The article deals with the problems of making managerial decisions, which are the result of the creative mental activity of the subject of management, associated with the identification of the problem, analysis and assessment of the situation, forecasting development trends, socio-economic justification and choice of behavioral alternatives and action programs of the socio-economic system to solve the problem that has arisen. or achieving goals. Modern organizations are distinguished from organizations of the old type by the presence of a significantly larger number of large and gigantic organizational systems in which the role of management decisions is growing. This fact is due to the fact that, unlike organizations of the old type, modern organizations have a large number of top and middle managers, and the professional duty of each of them is to make a management decision in accordance with the powers delegated to him.Teamwork and rationality, which is based on a professional management decision, have become the core of today's management. Effective management requires the modern manager to control human resources, the environment and material resources in order to optimally achieve the goal. This can only be achieved through the proper use of decision-making tools. Modern tools and methods for the development and adoption of managerial decisions are of a universal nature and are aimed at the processes of modernization of the economy taking place in the Ukrainian economy. Today, risk analysis and management is very expedient and the relevance of risk management issues is becoming increasingly important, this is what is necessary for the further correct and optimal application of risk management in the main business processes of an enterprise, on the basis of which the main profit of enterprises using the processes of analysis and risk management Particular attention is paid to the continuous improvement of risk management in different situations. Management risk as a multifactor category of management is studied in the dynamics of a purposeful cyclic management process.
{"title":"Management decision-making under risk and uncertainty","authors":"N. Shmatkova, Maryna Karminska-Bielobrova","doi":"10.53486/icspm2022.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.21","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the problems of making managerial decisions, which are the result of the creative mental activity of the subject of management, associated with the identification of the problem, analysis and assessment of the situation, forecasting development trends, socio-economic justification and choice of behavioral alternatives and action programs of the socio-economic system to solve the problem that has arisen. or achieving goals. Modern organizations are distinguished from organizations of the old type by the presence of a significantly larger number of large and gigantic organizational systems in which the role of management decisions is growing. This fact is due to the fact that, unlike organizations of the old type, modern organizations have a large number of top and middle managers, and the professional duty of each of them is to make a management decision in accordance with the powers delegated to him.Teamwork and rationality, which is based on a professional management decision, have become the core of today's management. Effective management requires the modern manager to control human resources, the environment and material resources in order to optimally achieve the goal. This can only be achieved through the proper use of decision-making tools. Modern tools and methods for the development and adoption of managerial decisions are of a universal nature and are aimed at the processes of modernization of the economy taking place in the Ukrainian economy. Today, risk analysis and management is very expedient and the relevance of risk management issues is becoming increasingly important, this is what is necessary for the further correct and optimal application of risk management in the main business processes of an enterprise, on the basis of which the main profit of enterprises using the processes of analysis and risk management Particular attention is paid to the continuous improvement of risk management in different situations. Management risk as a multifactor category of management is studied in the dynamics of a purposeful cyclic management process.","PeriodicalId":375995,"journal":{"name":"Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127008666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of the digitalization of economies, new technologies and financial solutions that have emerged, contribute significantly to the development of the financial system. In this context, financial payment services register a remarkable evolution, contributing to solving the problems of the population and the economic agents in the field of payments. It is interesting to what extent the Republic of Moldova has advanced in the assimilation of new financial services offered by providers in the last period and what are the possibilities for their development in the future. In this article we aim: to analyze the payments market in the Republic of Moldova from a marketing perspective, to identify factors that limit the development of the payments market, and development opportunities. The research methods used are: analysis of the legislation in force governing the payment system, statistical data analysis, graphical method, analysis and synthesis. The results of the research revealed the tendency of: competition increase in this field, the necessitiy for payment service providers to market orientation, proliferation and efficient cooperation between partners in the financial ecosystem, financial education of customers, approach to customer according to the segmentation, enhance social and ethical responsibility in relation to clients.
