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Aquality32: A low-cost, open-source air quality monitoring device leveraging the ESP32 and google platform Aquality32:利用 ESP32 和谷歌平台的低成本、开源空气质量监测设备
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00607
Daniel M. Pineda-Tobón, Albeiro Espinosa-Bedoya, Jhon W. Branch-Bedoya
We present AQuality32, an open-source air quality monitoring device designed to address the challenges faced by small research teams in accessing affordable and versatile air quality monitoring solutions. The device utilizes an ESP32 System on Module (SoM) and integrates sensors for CO2 (SDC30 from Sensirion) and particulate matter (HM3301 from Seeed) measurement, along with temperature, relative humidity, and extensive sensing possibilities. It can be powered by a battery and is suitable for both stationary and on-the-go measurements. The paper details the hardware description, building instructions, programming, calibration procedures, and data collection setup for AQuality32. Validation experiments assess communication stability, geolocation accuracy, and environmental monitoring capabilities. The results demonstrate the device’s reliability, affordability, and suitability for various applications in environmental sciences, public health, and indoor/outdoor air quality monitoring. The paper emphasizes the importance of robust solutions, openness, and easy documentation for widespread adoption and impact in air quality research and monitoring.
我们推出的 AQuality32 是一款开源空气质量监测设备,旨在解决小型研究团队在获取经济实惠的多功能空气质量监测解决方案时所面临的挑战。该设备采用 ESP32 模块化系统(SoM),集成了二氧化碳(Sensirion 公司的 SDC30)和颗粒物(Seeed 公司的 HM3301)测量传感器,以及温度、相对湿度和多种传感功能。它可由电池供电,既适用于固定测量,也适用于移动测量。论文详细介绍了 AQuality32 的硬件描述、构建说明、编程、校准程序和数据收集设置。验证实验评估了通信稳定性、地理定位精度和环境监测能力。结果证明了该设备的可靠性、经济性以及在环境科学、公共卫生和室内/室外空气质量监测领域的各种应用的适用性。论文强调了强大的解决方案、开放性和简易文档对于空气质量研究和监测的广泛采用和影响的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
LabEmbryoCam: An opensource phenotyping system for developing aquatic animals LabEmbryoCam: 用于开发水生动物的开源表型系统
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00602
Ziad Ibbini , Maria Bruning , Sakina Allili , Luke A Holmes , Ellen Tully , Jamie McCoy , Benjamin Larsen , Tony Wilson , Guy Ludford , Jack Barrett-Kelly , John I. Spicer , Oliver Tills
Phenomics is the acquisition of high-dimensional data on an individual-wide scale and is proving transformational in areas of biological research related to human health including medicine and the crop sciences. However, more broadly, a lack of accessible transferrable technologies and research approaches is significantly hindering the uptake of phenomics, in contrast to molecular-omics for which transferrable technologies have been a significant enabler. Aquatic embryos are natural models for phenomics, due to their small size, taxonomic diversity, ecological relevance, and high levels of temporal, spatial and functional change. Here, we present LabEmbryoCam, an autonomous phenotyping platform for timelapse imaging of developing aquatic embryos cultured in a multiwell plate format, and while optimised for embryos, the instrument is extremely versatile. The LabEmbryoCam capitalises on 3D printing, single board computers, consumer electronics and stepper motor enabled motion. We combine these into a compact and modular laboratory insturment to provide X, Y and Z motion of a camera and lens, a web application streamlined for rapid setup of experiments, user email notifications and a humidification chamber to reduce evaporation over prolonged acquisitions. Downstream analyses are provided, enabling automated embryo segmentation, heartrate measurement, motion tracking, and energy proxy trait (EPT) measurement. The LabEmbryoCam is a scalable, and flexible laboratory instrument, that leverages embryonic and early life stage organisms to tackle key global challenges including biological sensitivity assessment, toxicological screening, but also to support broader engagement with the earliest stages of life.
