频率越来越紧急。它有一个静音按钮。它基于 Arduino Uno Atmega328 设计,可以像 Uno 一样通过接头和屏蔽进行扩展。GPAD 包括一个打印的布线组件、GPAD 外设固件、一个简单的 API 文档和一个 3D 打印外壳。该 repo 包括将第二个 GPAD 用作控制器的说明,作为编程示例。
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引用次数: 0
A low-cost homogenizing device for in-field and remote DNA and RNA extraction 用于现场和远程 DNA 和 RNA 提取的低成本均质装置
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00592
Christelle Schang , Le Zhang , Baiqian Shi , Monica Nolan , Rachael Poon , David T. McCarthy
Environmental monitoring of microorganisms is critical for the protection and enhancement of human and ecosystem health. Even though these molecular methods have overtaken traditional culture-based methods and become more accessible, these techniques still require expensive equipment and dedicated facilities to process samples which in the context of a global pandemic, remote sampling areas or low-income countries can be extremely challenging. Sample preparation and sample homogenisation are critical steps for molecular-based techniques, especially for the extraction of DNA and RNA. This study developed a low-cost, open-source, freely available 3D printed homogenizer for the processing of DNA and RNA extraction. The BoSL Beater 3D is a portable device that allows researcher to perform bead-beating steps commonly required for environmental sample extraction protocols in the field and without access to main’s power. The BoSL Beater 3D was tested on filtered wastewater samples and passive samplers exposed to wastewater over a 24-hour period and showed similar or better performance to the traditional laboratory bead beater for both the extraction of DNA and RNA. The cost of this 3D homogeniser is roughly $18 AUD ($296 AUD with the jigsaw, which is roughly 57 times cheaper than a traditional bead beater) and has the added usability of being portable and easily adaptable to any type of jigsaw. In combination to newly developed field extraction kits as well as portable PCR machines, this 3D homogeniser could provide the tool necessary to enable access to molecular testing in remote setting as well as developing countries, which may not have access to fully equipped laboratories, but also allow for timely reporting. In addition, the BoSL Beater 3D, in combination with field extraction kit, can allow more flexibility to researchers while sampling, shipping, and processing DNA and RNA samples, whilst maintaining quality of these samples.
微生物的环境监测对于保护和提高人类及生态系统的健康至关重要。尽管这些分子方法已经超越了传统的培养方法,变得更容易获得,但这些技术仍然需要昂贵的设备和专用设施来处理样本,这在全球大流行病、偏远采样地区或低收入国家的背景下可能极具挑战性。样品制备和样品均质化是分子技术的关键步骤,尤其是 DNA 和 RNA 的提取。本研究开发了一种低成本、开源、免费的 3D 打印匀浆器,用于 DNA 和 RNA 的提取处理。BoSL Beater 3D是一种便携式设备,可让研究人员在没有电源的情况下,在野外执行环境样本提取方案中常见的打珠步骤。BoSL Beater 3D对过滤废水样本和暴露在废水中24小时的被动采样器进行了测试,结果显示,在提取DNA和RNA方面,BoSL Beater 3D的性能与传统的实验室打珠机相似,甚至更好。这种三维匀浆器的成本约为 18 澳元(带拼图的成本为 296 澳元,比传统打珠器便宜约 57 倍),而且还具有便携和易于适应任何类型拼图的特点。结合新开发的现场提取试剂盒和便携式 PCR 机,这种三维匀浆器可提供必要的工具,使偏远地区和发展中国家(可能没有设备齐全的实验室)也能进行分子检测,同时还能及时报告。此外,BoSL Beater 3D与野外提取套件相结合,可以让研究人员在取样、运输和处理DNA与RNA样本时更加灵活,同时保证样本的质量。
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引用次数: 0
Portable, low-cost, desktop microscope 便携式、低成本台式显微镜
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00593
Vincent Salvadori , Daniel Fäh , Sarina Flühler , Jan Wandeler , Maria J. Jacome , Adrian Koller , Marcel Egli , Simon L. Wuest
Light microscopes became essential tools in everyday lab work a long time ago. However, most commercial microscopes are costly, and they are often bulky and heavy. Therefore, microscopes are rarely seen in mobile applications or used by interested amateurs. Here, we present an affordable, portable single-lens microscope. It essentially uses a Raspberry Pi single-board computer, a camera, a touchscreen display, and an LED ring at its core. Apart from brightfield microscopy, contrast-enhancing methods by oblique, dark-field, and Rheinberg illumination are possible, as well. The microscope is ideal for applications that do not require high-end optical components. Due to its low cost and flexible use, it is also suitable for hands-on experiences of the fascinating world not visible by the human eye.