{"title":"Payment market in the Republic of Moldova: limits and development opportunities","authors":"Cristina Panfil, Profira Cristafovici","doi":"10.53486/icspm2022.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.53","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the digitalization of economies, new technologies and financial solutions that have emerged, contribute significantly to the development of the financial system. In this context, financial payment services register a remarkable evolution, contributing to solving the problems of the population and the economic agents in the field of payments. It is interesting to what extent the Republic of Moldova has advanced in the assimilation of new financial services offered by providers in the last period and what are the possibilities for their development in the future. In this article we aim: to analyze the payments market in the Republic of Moldova from a marketing perspective, to identify factors that limit the development of the payments market, and development opportunities. The research methods used are: analysis of the legislation in force governing the payment system, statistical data analysis, graphical method, analysis and synthesis. The results of the research revealed the tendency of: competition increase in this field, the necessitiy for payment service providers to market orientation, proliferation and efficient cooperation between partners in the financial ecosystem, financial education of customers, approach to customer according to the segmentation, enhance social and ethical responsibility in relation to clients.","PeriodicalId":375995,"journal":{"name":"Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115686490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem of crisis management is discussed in various fields. Organizations, as a key component of today's society, are not exempt from this important issue. This study aims to analyze crises and crisis management in organizations. Crises are inevitable, and organizations are not exempt from the need to manage them, no matter how prepared they are. This article aimed to examine the concepts of crisis and crisis management, the types of crises, the patterns and stages through which crises pass in organizations. It is the responsibility of managers to include crisis prevention and management in organizations' strategic plans, with the aim of minimizing the unwanted effects that crises have on the organizations' activity.
{"title":"Crisis management within organizations","authors":"Natalia Ţîmbaliuc","doi":"10.53486/icspm2022.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.15","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of crisis management is discussed in various fields. Organizations, as a key component of today's society, are not exempt from this important issue. This study aims to analyze crises and crisis management in organizations. Crises are inevitable, and organizations are not exempt from the need to manage them, no matter how prepared they are. This article aimed to examine the concepts of crisis and crisis management, the types of crises, the patterns and stages through which crises pass in organizations. It is the responsibility of managers to include crisis prevention and management in organizations' strategic plans, with the aim of minimizing the unwanted effects that crises have on the organizations' activity.","PeriodicalId":375995,"journal":{"name":"Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126404755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital transformation of the socio-economic system in the Republic of Moldova method is very actual and offers tools of diagnosis, evaluation, and observation that are accessible to the local actors of sustainable territorial development. The purpose of these tools is useful to draft relevant development projects, efficiently manage these projects, then evaluate them and estimate their impact. Research methods, data, and main results are intended for the actors of sustainable development to respect and favor the principles of participation, global approach, and partnership. They facilitate the mobilization of development partnerships that are composed of professionals who work in public services, private organizations, and active voluntaries in associations.
{"title":"Digital transformation of the socio-economic system in the Republic of Moldova","authors":"D. Popa","doi":"10.53486/icspm2022.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.54","url":null,"abstract":"Digital transformation of the socio-economic system in the Republic of Moldova method is very actual and offers tools of diagnosis, evaluation, and observation that are accessible to the local actors of sustainable territorial development. The purpose of these tools is useful to draft relevant development projects, efficiently manage these projects, then evaluate them and estimate their impact. Research methods, data, and main results are intended for the actors of sustainable development to respect and favor the principles of participation, global approach, and partnership. They facilitate the mobilization of development partnerships that are composed of professionals who work in public services, private organizations, and active voluntaries in associations.","PeriodicalId":375995,"journal":{"name":"Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132159912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antifragility is the ability of organizations to face difficulties and improve their strategic position. Manufacturers, as opposed to service companies, are burdened by high fixed costs, impeding in developing antifragility. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors that enhance antifragility in a cosmetics company. The article is exploratory in nature. The case of a cosmetics company that improved its business model and strengthened its competitive position during COVID-19 pandemic was analyzed. The author found that antifragility is a mix of operational agility, context intelligence and entrepreneurial attitude. The main resources and capabilities supporting the development of antifragility in the cosmetics company are slack financial resources and a large and varied network of partners for innovation and research. The creativity, velocity and operational agility were the main capabilities found. This article offers directions for entrepreneurs in the cosmetics industry to be prepared for adversity and turn it, as much as possible, into opportunities. The concepts of resilience and agility have been broadly studied, however there is a lack of research on antifragility. This is the first case study to explore factors enhancing antifragility in the cosmetics industry in Eastern Europe.