表型组学是在整个个体范围内获取高维数据的方法,在与人类健康有关的生物研究领域,包括医学和作物科学领域,表型组学被证明具有变革性意义。然而,从更广泛的意义上讲,缺乏可获得的可转移技术和研究方法严重阻碍了表型组学的应用,这与分子组学形成了鲜明对比,后者的可转移技术一直是重要的推动因素。水生胚胎是表型组学的天然模型,因为它们体积小、分类多样、与生态相关,而且在时间、空间和功能上变化很大。在这里,我们展示了 LabEmbryoCam,这是一个自主表型平台,用于对以多孔板格式培养的发育中的水生胚胎进行延时成像。LabEmbryoCam 利用 3D 打印、单板计算机、消费电子产品和步进电机实现运动。我们将这些技术结合到一个紧凑的模块化实验室设备中,提供相机和镜头的 X、Y 和 Z 运动、一个用于快速设置实验的精简网络应用程序、用户电子邮件通知和一个用于减少长时间采集时蒸发的加湿器。该系统还提供下游分析功能,可自动进行胚胎分割、心率测量、运动跟踪和能量代理性状(EPT)测量。LabEmbryoCam 是一种可扩展、灵活的实验室仪器,可利用胚胎和生命早期阶段的生物体来应对关键的全球性挑战,包括生物敏感性评估、毒理学筛选,同时也支持更广泛地参与生命的最初阶段。
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引用次数: 0
A customizable and low-cost 3D-printed transwell device coupled with 3D cell culture for permeability assay 可定制且成本低廉的三维打印透孔装置与三维细胞培养相结合,用于渗透性检测
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00603
Pitaksit Supjaroen , Wisanu Niamsi , Pannawich Thirabowonkitphithan , Parichut Thummarati , Wanida Laiwattanapaisal
The permeability-based assay is commonly used to assess intestinal barrier function, and it relies on using a transwell insert as an essential compartment. The device consists of a semipermeable membrane that is attached at the bottom of the insert and splits the system into the apical and basolateral compartments. However, commercial inserts are standardized with different pore sizes based on the application and offer only a flat plane of two-dimensional cell culture. Herein, we present a simple, low-cost 3D-printed transwell device and a robust method to functionalize the inserts for paper-based 3D cell culture. This 3D-printed device was fabricated from a polylactic acid (PLA) filament, and a paper membrane used to support HT-29 cells for intestinal permeability assessment. A device showed good biocompatibility when culturing HT-29 cells for 48 and 72 h with 97 % and 98 % cell viability, respectively. Together with fluorescence images, cells were attached directly to the microfiber networks of a Matrigel-functionalized paper, indicating that the functionalized paper is biocompatible and bioactive. Furthermore, in a more appropriate culture microenvironment, SEM analyses revealed cellular features differentiating into mucus-secreting cells, evidenced by the formation of microvilli on the cell surface, which was further confirmed by immunofluorescence staining of villin-1. To demonstrate the usability of the 3D-printed transwell device, intestinal permeability was assessed using both chemical and biological stimulation treatments. The permeability results employing FITC-dextran validated the association between a different level of relative fluorescence intensity unit (RFU) and the orange color of live cells by CellTrackerTM. As a result, this 3D-printed transwell device provides a straightforward and cost-effective method for manufacturing a device for customization in many laboratory settings, making it a feasible alternative to marketed transwell devices that do not allow for customization.
