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Distribution of Poisonous Plants in Biomes of the Southern Far East of Russia 俄罗斯远东南部生物群落中有毒植物的分布
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2023-2928
T. V. Dikareva, V. Yu. Rumyantsev, M. S. Soldatov, Wang Li
Poisonous plants are a collective group of plants of various systematic categories that contain phytotoxins that pose a potential danger to humans and animals. A number of publications both in Russia and abroad are devoted to the problem of patterns of distribution of plants hazardous to human health in connection with environmental factors. This work is a continuation of research into the spread of plants dangerous to humans in Russia. The aim of this work is ecological and geographical analysis of poisonous plants distribution in biomes of the Far East in Russia. Resulted from the research work on the territory of the far-eastern biomes of Russia we revealed 87 the most toxic vascular plant species that belong to 21 plant families. Some of the most poisonous plants of the Russian flora are plants of the genus Aconitum, of the family (Ranunculaceae). About 70 species of this genus grow in Russia, of which 40 are found only in the Far East, since this territory is considered the center of botanical diversity of the genus in question. The cartographical analysis showed that the highest number of poisonous plant species could be found in the south-east regions – in Primorye, the basin of Ussuri river, in the lower and middle course of the river Amur. Based on a map of Russian biomes, optimal habitats for poisonous plants were identified. Maximum number of Aconitum species, as the most poisonous genus of Russian flora, is in the mountain biomes and in the plain forest-steppe biomes in the Amur basin. The types of ecosystems with the maximum abundance and diversity of poisonous plants have been identified. The species richness distribution shows the concentration of poisonous plant species in small mountain biomes and in arid-like biomes. Correlation analysis of relationships between the number of plant species and climatic factors revealed the significant closeness of the correlation with the average annual air temperature (0,66). Maximum correlation closeness appeared to be between number of poisonous plant species per 10 000 km 2 and total number of vascular plants per 10 000 km 2 (0,81).
有毒植物是含有对人类和动物构成潜在危险的植物毒素的各种系统类别的植物的集合。俄罗斯和国外的一些出版物专门讨论与环境因素有关的危害人类健康的植物分布模式问题。这项工作是对俄罗斯危害人类的植物传播研究的延续。这项工作的目的是在俄罗斯远东地区的生物群落有毒植物分布的生态和地理分析。通过对俄罗斯远东生物群系的研究,我们发现了21科87种毒性最强的维管植物。俄罗斯植物区系中一些最毒的植物是乌头属植物,属于毛茛科。大约有70种这种植物生长在俄罗斯,其中40种仅在远东地区发现,因为该地区被认为是该属植物多样性的中心。制图分析显示,有毒植物种类最多的地区是东南部地区——滨海地区、乌苏里河流域、阿穆尔河中下游。根据俄罗斯生物群落的地图,确定了有毒植物的最佳栖息地。乌头属是俄罗斯植物中毒性最强的属,在阿穆尔河流域的山地生物群落和平原森林草原生物群落中,乌头属的数量最多。有毒植物丰度和多样性最大的生态系统类型已经确定。物种丰富度分布表明,有毒植物种类集中在小型山地生物群系和类干旱生物群系。植物种类数与气候因子的相关分析表明,植物种类数与年平均气温的相关性非常密切(0,66)。每1万km2有毒植物种类数与每1万km2维管植物总数之间的相关性最大(0,81)。
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引用次数: 0
Satellite images interpretation for health studies of urban areas 城市地区健康研究的卫星图像解译
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2023-2704
M. Y. Grishchenko, N. M. Fazleeva, N. V. Shartova, M. G. Titova
Every year a variety of vector-borne infectious diseases claims the lives of millions of people worldwide. The study of the favorable conditions for their vectors and hosts is a particularly important task for understanding the patterns of the distribution with the focus on the urban environment, characterizing by a high population density and rapid transmission of the diseases. The existing methodology of Local Climate Zones (LCZ), which are areas with homogeneous land surface coverage, structure, and a specific nature of human activity was the first attempt to standardize urban environmental studies and has become an international standard for the analysis of urban morphology. The article provides an algorithm for adapting the methodology of identifying LCZ accounting vegetation and water areas for the tasks of medical geographical zoning and assessment of epidemiological risks and using the geographic information technology. The examples of the outbreaks of vivax malaria in the Moscow region in 1999–2003 and West Nile fever in the Volgograd region in 2010–2011 were used. As a result, a methodology of medical geographical zoning based on the idea of fragmenting the classification of LCZ using the normalized difference water index as indicator of the favorability for vector habitats was developed. The use of the methodology made it possible to reveal that the areas of various LCZs change after outbreaks, which may reflect changes in conditions and an increase in the favorability for vectors. Thus, LCZ can be used as indicators of changes in the natural and man-made environment that can provoke disease outbreaks.