很久以前,光学显微镜就已成为实验室日常工作中必不可少的工具。然而,大多数商用显微镜价格昂贵,而且通常笨重。因此,显微镜很少在移动应用中出现,也很少被感兴趣的业余爱好者使用。在这里,我们介绍一种价格低廉的便携式单镜头显微镜。它主要以 Raspberry Pi 单板计算机、摄像头、触摸显示屏和 LED 环为核心。除明视野显微镜外,还可通过斜照、暗视野和莱茵伯格照明等方法增强对比度。该显微镜非常适合不需要高端光学元件的应用。由于其成本低廉、使用灵活,它还适用于亲身体验人类肉眼无法看到的奇妙世界。
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引用次数: 0
BEATRIX: An open source humanoid head platform for robotics teaching and research BEATRIX:用于机器人教学和研究的开源仿人头部平台
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00591
Gorkem Anil Al, Nicholas Hedworth, Douglas Tilley, Samer Ahmed, Richmond Afeawo, Uriel Martinez-Hernandez
This paper introduces BEATRIX, a novel robotic head designed to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical experience in the field of robotics at universities. The BEATRIX robot comprises a head actuated by a neck-like mechanism with three stepper motors, two cameras and two microphones for acquisition of visual and audio information from the environment. The robot can be connected to any external computer for the design and implementation of algorithms for applications in human–robot interaction. The proposed robotic platform has been used successfully with undergraduate and master students implementing tasks such as face detection and tracking, sound detection and tracking, robot control and graphical user interfaces. This paper includes lists of all the robot components, assembly instructions, and links to all CAD and software files, facilitating replication and further exploration. The robot design and integration of visual and audio sensors enables the development of engaging educational tutorials and robot experiments, enhancing the teaching and learning experience in robotics.
本文介绍的 BEATRIX 是一种新型机器人头,旨在弥补大学机器人学领域理论知识与实践经验之间的差距。BEATRIX 机器人包括一个由类似颈部的机构驱动的头部、三个步进电机、两个摄像头和两个麦克风,用于从环境中获取视觉和听觉信息。该机器人可与任何外部计算机连接,用于设计和实施人机交互应用的算法。本科生和硕士生已经成功使用了所提出的机器人平台,执行了人脸检测和跟踪、声音检测和跟踪、机器人控制和图形用户界面等任务。本文包括所有机器人组件清单、组装说明以及所有 CAD 和软件文件的链接,以便于复制和进一步探索。机器人的设计以及视觉和听觉传感器的集成,使得开发引人入胜的教育教程和机器人实验成为可能,从而增强了机器人技术的教学和学习体验。
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引用次数: 0
Design and construction of a servomechanism using a memory alloy linear actuator 使用记忆合金线性致动器设计和制造伺服机构
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00587
Santiago Zuñiga , Diego Bravo , Carlos Rengifo
This work shows the design and construction of a servomechanism of a rotator-type joint based on NiTi Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) with an angular position measurement based on a potentiometer sensor and digital electronic position control. The expected application of this prototype is for the use of small charges that emulate the movement of the human being, being bio-inspired and activated by artificial muscles, their potential applications they will be in medical and humanoid robotics. Computer Aided Design (CAD) allows evaluating and validating the most convenient parameters for construction of servomechanism, experimental results validate allowed us to obtain the values of the range of motion ±20° and a maximum torque of 1.01 kg-cm exerted on the axis of rotation for the prototype.