基于渗透性的检测通常用于评估肠道屏障功能,它依赖于使用一个 transwell 插入物作为基本隔室。该装置由附着在插入物底部的半透膜组成,将系统分成顶端区和基底侧区。然而,商业化的插入物根据不同的应用有不同的孔径,只能提供二维细胞培养的平面。在此,我们介绍了一种简单、低成本的三维打印 transwell 装置,以及一种将插入物功能化用于纸质三维细胞培养的可靠方法。这种三维打印装置由聚乳酸(PLA)长丝制成,纸膜用于支持 HT-29 细胞进行肠道渗透性评估。在培养 HT-29 细胞 48 小时和 72 小时后,该装置显示出良好的生物相容性,细胞存活率分别达到 97% 和 98%。结合荧光图像,细胞直接附着在 Matrigel 功能化纸的微纤维网络上,这表明功能化纸具有生物相容性和生物活性。此外,在更合适的培养微环境中,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析显示细胞特征分化为分泌粘液的细胞,细胞表面微绒毛的形成就是证明,绒毛蛋白-1 的免疫荧光染色进一步证实了这一点。为了证明三维打印 transwell 装置的可用性,使用化学和生物刺激处理方法评估了肠道通透性。使用 FITC 葡聚糖的渗透性结果验证了不同水平的相对荧光强度单位(RFU)与 CellTrackerTM 活细胞橙色之间的联系。因此,这种三维打印的 transwell 装置提供了一种直接、经济高效的方法,可在许多实验室环境中制造定制装置,使其成为市场上无法定制的 transwell 装置的可行替代品。
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引用次数: 0
An open source isolated data acquisition with trigger pulse generation for ion mobility spectrometry 用于离子迁移率光谱仪的带触发脉冲生成功能的开放源码隔离式数据采集器
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00600
Tim Kobelt, Martin Lippmann, Alexander Nitschke, Lou Kielhorn, Stefan Zimmermann
Ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) are used in a wide variety of applications, including trace gas detection in safety and security applications, but also in more analytical applications, e.g., in medicine or food quality monitoring. Consequently, IMS are often coupled with other separation techniques and laboratory equipment, requiring synchronization between the external equipment and the IMS electronics. In addition, IMS and the associated electronics are becoming increasingly complex due to ongoing instrumental developments. In this work, we present an open source data acquisition hardware tailored to the requirements of advanced IMS, but also applicable to other applications. The data acquisition hardware provides trigger pulses for synchronized operation of the IMS ion gate or external devices. In addition, the data acquisition hardware allows for parallel digitalization using two isolated 16-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADC) with up to 250 kilosamples per second. The galvanically isolated trigger input ensures a synchronized start of the IMS measurements, particularly when connecting external instrumentation such as a gas chromatograph. Furthermore, due to the isolated ADCs, the hardware allows great flexibility in defining the ground potential of the instrument setup.
离子迁移谱仪(IMS)应用广泛,包括安全和安保应用中的痕量气体检测,以及更多的分析应用,如医药或食品质量监测。因此,IMS 通常与其他分离技术和实验室设备结合使用,这就要求外部设备与 IMS 电子设备同步。此外,由于仪器的不断发展,IMS 和相关电子设备也变得越来越复杂。在这项工作中,我们介绍了一种开源数据采集硬件,它是根据先进 IMS 的要求定制的,但也适用于其他应用。数据采集硬件为 IMS 离子门或外部设备的同步操作提供触发脉冲。此外,数据采集硬件还允许使用两个隔离的 16 位模数转换器(ADC)进行并行数字化,采样率高达每秒 250 千次。电隔离触发输入可确保同步启动 IMS 测量,特别是在连接气相色谱仪等外部仪器时。此外,由于 ADC 是隔离的,因此硬件在定义仪器设置的接地电位时具有极大的灵活性。
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引用次数: 0
A 3D-Printable smartphone accessory for plant leaf chlorophyll measurement 用于测量植物叶片叶绿素的可 3D 打印智能手机配件
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00597
Karen Ospino-Villalba , Daniel Gaviria , Daniel Pineda , Juan Pérez
Plant health and nutrition are universally inferred from leaf chlorophyll content. This research developed a 3D-printed accessory which attaches to the ambient light sensor in a smartphone to estimate leaf chlorophyll content in five tropical plant species. It unveils 3D printing files and assembling details to freely built the accessory anywhere. It is made from a 3D-printed body, a lighting circuit and common spare parts to measure a 663 nm LED band transmission through intact plant leaves. This chlorophyll absorbing light band allows to measure its concentration. The device was tested by comparing its readings to the universal spectrophotometric test or by leaf parallel measurements with a standard SPAD 502™ meter, and it performed as well as these universal standard methods. Due to well-studied relationships between chlorophyll concentration and nutritional status of plants, and the ubiquitous presence of other sensors in smartphones today, the independent improvement and adoption of this smartphone-connected system would ease the spread of precision farming and digital agronomy practices throughout the different scales of agriculture.