每年,各种病媒传播的传染病夺去全世界数百万人的生命。研究其媒介和宿主的有利条件是了解其分布模式的一项特别重要的任务,重点是人口密度高、疾病传播迅速的城市环境。局部气候带(LCZ)是指具有均匀地表覆盖、结构和人类活动的特定性质的区域,现有的方法是将城市环境研究标准化的第一次尝试,并已成为分析城市形态的国际标准。本文提出了一种利用地理信息技术将LCZ核算植被和水域识别方法应用于医学地理区划和流行病学风险评估任务的算法。以1999-2003年莫斯科地区爆发的间日疟疾和2010-2011年伏尔加格勒地区爆发的西尼罗河热为例。在此基础上,提出了一种以归一化差水指数作为媒介生境有利度指标对LCZ分类进行碎片化的医学地理区划方法。该方法的使用使人们有可能发现,在疫情爆发后,各种lccs的区域发生了变化,这可能反映了条件的变化和对病媒有利的增加。因此,LCZ可作为可引起疾病暴发的自然和人为环境变化的指标。
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引用次数: 0
How Protected Areas Are Transforming Within Megapolis: An Advanced Spatiotemporal Legislative Model 都市保护区如何转变:一个先进的时空立法模型
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2022-2614
V. A. Kryukov, E. I. Golubeva
Compared to pristine ecosystems, urban protected areas (PAs) are exposed to intensified pressure and deterioration due to rapid population growth and entangled stakeholders’ interests. At the same time, these valuable ecosystems provide cities with ecosystem services, including cultural ones, and enhance the quality of life. Spatial analysis of PAs’ transformations in the context of the multidisciplinary approach contributes to the detection and safeguarding of vulnerable ecosystems. The study object is the protected areas of Moscow megapolis (within boundaries until 2012), whereas the study subject is the spatial and temporal PA’s transformations established by legislative acts. The research question is to devise a model of transformations designated by law within urban PAs and affecting their borders, land use, and rate of ecosystem deterioration. To achieve the research question, three goals were set: to gather spatial data on PAs’ transformations within Moscow designated by legislative acts; to design a comprehensive and exhaustive classification of PAs’ transformations established by legislative acts; to model spatial and temporal trends in transformations of Moscow PAs (1985-2022), according to the classification devised. The 3-compound framework for the analysis of legislative transformations (downgrading, downsizing, degazettment of protected areas) was coupled by content analysis of transformation events, GIS mapping, and spatial analysis of urban vegetation through NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) estimations and raster computations in QGIS and GDAL software. The originality of our study derives from: the analysis of the 4th transformations’ compound (design failures of new PAs); spatial comparison with positive transformations, strengthening nature conservation; uncovering detailed subtypes and levels of transformations; applying this approach to the local scale of megapolis. Our study is based on: 1985-2022 legislative acts with text and map representations of PAs’ borders, zones and land-use designated by regional government and national ministries; national and Moscow open-access spatial data hubs; Moscow online news; 2001-2021 Landsat imageries and Global Forest Change data on Moscow region. Adverse transformations affected a larger area than positive ones (53.8% of a total PA area compared to 22.6%). Positive transformations contributed by PAs’ design (49.5%) mostly, while adverse ones – by easing of restrictions on land use (60.3%) and failures in the design of new PAs (22.8%). Adverse transformations are mainly reflected in the downsizing of zones with the strictest prohibitions on land use (-68% on average) and a low share of designed PAs (54%) through the period 1985-2022. Woodland plantations dramatically expanded (+86.5%), replacing seminatural urban forests (2005-2021). Hence, PA’s ability to supply ecosystem services has been considerably diminished. In regard to Moscow, considerable adverse trends in nature p