这项工作展示了一种基于镍钛形状记忆合金(SMA)的旋转型关节伺服机构的设计和构造,该机构具有基于电位计传感器和数字电子位置控制的角度位置测量功能。该原型的预期应用是使用小型电荷来模拟人类的运动,受生物启发并由人造肌肉激活,其潜在应用领域将是医疗和仿人机器人。计算机辅助设计(CAD)可以评估和验证建造伺服机构最方便的参数,实验结果验证使我们获得了原型的运动范围±20°和施加在旋转轴上的最大扭矩 1.01 kg-cm。
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引用次数: 0
Design of a low-cost force insoles to estimate ground reaction forces during human gait 设计用于估算人体步态过程中地面反作用力的低成本力垫
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00589
Nelson E. Guevara , Carlos F. Rengifo , Yamir H. Bolaños , Daniel A. Fernández , Wilson A. Sierra , Luis E. Rodríguez
This paper proposes a low-cost electronic system for estimating ground reaction forces (GRF) during human gait. The device consists of one master node and two slave nodes. The master node sends instructions to slave nodes that sample and store data from two force insoles located at the participant’s feet. These insoles are equipped with 14 piezo-resistive FlexiForce A301 sensors (FSR). The slave nodes are attached to the ankles and feet of each participant. Subsequently, the start command is transmitted through the master node, which is connected to the USB port of a personal computer (PC). Once the walking session is completed, the information obtained by the slave nodes can be downloaded by accessing the access point generated by these devices through Wi-Fi communication. The GRF estimation system was validated with force platforms (BTS Bioengineering P6000, Italy), giving on average a fit measure equal to 68.71%±4.80% in dynamic situations. Future versions of this device are expected to increase this fit by using machine learning models.
本文提出了一种用于估算人体步态过程中地面反作用力(GRF)的低成本电子系统。该装置由一个主节点和两个从节点组成。主节点向从节点发送指令,而从节点则对位于受试者脚部的两个受力鞋垫进行数据采样和存储。这些鞋垫配备了 14 个压阻 FlexiForce A301 传感器(FSR)。从节点连接在每位参与者的脚踝和脚掌上。随后,通过连接到个人电脑(PC)USB 端口的主节点传输开始指令。行走过程结束后,可通过 Wi-Fi 通信访问这些设备生成的接入点,下载从节点获得的信息。GRF估算系统经力平台(意大利 BTS 生物工程公司 P6000)验证,在动态情况下的平均拟合度为 68.71%±4.80%。该设备的未来版本有望通过使用机器学习模型提高拟合度。
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引用次数: 0
ScarfingTool: An Advanced tool to repair Carbon Fiber Reinforced plastic ScarfingTool:修复碳纤维增强塑料的先进工具
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00588
Simone Pio Negri, Massimiliano Nitti, Nicola Mosca, Vito Renò, Ettore Stella
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) is going to assume more and more importance in mechanical and aerospace engineering in the near future. This is due to its intrinsic high lightness and resistance, if compared to traditional metallic materials. CFRP is characterized by a proper production and repair technology. The tool showed in this paper is conceived to repair and verify the restoration of such kind of material. Its application is limited to the first part of the repair process: in jargon the scarfing operation, otherwise called “defect removal”. This operation is similar to a high-speed grinding.
For this reason, the designed tool can be easily applied to other contexts, such as sanding, polishing or deburring.
Basically, the ScarfingTool is composed by a high-speed electro-spindle and a 3D smart snapshot sensor. This tool is conceived to be as light as possible to be installed on a light collaborative robot. Moreover, its specific design assures great compliance that, as needed, can be regulated. A high efficiency suction inlet completes the tool and guarantees a clean environment during operation. The scarfing process has already been dealt with in [1] to which the interested reader is addressed.