根据叶片叶绿素含量可以普遍推断植物的健康和营养状况。这项研究开发了一种三维打印配件,可与智能手机的环境光传感器相连,用于估算五种热带植物的叶绿素含量。该研究公布了3D打印文件和组装细节,可在任何地方自由制作该配件。它由3D打印主体、照明电路和常用备件组成,用于测量完整植物叶片的663纳米LED波段透射率。通过叶绿素吸收光带可以测量叶绿素浓度。通过将该装置的读数与通用分光光度法测试或使用标准 SPAD 502™ 测量仪进行叶片平行测定进行比较,该装置的性能与这些通用标准方法不相上下。由于叶绿素浓度与植物营养状况之间的关系已得到充分研究,而且如今智能手机中的其他传感器也无处不在,因此独立改进和采用这种与智能手机连接的系统将有助于在不同规模的农业中推广精准农业和数字农艺实践。
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引用次数: 0
ASMI: An automated, low-cost indenter for soft matter ASMI:用于软物质的低成本自动压头机
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00601
Dylan List , Alan Gardner , Isabella Claure , Joyce Y. Wong , Keith A. Brown
The automated soft matter indenter (ASMI) is a platform for rapidly performing mechanical characterization of samples with elastic moduli in the range 7 kPa to 67 MPa with a sample acquisition time between 1 and 10 min. It is a low-cost system based upon open-source software, a modified mill, and an educational force sensor with a total bill of materials <$500. This system tests batches of up to 96 samples based on a standard well-plate sample holder without requiring any human intervention. Using the ASMI, users can obtain mechanical data in a programmable manner that enables high-throughput workflows, precisely testing time-dependent phenomena, and integration with other processing steps for closed-loop optimization.
自动软物质压头(ASMI)是一个平台,用于快速对弹性模量在 7 kPa 至 67 MPa 范围内的样品进行机械表征,样品采集时间在 1 至 10 分钟之间。它是一种低成本系统,基于开源软件、改进型研磨机和教育力传感器,总材料费为 500 美元。该系统以标准孔板样品架为基础,测试多达 96 个样品的批次,无需人工干预。使用 ASMI,用户可以通过可编程的方式获得机械数据,从而实现高通量工作流程,精确测试随时间变化的现象,并与其他处理步骤集成,进行闭环优化。
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引用次数: 0
A multispectral camera in the VIS–NIR equipped with thermal imaging and environmental sensors for non invasive analysis in precision agriculture 配备热成像和环境传感器的 VIS-NIR 多光谱照相机,用于精准农业的非侵入式分析
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00596
Dumitru Scutelnic , Riccardo Muradore , Claudia Daffara
Multispectral imaging (MSI) is a technique used to inspect materials properties in different domains, ranging from industrial to medical and cultural heritage and, recently, precision agriculture. Even though several MSI solutions are already commercially available, the research community is working to optimize multispectral cameras in terms of performance and cost. Systems for the agricultural field are usually very compact, combined with drones for large areas acquisition. In this work, we detail the implementation of an innovative, modular and low-cost solution of a multispectral camera based on three core camera systems in the optical (VIS–NIR) and thermal (LWIR) range. Multispectral imaging is performed with a rotating wheel of interchangeable band-pass filters. The system is also equipped with a set of environmental sensors to acquire CO2 concentration values, light intensity, temperature, and relative humidity of the surrounding environment. The technology and the measurement protocol were experimentally validated in laboratory and in open field. Advantages with respect to the available MSI cameras mounted on UAV is the integrated imaging in both the reflectance and the thermal emissive band in a close-up imaging setup and the use of environmental sensors. From the multispectral stack the spectral signature of the plants can be obtained and various vegetation indices (e.g., NDVI, NDRE) can be calculated for investigating the health status of the plant, while thermography provide additional monitoring. Close-up multispectral imaging is expected to tackle the new challenges of precision agriculture by enabling the acquisition of high-quality dataset on single plants.