与原始生态系统相比,由于人口的快速增长和利益相关者的利益纠缠,城市保护区面临着更大的压力和恶化。同时,这些有价值的生态系统为城市提供生态系统服务,包括文化服务,并提高生活质量。在多学科方法背景下对保护区变化的空间分析有助于发现和保护脆弱的生态系统。研究对象是莫斯科大都市的保护区(在2012年之前的边界内),而研究对象是立法行为建立的空间和时间PA的转变。研究问题是设计一个城市保护区内法律指定的转变模型,并影响其边界、土地利用和生态系统恶化的速度。为了实现研究问题,设定了三个目标:收集莫斯科立法法案指定的PAs转换的空间数据;对立法行为确立的行政长官的转变进行全面而详尽的分类;根据设计的分类,模拟莫斯科PAs(1985-2022)变化的时空趋势。通过QGIS和GDAL软件中的NDVI(归一化植被指数)估算和栅格计算,结合改造事件的内容分析、GIS制图和城市植被空间分析,构建了立法改造(保护区降级、减缩、解封)的3复合框架。本研究的独创性源于:对第四次转化的化合物(新PAs的设计失败)的分析;空间对比积极转化,加强自然保护;揭示转换的详细子类型和级别;将这种方法应用于大城市的地方规模。我们的研究基于:1985-2022年的立法法案,其中包含由地方政府和国家部委指定的保护区边界、区域和土地利用的文本和地图;国家和莫斯科开放获取空间数据中心;莫斯科在线新闻;2001-2021年莫斯科地区陆地卫星图像和全球森林变化数据。不利转化影响的面积比积极转化影响的面积更大(占总PA面积的53.8%,比22.6%)。保护区的设计带来了积极的变化(49.5%),而不利的变化——放宽土地使用限制(60.3%)和新保护区设计失败(22.8%)。不利的转变主要体现在1985-2022年期间,土地使用禁令最严格的地区(平均减少68%)的缩小和设计保护区的低份额(54%)。林地人工林急剧扩大(+86.5%),取代了半自然的城市森林(2005-2021年)。因此,PA提供生态系统服务的能力已大大减弱。在莫斯科,自然保护方面出现了相当大的不利趋势,这些趋势通常不为公众所知。所分析的莫斯科保护区改造的类型是相当传统的,可以通过与其他自然遗产丰富的特大城市的比较来改进,以推进所设计的模型,并引发对自然保护的威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Seasonal Characteristics of Long-Range Transport and Potential Associated Sources of Particulate Matter (Pm<sub>10</sub>) Pollution at the Station Elk, Poland, on 2021-2022 Data 颗粒物质远距离输送的季节特征和潜在相关来源(Pm&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;)波兰Elk站2021-2022年数据的污染
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2022-2461
S. Abdo, Y. Koroleva
The current study aimed to determine the potential sources of distant emissions of PM10 particles that significantly affect PM10 levels at a given site in southeastern Baltic. The EEA Air Quality Monitoring Station in Elk City, northeastern Poland, was selected for this study. This station is located approximately 50 km from the border of the Russian exclave (Kaliningrad Region). In this study, the NOAA HYSPLIT_4 trajectory model, potential source contribution function (PSCF), and concentration-weight trajectory (CWT) were employed to investigate the origin of the measured PM10 mass at a receptor site. PSCF and CWT utilize back-trajectory analysis and Lagrangian particle dispersion simulations to reconstruct the advection pathways of air masses arriving at the site. These reconstructed retroplumes provide detailed information regarding the geographic locations traversed by polluted air masses on their way to the receptor. By integrating trajectory information with concurrent pollutant concentration data, the PSCF and CWT enable the identification of potential source regions and quantification of their impact on the observed atmospheric levels. From January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022, at 200 m the 72h backward trajectories of air masses entering the receptor point were calculated and categorized by clustering them into 5-4-4-5 clusters. Subsequently, the PM10 levels at the Elk site associated with each air mass cluster were examined during the observation period. The seasonal variation in PM10 was generally characterized by a peak in winter and minimum values in summer. PM10 was lower during warmer periods, particularly during summer, and significantly, higher concentrations were observed during colder periods. Cluster analyses showed that airflow followed a seasonal pattern, with different results obtained in different seasons. According to the PSCF and CWT results, in winter and spring, the receptor site was influenced more by long-range PM10 pollution, particularly from heavily industrialized areas in Central-Eastern Europe. In contrast, in summer and autumn, the receptor site was less influenced by long-range pollution. The findings demonstrate that the seasonal distributions of PM10 source areas obtained using these two methods generally share similar characteristics, suggesting the credibility and accuracy of the analytical results.