{"title":"Rising and thriving in the post covid-19 era: the case of antifragility in a cosmetics company","authors":"Iulia Ivascenco","doi":"10.53486/icspm2022.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.19","url":null,"abstract":"Antifragility is the ability of organizations to face difficulties and improve their strategic position. Manufacturers, as opposed to service companies, are burdened by high fixed costs, impeding in developing antifragility. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors that enhance antifragility in a cosmetics company. The article is exploratory in nature. The case of a cosmetics company that improved its business model and strengthened its competitive position during COVID-19 pandemic was analyzed. The author found that antifragility is a mix of operational agility, context intelligence and entrepreneurial attitude. The main resources and capabilities supporting the development of antifragility in the cosmetics company are slack financial resources and a large and varied network of partners for innovation and research. The creativity, velocity and operational agility were the main capabilities found. This article offers directions for entrepreneurs in the cosmetics industry to be prepared for adversity and turn it, as much as possible, into opportunities. The concepts of resilience and agility have been broadly studied, however there is a lack of research on antifragility. This is the first case study to explore factors enhancing antifragility in the cosmetics industry in Eastern Europe.","PeriodicalId":375995,"journal":{"name":"Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134175347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The importance and actuality of the theme is characterized by the fact that at the base of every entity, be it commercial or non-commercial, private or public, financial, there are resources, whether they are in foreign currency or the national currency. In addition, thanks to their correct management by using the most efficient technologies and well-structured policies, it will be possible to avoid and minimize any risk. Currency risk represents the probability of suffering a loss or non-realization of the forecasted profits due to the variation of the exchange rate on the market, in a direction unfavorable to the adopted position. Currency risk in the bank can occur at any time because it cannot be predicted. That is why each bank practices different methods to prevent this risk. In order to protect against possible future losses, the bank must create a complex evaluation system. The development of such a system is related to conducting multiple researches. Exchange rate fluctuations negatively influence any activity, including bank activity. Each bank is oriented towards minimizing or eliminating this exchange rate risk by using different well-determined methods that will contribute to the stability of the exchange rate. The purpose of the research is to highlight the aspects that comprise the management of foreign exchange risk in the bank, the methods used regarding the effective management of the existing foreign exchange risk, the characterization of foreign exchange risk management strategies.
{"title":"Currency risk management in the bank","authors":"Ana Carlan","doi":"10.53486/icspm2022.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.13","url":null,"abstract":"The importance and actuality of the theme is characterized by the fact that at the base of every entity, be it commercial or non-commercial, private or public, financial, there are resources, whether they are in foreign currency or the national currency. In addition, thanks to their correct management by using the most efficient technologies and well-structured policies, it will be possible to avoid and minimize any risk. Currency risk represents the probability of suffering a loss or non-realization of the forecasted profits due to the variation of the exchange rate on the market, in a direction unfavorable to the adopted position. Currency risk in the bank can occur at any time because it cannot be predicted. That is why each bank practices different methods to prevent this risk. In order to protect against possible future losses, the bank must create a complex evaluation system. The development of such a system is related to conducting multiple researches. Exchange rate fluctuations negatively influence any activity, including bank activity. Each bank is oriented towards minimizing or eliminating this exchange rate risk by using different well-determined methods that will contribute to the stability of the exchange rate. The purpose of the research is to highlight the aspects that comprise the management of foreign exchange risk in the bank, the methods used regarding the effective management of the existing foreign exchange risk, the characterization of foreign exchange risk management strategies.","PeriodicalId":375995,"journal":{"name":"Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127653065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The quality of the negotiations, finding of compromise solutions, the good work of the tourism entity as a result of the negotiations, as well as obtaining a good performance in the future, depend decisively on the negotiators. Under these conditions, the personality traits of the negotiator, but also his temperament, can have a major influence on the way he behaves and approaches the issues at the negotiating table. Playing decision-making roles, negotiators use information, establish relationships, close contracts in order to capitalize on resources, solve conflictual situations and address optimal alternatives for issues needed to be solved. Thus, the negotiators can influence the course of the deals, therefore obtaining the desired result, if the negotiations did not fail due to the different temperament of the parties. This article focuses on the importance of the negotiator's temperament, as a natural foundation of the personality, on the way to conduct talks at the negotiating table. The author intended to carry out a scientific investigation on the subject, in order to draw certain conclusions.