This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
在不久的将来,碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)将在机械和航空航天工程中占据越来越重要的地位。这是因为与传统的金属材料相比,碳纤维增强塑料具有固有的高轻度和高抗性。CFRP 的特点是具有适当的生产和修复技术。本文中展示的工具就是为修复和验证此类材料的复原而设计的。它的应用仅限于修复过程的第一部分:用行话说,就是 "去疤痕",也就是 "去缺陷"。这种操作类似于高速打磨。因此,所设计的工具可以轻松应用于其他场合,如打磨、抛光或去毛刺。该工具设计得尽可能轻巧,可安装在轻型协作机器人上。此外,它的特殊设计确保了极高的顺应性,并可根据需要进行调节。高效率的吸入口完善了该工具,并保证了操作过程中的清洁环境。本作品采用 CC BY-SA 4.0 许可。(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
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引用次数: 0
OpenFlume: An accessible and reproducible benchtop flume for research and education OpenFlume:用于研究和教育的可访问、可重现的台式水槽
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00583
Maya Lewis , Eli Silver , Robert Hunt, Daniel M. Harris
Open-channel flumes are an important tool in fluid mechanics research and education. However, the few commercially available small-scale flumes are generally expensive and lack complete characterization. In this work, we present an open-source, low-cost, modular benchtop laboratory flume that is designed to be accessible and reproducible. The flume is assembled from widely available materials and hardware, and fabricated exclusively using tools and machinery commonly found in workshop spaces. The recirculating water flow through the system is driven by a controllable electric coolant pump designed for automobiles. Our design has a flow cross-section of 5 × 5 cm, adjustable flow velocity, and a modest overall footprint. All design files and build instructions are shared in a digital repository ensuring openness and reproducibility. The flow in the test section is characterized using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and is shown to be of high uniformity with low turbulence intensity. Furthermore, direct measurements of the drag force on a submerged sphere are reported for a range of control parameters, and exhibit good agreement with established empirical values.
明渠水槽是流体力学研究和教育的重要工具。然而,市面上为数不多的小型水槽通常价格昂贵,且缺乏完整的表征。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种开源、低成本、模块化的台式实验室水槽,其设计旨在方便使用和可重复。水槽由可广泛获得的材料和硬件组装而成,完全使用车间里常见的工具和机械制造。通过该系统的循环水流由专为汽车设计的可控电动冷却剂泵驱动。我们的设计水流截面为 5 × 5 厘米,流速可调,整体占地面积不大。所有设计文件和构建说明都在一个数字资源库中共享,以确保开放性和可重复性。利用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)对测试截面中的流动进行了表征,结果表明流动均匀度高,湍流强度低。此外,还报告了针对一系列控制参数对浸没球体的阻力进行的直接测量,结果与既定的经验值非常吻合。
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引用次数: 0
Design & automation of a small-scale towing tank for flow visualization 用于流量可视化的小型拖曳罐的设计与自动化
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00585
Jeremiah Takyi, Heather R. Beem

Although the towing tank is a standard piece of equipment used to investigate fluid phenomena, it primarily exists as custom-built hardware that takes up a significant footprint. The size, cost, and custom-built nature have heretofore inhibited the production of this equipment in the authors’ context, an African university. This paper presents a small-scale (1000 mm x 200 mm x 200 mm), low-cost (<$1,000) towing tank made using readily available components and basic digital fabrication tools. Other universities on the continent and beyond can hence create this foundational platform for fluid mechanics-related teaching and research. Leveraging an Arduino microcontroller loaded with the GRBL firmware, G-code is sent from the computer to stepper motors to execute movements in two axes. This allows for automation capabilities, controlled towing speeds, and consistent experimental conditions. Validation tests revealed motion accuracy within 1 %. A glitter-based flow visualization approach to measuring surface phenomena is demonstrated here. Experiments conducted successfully visualized relevant flow characteristics generated by bluff bodies being towed in the tank. As the Reynolds number increased within the operating range, wider wakes and larger, more distinct vortices were generated, as expected. This platform can be replicated widely in institutions that may otherwise forego experimentation in fluid mechanics.

虽然拖曳罐是用于研究流体现象的标准设备,但它主要是作为定制硬件存在,占地面积很大。由于其尺寸、成本和定制性质,作者所在的非洲大学至今无法生产这种设备。本文介绍了一种利用现成部件和基本数字制造工具制作的小规模(1000 毫米 x 200 毫米 x 200 毫米)、低成本(1000 美元)拖曳坦克。非洲大陆及其他地区的其他大学也可以利用这一基础平台开展流体力学相关的教学和研究。利用装有 GRBL 固件的 Arduino 微控制器,G 代码从计算机发送到步进电机,以执行两个轴的运动。这样就实现了自动化功能、可控的牵引速度和一致的实验条件。验证测试表明,运动精度在 1% 以内。这里展示了一种基于闪光的流动可视化方法来测量表面现象。实验成功地可视化了水槽中拖曳的崖体产生的相关流动特征。随着雷诺数在工作范围内的增加,如预期的那样,产生了更宽的漩涡和更大更明显的涡流。这一平台可以在那些可能放弃流体力学实验的机构中广泛推广。
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引用次数: 0
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