目前的研究旨在确定远距离排放的PM10颗粒的潜在来源,这些颗粒会显著影响波罗的海东南部某一特定地点的PM10水平。波兰东北部Elk市的EEA空气质量监测站被选为本研究的对象。该站距离俄罗斯飞地(加里宁格勒州)边界约50公里。本研究采用NOAA HYSPLIT_4轨迹模型、潜在源贡献函数(PSCF)和浓度-重量轨迹(CWT)分析了pm10在一个受体位点的质量来源。PSCF和CWT利用反轨迹分析和拉格朗日粒子弥散模拟来重建气团到达现场的平流路径。这些重建的后羽流提供了污染气团在到达受体的途中所经过的地理位置的详细信息。PSCF和CWT通过将轨迹信息与同步的污染物浓度数据相结合,能够识别潜在的污染源区域,并量化它们对观测到的大气水平的影响。计算了2021年1月1日至2022年12月31日在200 m处进入感受点的气团72h后向轨迹,并将其聚类为5-4-4-5簇。随后,在观测期间检测了Elk站点与每个气团相关的PM10水平。PM10的季节变化总体上表现为冬季峰值,夏季最小。在较暖时期,特别是夏季,PM 10浓度较低,而在较冷时期,PM 10浓度较高。聚类分析表明,气流具有一定的季节性,不同季节得到的结果不同。根据PSCF和CWT的结果,在冬季和春季,受体部位受到远程pm10污染的影响更大,特别是来自中东欧重工业地区的污染。相比之下,在夏季和秋季,受体部位受远距离污染的影响较小。结果表明,两种方法得到的pm10源区季节分布特征基本一致,分析结果具有较高的可信度和准确性。
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引用次数: 1
Ecological Assessment of the Role of Mangrove Trees in Carbon Sequestration and Biodiversity In Karimunjawa National Park Indonesia 印度尼西亚Karimunjawa国家公园红树林固碳和生物多样性生态评价
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2022-2565
M. A. R. Halim, T. R. Soeprobowati, H. Hadiyanto
Mangrove ecosystem has an important role in reducing carbon in the environment. There has been massive conversion of mangrove area into ponds and buildings in the current period. Therefore, the species diversity and carbon sequestration capacity of the mangrove ecosystem must be evaluated to monitor its function. This research aims to evaluate the species diversity and the sequestered carbon in the mangrove ecosystem of Karimunjawa National Park (KNP), Indonesia. The species analysis in the 3 research sites, 9 transects, and 27 plots (10 m × 10 m) that was obtained using the quadrat sampling method. Allometric equations, Shannon–Wiener, and evenness indices were used to estimate the standing biomass and carbon, species diversity, and distribution, respectively. The sediment samples were obtained at a depth of 100 cm and divided into three depths, namely, 0–33, 34–67, and 68–100 cm. The carbon content of mangrove sediments was analyzed in the laboratory using the Walkley–Black method. The results revealed that mangroves in the KNP have moderate diversity and even distribution. The estimated carbon in the mangrove stand was 146.22 t C ha –1 and the estimated carbon stock in the sediment was around 360.61 t C ha–1. Although the mangrove ecosystem in Karimunjawa National Park is still in a stable condition, it is necessary to monitor its changes due to the anthropogenic activities.