多光谱成像(MSI)是一种用于检测不同领域材料特性的技术,包括工业、医疗和文化遗产,以及最近的精准农业。尽管已有多种 MSI 解决方案投入市场,但研究界仍在努力优化多光谱相机的性能和成本。用于农业领域的系统通常非常紧凑,结合无人机进行大面积采集。在这项工作中,我们详细介绍了基于光学(VIS-NIR)和热学(LWIR)范围内三个核心相机系统的创新型、模块化和低成本多光谱相机解决方案的实施情况。多光谱成像是通过一个可互换带通滤光片的旋转轮来实现的。该系统还配备了一套环境传感器,用于获取周围环境的二氧化碳浓度值、光照强度、温度和相对湿度。该技术和测量协议已在实验室和露天场地进行了实验验证。与现有的安装在无人机上的 MSI 相机相比,该技术的优势在于通过特写成像设置对反射波段和热辐射波段进行综合成像,并使用环境传感器。通过多光谱叠加可获得植物的光谱特征,并计算出各种植被指数(如 NDVI、NDRE),以调查植物的健康状况,同时热成像技术还可提供额外的监测。通过获取单株植物的高质量数据集,特写多光谱成像技术有望应对精准农业的新挑战。
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引用次数: 0
MoMa: An assistive mobile manipulator with a webcam-based gaze control system MoMa:带有基于网络摄像头的凝视控制系统的辅助移动机械手
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00599
James Dominic O. Go, Neal Garnett T. Ong, Carlo A. Rafanan, Brian G. Tan, Timothy Scott C. Chu
Mobile Manipulators (MoMa) is a category of mobile robots designed to assist people with motor disabilities to perform object retrieval tasks using a webcam-based gaze control system. Using off-the-shelf components such as reproducible acrylic and 3D-printed plates, and a webcam for eye tracking, MoMa serves as an inexpensive, open-source, and customizable solution in assistive robotics. The robotic system consists of a mobile base that can move forward and backward, as well as turn in place; and a 2-axis cartesian arm equipped with a claw gripper that opens and closes. The simple movement of the robot also allows for a simple control method and graphical user interface (GUI). The user receives information about what is in front of the robot through a mounted camera, and, by looking at parts of the screen that correspond to controls, has their gaze predicted by a convolutional neural network and sends commands wirelessly. The performance of the entire system has been validated through testing of the gaze prediction model, the integration of the control system, as well as its task completion capabilities. All the design, construction and software files are freely available online under the CC BY 4.0 license at https://doi.org/10.17632/k7yfn6wdv7.2.
移动机械手(MoMa)是一类移动机器人,旨在利用基于网络摄像头的注视控制系统,协助运动残疾人士执行物体检索任务。MoMa 使用现成的组件(如可复制的丙烯酸板和 3D 打印板)和用于眼动跟踪的网络摄像头,是一种廉价、开源和可定制的辅助机器人解决方案。该机器人系统包括一个可前后移动和原地旋转的移动底座,以及一个配备了可开合爪式抓手的双轴笛卡尔机械臂。机器人的简单移动也使得控制方法和图形用户界面(GUI)变得简单。用户通过安装的摄像头接收机器人前方的信息,并通过观察屏幕上与控制相对应的部分,由卷积神经网络预测其视线,然后通过无线方式发送指令。通过对注视预测模型、控制系统集成以及任务完成能力的测试,整个系统的性能得到了验证。所有的设计、构造和软件文件均可在 https://doi.org/10.17632/k7yfn6wdv7.2 网站上以 CC BY 4.0 许可的方式免费获取。
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引用次数: 0
Low-cost urban heat environment sensing device with Android platform for digital twin 利用安卓平台的低成本城市热环境传感设备,实现数字孪生
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00598
Yonghun Cho , Sanghyun Kim , Jeongseop Lee , Dongwon Ko , Haesung Lee , Yunju Baek , Myungho Lee
The proper monitoring of heat and meteorological variables is essential for the well-being of residents of metropolitan areas. It is challenging to configure spatial heat variations in complex urban environments, even though the temporal variation of urban heat flux has been measured at several designated monitoring stations. Neither the budget nor existing techniques for efficient urban heat monitoring are sufficient for a digital twin of the urban heat environment. As a result, we have developed a low-cost monitoring system that can be easily integrated into a portable pedestrian device, kickboard, or electric bike. With this system, citizens can collect information about urban heat, such as air temperature, surface temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, light intensity, and micro-geophysical features including topological aspects and mobile information (e.g., three-dimensional accelerations). Citizens can participate in daily scientific activities using these devices, which facilitate data acquisition and information exchange in urban digital twin environments.
