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IoT smartwatch based on open technologies for the collection of thermal comfort data

IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

HardwareX

Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00633

Julio Landa, Guillermo Barrios, Guadalupe Huelsz

This paper presents an IoT smartwatch based on open technologies for thermal comfort data collection. The device performs simplified thermal comfort surveys every hour, collecting data such as clothing insulation level (clo), metabolic activity (met), location, thermal sensation, and thermal acceptance. In addition, it measures two physiological variables: skin temperature and heart rate. The smartwatch is built with low-cost components, including a XIAO ESP32C3 microcontroller, a GY-906 temperature sensor, a MAX30102 heart rate sensor, and Seeed Studio’s XIAO Round Display touchscreen. All collected data are published in real time on an IoT platform that allows remote access to all information. During device registration, the user is prompted to complete a Google Form, where additional data such as gender, age, height, weight, and frequency of air conditioner use are collected. This information, in combination with data from the smartwatch, contributes to a robust database. The ease of use, the design of the device, and its open-source nature make it ideal for the collection of thermal comfort data and its potential use for the generation of adaptative thermal comfort models.

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引用次数: 0

A portable low-cost polymerase chain reaction device

IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

HardwareX

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00635

Kan Luo , Wei Cheng , Yu Chen , Qirong Zhang , Chaobing Liang , Jianxing Li , Wu Wang

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a cornerstone technique in molecular biology and clinical diagnostics. However, conventional PCR systems are often bulky and prohibitively expensive, limiting their use in resource-limited settings. In this work, we present a portable, low-cost PCR instrument designed to overcome these challenges while providing fast and accurate thermal cycling. The system features a compact four-well aluminum heating block integrated with a semiconductor thermoelectric cooler and a heated lid, all controlled via an Arduino UNO platform and a piecewise variable coefficient PID algorithm. The device achieves heating and cooling rates of 1.78 °C/s and 1.52 °C/s, respectively, and maintains temperature accuracy within ± 0.55 °C. The power-bank powered prototype measures 210 × 140 × 105 mm³ and weighs 670 g, making it ideal for resource-constrained applications. Validation experiments, including successful amplification of kelp genes, yielded results comparable to conventional commercial instruments. Open source design files and detailed build instructions are provided under the MIT license, providing a cost-effective and accessible solution for expanding molecular diagnostic capabilities in resource-limited settings.

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引用次数: 0

Low-cost composite autosampler for wastewater sampling

IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

HardwareX

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00631

Hadi A. Al-agele , Bao D. Nguyen , Liam P. Zimmermann , Gurpreet Singh , Cara Walter , Chet Udell , John S. Selker

Wastewater monitoring is a proven method for detecting viruses, illicit drug consumption, pharmaceutical use/abuse, water pollution, and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Analyzing sewage water for pathogens like the SARS-Cov-2 virus could enable early detection of infected areas or virus variants. We developed a low-cost (∼US$1000), open-source, composite automatic water sampler with operational flexibility and simple data logging. Sample quantity is measured and cut off appropriately by continuously weighing the incoming liquid. Our system is customizable in both its hardware and firmware (via options and code modification) which allows for the device to be tailored easily to each application. For example, the user can input sampling quantities from 10 g per sample every 1.5 min to a single 2900 g sample after up to a 16-day delay prior to sampling. The outer diameter and height of the sampler are less than 0.5 m to fit in human-entry openings. We present experimental data for sample sizes of 10 g and 100 g at suction heights between 0.65 and 4.75 m.

{"title":"Low-cost composite autosampler for wastewater sampling","authors":"Hadi A. Al-agele , Bao D. Nguyen , Liam P. Zimmermann , Gurpreet Singh , Cara Walter , Chet Udell , John S. Selker","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wastewater monitoring is a proven method for detecting viruses, illicit drug consumption, pharmaceutical use/abuse, water pollution, and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Analyzing sewage water for pathogens like the SARS-Cov-2 virus could enable early detection of infected areas or virus variants. We developed a low-cost (∼US$1000), open-source, composite automatic water sampler with operational flexibility and simple data logging. Sample quantity is measured and cut off appropriately by continuously weighing the incoming liquid. Our system is customizable in both its hardware and firmware (via options and code modification) which allows for the device to be tailored easily to each application. For example, the user can input sampling quantities from 10 g per sample every 1.5 min to a single 2900 g sample after up to a 16-day delay prior to sampling. The outer diameter and height of the sampler are less than 0.5 m to fit in human-entry openings<strong>.</strong> We present experimental data for sample sizes of 10 g and 100 g at suction heights between 0.65 and 4.75 m.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article e00631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Portable pressure chamber for manual camera-assisted monitoring of leaf water potential

IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

HardwareX

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00632

Willian Viana Campos , José Teixeira Filho , Alcebiades Rebouças São José

This paper presents a detailed description of the assembly and components of a pressure chamber used to measure leaf water potential in leaves, particularly in african mahogany. The assembly and components of this pressure chamber were specifically designed for field experiments. The image capture camera plays a crucial role in recording changes occurring in the sample during measurements. It can also be coupled with image analysis devices to quantify alterations in leaf cells and stomata under varying pressure levels. A cylindrical acrylic support ensures the stability of the camera during the procedure, providing additional protection. The pressure chamber assembly is designed to securely accommodate leaves during measurements, facilitating the manipulation of gas levels and enabling the creation of a controlled atmosphere within the chamber. The sealing valve is an essential component, allowing precise control of internal pressure, preventing leaks, and enabling the study of plant responses under different atmospheric conditions. This pressure chamber proven to be a valuable tool in plant ecophysiology, enabling precise monitoring of plant responses to diverse environmental conditions. Consequently, it contributes significantly to the conservation and sustainable management of african mahogany and other plant species in their natural environments.

{"title":"Portable pressure chamber for manual camera-assisted monitoring of leaf water potential","authors":"Willian Viana Campos , José Teixeira Filho , Alcebiades Rebouças São José","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a detailed description of the assembly and components of a pressure chamber used to measure leaf water potential in leaves, particularly in african mahogany. The assembly and components of this pressure chamber were specifically designed for field experiments. The image capture camera plays a crucial role in recording changes occurring in the sample during measurements. It can also be coupled with image analysis devices to quantify alterations in leaf cells and stomata under varying pressure levels. A cylindrical acrylic support ensures the stability of the camera during the procedure, providing additional protection. The pressure chamber assembly is designed to securely accommodate leaves during measurements, facilitating the manipulation of gas levels and enabling the creation of a controlled atmosphere within the chamber. The sealing valve is an essential component, allowing precise control of internal pressure, preventing leaks, and enabling the study of plant responses under different atmospheric conditions. This pressure chamber proven to be a valuable tool in plant ecophysiology, enabling precise monitoring of plant responses to diverse environmental conditions. Consequently, it contributes significantly to the conservation and sustainable management of african mahogany and other plant species in their natural environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article e00632"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ScientISST CORE: A novel hardware development platform for biomedical engineering

IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

HardwareX

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00630

Leonor Pereira , Francisco de Melo , Frederico Almeida Santos , Afonso Fortes Ferreira , Hugo Plácido da Silva

Today, the use of biosignals is no longer limited to the traditional healthcare and medical domains, thanks to the application of biomedical engineering principles and devices in other domains, paving the way to the broader field of physiological computing. The increasing interest from the global engineering community, together with the challenges associated with the stringent requirements of biosignal acquisition, have motivated the development of enabling low-cost instruments for physiological sensing. Still, the use of some of these instruments in experimental activities and practical projects is still bounded by the cost and limited access to adequate support materials. In this paper, we present a novel low-cost hardware architecture especially designed for biosignal acquisition, and pre-programmed with a firmware optimized for real-time data acquisition and streaming. Our approach can be used seamlessly with available open-source software and APIs, without requiring extensive knowledge of electronics or programming. We also describe a series of tests conducted to evaluate the performance of this device, as a way of verifying its suitability for use in engineering and scientific work. Overall, the results presented here show that there is no loss of data in communication, accurate sampling rates, and high noise rejection capabilities in the tested conditions.

{"title":"ScientISST CORE: A novel hardware development platform for biomedical engineering","authors":"Leonor Pereira , Francisco de Melo , Frederico Almeida Santos , Afonso Fortes Ferreira , Hugo Plácido da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Today, the use of biosignals is no longer limited to the traditional healthcare and medical domains, thanks to the application of biomedical engineering principles and devices in other domains, paving the way to the broader field of physiological computing. The increasing interest from the global engineering community, together with the challenges associated with the stringent requirements of biosignal acquisition, have motivated the development of enabling low-cost instruments for physiological sensing. Still, the use of some of these instruments in experimental activities and practical projects is still bounded by the cost and limited access to adequate support materials. In this paper, we present a novel low-cost hardware architecture especially designed for biosignal acquisition, and pre-programmed with a firmware optimized for real-time data acquisition and streaming. Our approach can be used seamlessly with available open-source software and APIs, without requiring extensive knowledge of electronics or programming. We also describe a series of tests conducted to evaluate the performance of this device, as a way of verifying its suitability for use in engineering and scientific work. Overall, the results presented here show that there is no loss of data in communication, accurate sampling rates, and high noise rejection capabilities in the tested conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article e00630"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A portable electrical impedance tomography based pressure mapping sensor and force localisation validation system

IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

HardwareX

Pub Date : 2025-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00628

Richie Ellingham , Lui Holder-Pearson , Chris Pretty , Tim Giffney

This work presents portable, low-cost hardware for pressure mapping using EIT-based soft sensors. An important part of developing these EIT-based pressure sensors is the sensor characterisation. Therefore, this work also provides the design of a system for characterising and validating the spatial, pressure, and temporal performance of different soft sensor material domains. The system is capable of driving soft EIT-based sensors using a range of sensing materials, shapes, and configurations. The hardware allows for the wireless transmission of EIT data to a remote device. A data capture frame rate of 12.7 Hz allows for the analysis of dynamic events. The maximum current drive voltage is ±22 V and a voltage read resolution of

\pm 0.3 μ V

allowing for a range of sensing domain sizes, thicknesses, and materials. A Cartesian force applicator device has been developed for the automated pressure mapping sensor characterisation which can apply and sense loads from 0 to 100 N with a resolution of ±50 mN at rates of 0 - 800 mm/min. Loads can be applied with an error of ±0.01 mm. A standardised method has been provided for researchers to experiment with a range of different sensing domain materials and shapes. The system described in this work is suitable for both research and practical applications, making it a valuable tool for advancing the field of EIT-based soft pressure mapping sensor technology.

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引用次数: 0

All Iron Battery 3.0

IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

HardwareX

Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00629

Dipak Koirala , Surendra K. Gautam , I. Francis Cheng , Peter B. Allen

Battery storage technology can address a key limitation to renewable energy. Renewable electricity generation (solar and wind) is intermittent. An inexpensive energy storage device with excellent rechargeability and safety is critical for grid applications and for the global transition to renewable energy. In this work, we introduce an energy storage secondary battery based on an aqueous all-iron chemistry with redox mediators. The cell employs commodity chemicals methyl viologen and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) at the anode and cathode, respectively. The result is a highly rechargeable, low-cost energy storage system with a good price-performance ratio compared to commercial rechargeable batteries that is stable for 100+ cycles with 84 % capacity retention. The cell has a volumetric capacity of 9.6 Ah/L (energy of 11.52 wh/L) and power density of 72 Watts/m².

引用次数: 0

Low cost rotating disc electrode built using accessible hand tools and 3D printing

IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

HardwareX

Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00626

Adam Shnier, Tarisai Velempini, Anzel Falch

Rotating disc electrodes (RDEs) are ubiquitous among electrochemistry labs for their versatility. They serve to mitigate the mass transport limitations in experiments through hydrodynamic control. Commercially available RDEs cost thousands of USD ($) making them unaffordable for many lower budget research groups or education institutions. Affordable designs exist in literature to make these, but precision machined parts are required. The presented prototype is fabricated using a 3D printed design and common hand tools, providing clean and reproducible data. This facilitates production in a wider range of environments for research and education applications, as is ideal in the South African context in which it was designed.

引用次数: 0

MEMS measurement microphone compatible to P48 amplifiers

IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

HardwareX

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00627

F. Huber, F. Toth

In recent years, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) microphones have become increasingly popular in consumer-grade products due to their affordability, performance and low manufacturing variability. This paper presents a pre-amplifier designed to interface with these MEMS capsules and IEC 61938 pro-audio devices, offering high-precision audio measurement and recording at a low cost. The design allows the pre-amplifier and capsule to fit into a

\frac{1}{2}

-inch or 12 mm housing, making it a drop-in replacement for commercial measurement microphones. Comprehensive calculations, simulations and measurements of the pre-amplifier demonstrate its excellent performance. Testing of the device, when paired with a commercially available MEMS capsule, in an acoustically treated chamber, further validates its capabilities. The detailed circuit description also facilitates easy adaptation of the pre-amplifier to other MEMS capsules.

引用次数: 0

An affordable and adaptable Faraday isolator design for research

IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

HardwareX

Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00623

Nicholas L. Wong, Ben Delaney, Takanori Miyazaki, Emma Sokell, Fergal O’Reilly

Presented here is an affordable Faraday isolator designed to account for conditions of high pulse energy and high total power lasers, with a clear input aperture allowing beam diameters up to 12 mm, and pulse energies and total powers limited by the dielectric crystal. This Faraday isolator is meant for laboratories with limited resources yet still need the features of commercial Faraday isolators. The design consists of a 3D printed mount housing seven permanent neodymium ring magnets, a Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) dielectric crystal, and two polarizing beam splitter cubes. Additionally, the design is customizable for different laser parameters, with the presented example isolator made for 1064 nm lasers. Measurements of the extinction ratio and a Stokes parameter analysis from different points within the isolator validated and characterized the constructed Faraday isolator. The final design had a measured minimum extinction ratio of

31.5 \pm 0.3

dB and a maximum of

39.9 \pm 0.2

dB depending on the polarization of back reflected light.

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引用次数: 0

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