红树林生态系统在环境中具有重要的减碳作用。在当前时期,红树林被大量改造成池塘和建筑物。因此,必须对红树林生态系统的物种多样性和固碳能力进行评估,以监测其功能。本研究旨在评估印度尼西亚Karimunjawa国家公园(KNP)红树林生态系统的物种多样性和固碳。采用样方抽样法对3个调查点、9个样带和27个样地(10 m × 10 m)进行物种分析。利用异速生长方程、Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数分别估算了林分生物量和碳、物种多样性和分布。沉积物取样深度为100 cm,分为0-33、34-67和68-100 cm 3个深度。采用Walkley-Black法在实验室对红树林沉积物的碳含量进行了分析。结果表明:红树林多样性中等,分布均匀。估算红树林林分碳含量为146.22 t C ha -1,沉积物碳储量约为360.61 t C ha -1。虽然卡里蒙哇国家公园的红树林生态系统仍处于稳定状态,但有必要监测其因人为活动而发生的变化。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial Distribution of Water Quality in Welang, Gembong and Rejoso Rivers, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia 印尼东爪哇Pasuruan的Welang、Gembong和rejo河水质的空间分布
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2022-2365
A. Darmawan, E. Y. Herawati, A. M. Filhiyam, E. S. Arinda, Z. S. Wijanarko
A river is a naturally formed freshwater stream that traverses land and eventually flows into a lake, sea, or another body of water. River provides fresh water for human activities such as irrigation for their paddy fields, aquaculture, industrial purposes, and many other purposes. At the same time, there exists an inherent disparity in the demand, availability, and quality of river water, often giving rise to significant challenges and issues. Environmental experts, commonly use a multivariate statistical method such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Storage and Retrieval (STORET), and cluster analysis for water quality analysis. However, those methods are numerical and limited in spatial visualization. Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation, Voronoi, and Kriging were applied to obtain the spatial representation of water quality distribution Welang, Gembong, and Rejoso rivers in Pasuruan as study. The objectives are to locate on a map any river segments that experienced poor water quality throughout the observation period. We successively combined STORET with those spatial interpolation. The result shows that IDW interpolation, Voronoi, and Kriging can visualize and map river segments that had poor water quality during the observation time. However, due to the limited input data, the interpolation results exhibit variability. For instance, at a measured location with a STORET value of -28, IDW yielded -28, Voronoi -28, and Kriging -27. Beyond the measurement points, each interpolation method began to produce less accurate values. This study involves interpolating dynamic objects with limited measurements data in narrow channels, which differs from interpolating elevation in broader area, in terms of the accuracy of representation or visualization obtained from this spatial analysis still remain unresolved in this study.
河流是自然形成的淡水溪流,流经陆地,最终流入湖泊、海洋或其他水体。河流为人类活动提供淡水,如水田灌溉、水产养殖、工业用途和许多其他用途。同时,在对河水的需求、可得性和水质方面存在着固有的差距,这往往会带来重大的挑战和问题。环境专家通常使用多元统计方法进行水质分析,如主成分分析(PCA)、存储与检索(STORET)和聚类分析。然而,这些方法都是数值化的,在空间可视化方面有一定的局限性。利用IDW插值、Voronoi和Kriging等方法,获得了巴苏鲁地区韦朗河、金峰河和茹索河水质分布的空间表征。目的是在地图上确定在整个观察期间水质较差的任何河段。我们先后将STORET与这些空间插值相结合。结果表明,IDW插值、Voronoi和Kriging方法可以对观测期间水质较差的河段进行可视化和制图。然而,由于输入数据有限,插值结果表现出可变性。例如,在STORET值为-28的测量位置,IDW产生-28,Voronoi产生-28,Kriging产生-27。在测量点之外,每种插值方法产生的精度值开始降低。本研究涉及在狭窄通道内插值有限测量数据的动态物体,与在更大区域内插值高程不同,从这种空间分析中获得的表示或可视化的准确性在本研究中仍未得到解决。
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引用次数: 0
Thermal Regime of Permafrost on the Western Yamal Under Climate Warming 气候变暖下亚马尔西部永久冻土的热状态
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2023-2810
K. A. Nikitin, N. G. Belova, A. A. Vasiliev
Climate change observed in the Arctic affects all components of the natural environment, including the state of permafrost. The purpose of this study is to quantify the response of permafrost in various landscapes to changing climatic parameters. The results of long-term field observations (1978-2021) of the thermal regime of permafrost on the Western Yamal are presented. Along with the increase in mean annual air temperatures, the mean annual ground temperature over the past 43 years has increased by 1.5-2.2°C. The maximum increase of permafrost temperature values is observed on flat and polygonal tundra, the minimum increase is typical for flooded lake basins. A decrease in the annual permafrost temperature amplitude was revealed. That is caused by a rapid increase in the air temperature of the cold period, an increase in the snow thickness and an increase in soil moisture in the active layer. The shrinking in ground temperature amplitude at a depth of 5 m is 0.5-3.6°C. A trend of reducing depth of zero annual amplitude from 12-18 m (1980) to 13-16 m (2021) has been revealed.