对热量和气象变量进行适当监测,对大都市地区居民的福祉至关重要。在复杂的城市环境中配置空间热量变化具有挑战性,尽管城市热通量的时间变化已在几个指定的监测站进行了测量。用于有效监测城市热量的预算和现有技术都不足以实现城市热环境的数字孪生。因此,我们开发了一种低成本的监测系统,可以轻松集成到便携式行人设备、脚踏板或电动自行车中。通过该系统,市民可以收集有关城市热量的信息,如空气温度、地表温度、相对湿度、气压、光照强度以及微观地球物理特征,包括地形方面和移动信息(如三维加速度)。市民可以使用这些设备参与日常科学活动,从而促进城市数字孪生环境中的数据采集和信息交换。
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引用次数: 0
An automated low-cost monitoring station for suspended sediments and water level 低成本悬浮沉积物和水位自动监测站
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00594
Paulo V.R.M. Silva , Robert B. James , Kathryn L. Russell , Tim D. Fletcher , Maria F.S. Gisi , Oldrich Navratil , Frederic Cherqui , Etienne Cossart
The use of low-cost sensors, with open-source code, facilitates greater spatial resolution and flexibility of environmental monitoring, thus generating more information and overcoming limitations of traditional commercial sensors. Measurement of water turbidity using submerged sensors can be problematic in that rapid biofouling requires frequent site visits to remove, clean, calibrate and replace the sensor. We therefore designed an automated system using low-cost commercially-available sensors that pumps water from the stream, samples it for turbidity and purges remaining water, leaving the turbidity sensor dry between measurements, thus greatly reducing the biofouling problem and minimizing operation costs. Our station was able to estimate suspended sediment concentrations between 0 and 6 g/L with a root mean square error (RMSE) around 5 % of the total range, which meets typical research and operational study requirements. The results showed that the monitoring station is capable of monitoring water level and turbidity for long periods without the need of cleaning the turbidity sensor, due to its purge function. We demonstrated that spatially intense measurement of turbidity within catchments and drainage networks can be achieved at a relatively low cost, which allows a better understanding of the main sources of suspended sediments and their spatial and temporal variability.
使用低成本传感器和开放源代码有助于提高环境监测的空间分辨率和灵活性,从而获得更多信息,克服传统商业传感器的局限性。使用浸没式传感器测量水体浊度可能存在问题,因为快速的生物污损需要经常到现场拆除、清洁、校准和更换传感器。因此,我们设计了一种自动化系统,使用市场上销售的低成本传感器,从溪流中抽水,对浊度进行采样,然后清除剩余的水,使浊度传感器在两次测量之间保持干燥,从而大大减少了生物污染问题,并最大限度地降低了运行成本。我们的监测站能够估算出 0 至 6 克/升之间的悬浮沉积物浓度,均方根误差 (RMSE) 约为总范围的 5%,符合典型的研究和运行研究要求。结果表明,该监测站能够长期监测水位和浊度,由于其具有吹扫功能,无需清洗浊度传感器。我们证明,可以用相对较低的成本实现对集水区和排水管网内浊度的空间密集测量,从而更好地了解悬浮沉积物的主要来源及其时空变化。
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引用次数: 0
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