{"title":"The personality traits of the negotiator in terms of temperament","authors":"Tatiana Juraveli","doi":"10.53486/icspm2022.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.12","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of the negotiations, finding of compromise solutions, the good work of the tourism entity as a result of the negotiations, as well as obtaining a good performance in the future, depend decisively on the negotiators. Under these conditions, the personality traits of the negotiator, but also his temperament, can have a major influence on the way he behaves and approaches the issues at the negotiating table. Playing decision-making roles, negotiators use information, establish relationships, close contracts in order to capitalize on resources, solve conflictual situations and address optimal alternatives for issues needed to be solved. Thus, the negotiators can influence the course of the deals, therefore obtaining the desired result, if the negotiations did not fail due to the different temperament of the parties. This article focuses on the importance of the negotiator's temperament, as a natural foundation of the personality, on the way to conduct talks at the negotiating table. The author intended to carry out a scientific investigation on the subject, in order to draw certain conclusions.","PeriodicalId":375995,"journal":{"name":"Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123818801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we develop on economic theories standing at the base of the creation of “fintech” from Keynesian to Neo-Schumpeterian Economics.The emergence of a decentralized peer-to-peer platforms that matches lending and borrowing without collateral requirements and bank lending channels allowed to develop the new market of alternative financial instruments.
{"title":"Theoretical basis of alternative financial instruments market’s development","authors":"Andrei Paslari","doi":"10.53486/icspm2022.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.64","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we develop on economic theories standing at the base of the creation of “fintech” from Keynesian to Neo-Schumpeterian Economics.The emergence of a decentralized peer-to-peer platforms that matches lending and borrowing without collateral requirements and bank lending channels allowed to develop the new market of alternative financial instruments.","PeriodicalId":375995,"journal":{"name":"Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116211688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eco-innovation is any innovation that leads to significant progress towards the goal of sustainable development, by reducing the impact of production ways on the environment, by increasing the resilience of nature to environmental pressures or by achieving a more efficient and responsible use of natural resources. Eco-innovation is not only a technology change; it also includes the organizational, social and system innovations.Through the supports of new greening processes, technologies and green services of economic activities, the eco-innovation contributes to optimizing economic's growth potential of a country. All these greening activities respond to common challenges such as climate change or the depletion of resources and biodiversity. Eco-innovation is also an opportunity for businesses. The process of eco-innovation also enhances in country knowledge and skills, while increasing productive capacity and competitiveness of the economy. It reduces costs, helps attract new growth opportunities and strengthens the company's image towards customers.
{"title":"Eco-innovation - promoter of the circular economy in the development of sustainable business","authors":"Liudmila Rosca-Sadurschi, Liliana Seremet (Ceclu)","doi":"10.53486/icspm2022.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.33","url":null,"abstract":"Eco-innovation is any innovation that leads to significant progress towards the goal of sustainable development, by reducing the impact of production ways on the environment, by increasing the resilience of nature to environmental pressures or by achieving a more efficient and responsible use of natural resources. Eco-innovation is not only a technology change; it also includes the organizational, social and system innovations.Through the supports of new greening processes, technologies and green services of economic activities, the eco-innovation contributes to optimizing economic's growth potential of a country. All these greening activities respond to common challenges such as climate change or the depletion of resources and biodiversity. Eco-innovation is also an opportunity for businesses. The process of eco-innovation also enhances in country knowledge and skills, while increasing productive capacity and competitiveness of the economy. It reduces costs, helps attract new growth opportunities and strengthens the company's image towards customers.","PeriodicalId":375995,"journal":{"name":"Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129219551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agricultural enterprises play an utmost important role in boosting the national economy; they produce and realize its production (agricultural production) on the domestic market as well as they export it to European countries and those in the vicinity. They produce the raw material for the food industry, creating the so-called supply chain. This paper argues a need to implement the concept of M. Porter's value chain in domestic enterprises in all production sectors. The value chain is a set of activities for its customers; it combines the activities of a company with its main functional parts. Implementing a well-structured value chain system can lead to significant cost reductions, and can increase sludge productivity, and can increase crop yields in agricultural enterprises. The increase in the competitiveness of domestic enterprises is gradually leading to a harmonious growth of the strong state economy.
{"title":"Increasing the competitiveness of the agricultural production cooperative through the prism of the value chain","authors":"E. Stoian","doi":"10.53486/icspm2022.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.25","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural enterprises play an utmost important role in boosting the national economy; they produce and realize its production (agricultural production) on the domestic market as well as they export it to European countries and those in the vicinity. They produce the raw material for the food industry, creating the so-called supply chain. This paper argues a need to implement the concept of M. Porter's value chain in domestic enterprises in all production sectors. The value chain is a set of activities for its customers; it combines the activities of a company with its main functional parts. Implementing a well-structured value chain system can lead to significant cost reductions, and can increase sludge productivity, and can increase crop yields in agricultural enterprises. The increase in the competitiveness of domestic enterprises is gradually leading to a harmonious growth of the strong state economy.","PeriodicalId":375995,"journal":{"name":"Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131132357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：