在北极观测到的气候变化影响到自然环境的所有组成部分,包括永久冻土的状态。本研究的目的是量化不同景观的永久冻土对变化的气候参数的响应。本文介绍了西亚马尔多年冻土热状态的长期野外观测结果(1978-2021)。随着年平均气温的升高,过去43年的年平均地温升高了1.5-2.2°C。冻土带温度值增幅最大的是平坦和多边形冻土带,最小的增幅是典型的湖泊流域。多年冻土温度幅值呈下降趋势。这是由于寒期气温迅速升高,积雪厚度增加,活动层土壤水分增加造成的。5 m深度地温幅值收缩0.5 ~ 3.6℃。年零振幅深度从12-18 m(1980年)减小到13-16 m(2021年)的趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Monitoring of Anthropogenic Impact on the Baikal Natural Territory: munisipal Level 贝加尔湖自然区域的人为影响监测:市级
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2023-2779
E. V. Antonov, Yu. R. Belyaev, V. R. Bityukova, A. V. Bredikhin, V. S. Dehnich, E. A. Eryomenko, N. A. Koldobskaya, O. E. Prusikhin, S. G. Safronov, N. S. Kasimov
The purpose of the presented study is to develop a methodology for assessing the anthropogenic impact on the environment in the municipalities of the Baikal Natural Territory (BNT) and applying the obtained methodology to the studied territory. The article analyzes the existing methodological approaches to the assessment of anthropogenic impact on the environment. To carry out a comprehensive integrated assessment, the authors proposed an algorithm for calculating the anthropogenic impact index based on 22 indicators integrated into 7 subindexes (impact on the atmosphere, water and forest resources, agricultural impact, solid waste, disturbed lands and objects of accumulated harm, as well as background impact). The weight of the indicators was determined by interviewing experts representing the scientific community (leading experts in the field of integrated assessments of certain types of impacts or specialists in the field of environmental problems of the BNT), the expert community (leading analytical agencies developing environmental ratings), as well as the environmental management system of the regions included in the BNT. The inertial nature of the anthropogenic impact characteristic of municipalities within the boundaries of the BNT, as well as the general tendency to reduce the impact, has been revealed. At the same time, the absence of positive changes in the environmental state was noted, especially characteristic of the largest impact centers with their inherent unfavorable environment, which suggests the need to take measures to reduce the impact. The advantage of the methodology proposed by the authors can be considered the possibility of extending monitoring in the future, which opens up the possibility of using this algorithm to assess the environmental situation and form environmental policy priorities. The analysis of the results confirmed the quality of the integrated assessment methodology and showed that the districts, cities and towns of the BNT are highly polarized in terms of the level of anthropogenic impact concentrated in certain areas, primarily in the zone of atmospheric influence. The main strengthening of the AI is characteristic of municipalities located along transport corridors, the axis of which is the Trans-Siberian Railway, The Baikal–Amur Mainline and the «Power of Siberia» gas pipeline.
本研究的目的是制定一种方法,以评估贝加尔湖自然领土各城市对环境的人为影响,并将所得方法应用于所研究的领土。本文分析了人类活动对环境影响评价的现有方法。为进行综合综合评价,提出了一种基于22个指标,综合7个子指标(对大气、水和森林资源的影响、农业影响、固体废物影响、受干扰土地和累积危害对象影响、背景影响)的人为影响指数计算算法。指标的权重是通过采访代表科学界的专家(对某些类型的影响进行综合评估领域的主要专家或BNT环境问题领域的专家)、专家界(制定环境评级的主要分析机构)以及BNT所包括区域的环境管理系统来确定的。揭示了在北部网边界内的城市人为影响特征的惯性性质,以及减少影响的一般趋势。与此同时,环境状态缺乏积极变化,特别是最大的影响中心具有固有的不利环境特征,这表明需要采取措施减少影响。作者提出的方法的优势可以被认为是未来扩展监测的可能性,这为使用该算法评估环境状况并形成环境政策优先事项提供了可能性。对结果的分析证实了综合评估方法的质量,并表明北北道的各区、市和镇在集中于某些地区(主要是在大气影响区)的人为影响程度方面是高度两极化的。人工智能的主要加强是位于交通走廊沿线的城市,其轴线是西伯利亚大铁路,贝加尔湖-阿穆尔河干线和“西伯利亚力量”天然气管道。
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引用次数: 0
Zoning of Desert, Steppe, Steppe-Forest and Forest Ecosystems By Carbon And Nitrogen Isotope in Mongolia and Western Transbaikalia 蒙古和西跨贝加尔沙漠、草原、草原林和森林生态系统的碳氮同位素区划
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2023-2720
A. M. Khubanova, V. B. Khubanov, D. A. Miyagashev
The Mongolian–Transbaikalian region of the Central Asia is known for its wide range of intracontinental ecosystems from desert through steppe to taiga forest and mountain tundra. Data on the isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen in the bone and dental tissues of herbivorous animals inhabiting the desert, steppe, and forest–steppe landscapes of Outer Mongolia and Western Transbaikalia are presented. The maximum values of the carbon isotope ratio are observed in animals from the desert (Gobi Desert) and the semi-desert landscapes, median (mean) δ 13 C is -17.9‰. The minimum values of δ 13 C were obtained by herbivorous animals of the forest-steppe and the forest landscapes (Transbaikalia), which median δ 13 C is -23‰. The fauna of the steppes (median δ 13 C is -21.7‰) has intermediate values of the carbon isotopic composition. According to the isotope composition of nitrogen, the isotope-geochemical isolation of ecosystems is less pronounced.
中亚的蒙古-跨贝加尔湖地区以其广泛的大陆内生态系统而闻名,从沙漠到草原到针叶林和山地苔原。本文介绍了外蒙古和西外贝加尔沙漠、草原和森林草原地区食草动物骨骼和牙齿组织中碳和氮同位素组成的数据。荒漠(戈壁)和半荒漠景观动物的碳同位素比值最大,δ 13c中位数(平均值)为-17.9‰。δ 13c的最小值以森林草原和森林景观(Transbaikalia)的草食性动物为最小值,中位数为-23‰。草原动物群(δ 13c中值为-21.7‰)的碳同位素组成处于中间值。从氮的同位素组成来看,生态系统的同位素-地球化学隔离不太明显。
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引用次数: 0
Protection Of Intact Forest Landscapes In Russia: Role Of Government, MarketDriven And Buyers’ Restrictive Approaches 俄罗斯完整森林景观的保护:政府的角色、市场驱动和买家的限制方法
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2022-110
A. Ptichnikov, Alexander Dunn
Leading environmental organizations recognize intact forest landscapes as priority areas for conserving forests. A quarter of global intact forest landscapes (IFL), are found in Russia, and since 2000, the country has lost over 7,5% (or 21 million ha) of its IFLs due to logging, forest fires and road construction. With the projected logging rates Russia’s IFLs will completely disappear in 150 years, and IFLs that are “rich” in timber will do so in 50 years. Protection of IFLs is the serious challenge, not only due to associated biodiversity loss, but also due to outstanding carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation role of IFLs. The objective of this research is to define the key drivers and factors and to examine how government and market-driven approaches contribute to the preservation of intact forest landscapes in Russia. A further objective is to assess the merits of consumers restriction measures, such as phase-out of IFL product purchases, as proposed by some environmentalists.  According to our research, voluntary forest certification (market-driven approach) was the main tool for IFL protection in Russia until recently. A market-driven FSC voluntary certification scheme includes moratoria agreements to preserve almost 3 million ha of IFLs. Additionally, between 2010 and 2020 more than 770 thousand ha of IFLs were established in two national parks and three nature reserves in North-West Russia with the primary goal to protect IFLs, mainly in former FSC “no logging” zones. Market-driven approach is currently the main tool used to protect IFLs in Russia.
领先的环境组织认识到,完整的森林景观是保护森林的优先领域。全球四分之一的完整森林景观(IFL)位于俄罗斯,自2000年以来,由于伐木、森林火灾和道路建设,该国已损失了超过7.5%(即2100万公顷)的IFL。按照预计的伐木率,俄罗斯的IFL将在150年内完全消失,而木材“丰富”的IFL也将在50年内消失。IFL的保护是一项严峻的挑战,这不仅是因为相关的生物多样性丧失,还因为IFL在固碳和减缓气候变化方面发挥了突出作用。本研究的目的是确定关键驱动因素和因素,并研究政府和市场驱动的方法如何有助于保护俄罗斯完整的森林景观。另一个目标是评估消费者限制措施的优点,例如一些环保主义者提出的逐步取消IFL产品购买。根据我们的研究,直到最近,自愿森林认证(市场驱动的方法)一直是俄罗斯IFL保护的主要工具。市场驱动的FSC自愿认证计划包括暂停协议,以保护近300万公顷的IFL。此外,2010年至2020年间,在俄罗斯西北部的两个国家公园和三个自然保护区建立了超过77万公顷的IFL,其主要目标是保护IFL,主要是在前FSC“禁止伐木”区。市场驱动的方法目前是俄罗斯用于保护IFL的主要工具。
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引用次数: 0
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Geography, Environment, Sustainability
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