Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.7592/mt2021.80.boganeva_koiva
Alena Boganeva, Mare Kõiva
Belarusian and Estonian mythological and legendary narratives, especially aetiologies, share a number of similar motifs and characters, despite the fact that Estonian and Belarusian belong to different language families and share no common borders. However, some matches in the motifs are so complete and expressive that they, we believe, cannot be explained by typology or universals. Since the topic of ties between Estonian-Belarusian folklore is relatively unexplored, along with their historical contacts, the aim of this article is to point out the similarities in the motifs of Estonian and Belarusian legends regarding the first people in the context of Slavic and Finno-Ugric legends, as well as to represent some of the original Estonian and Belarusian aetiologies. The motives under examination are the recreation of humans, the skin of the nails, creation of a woman, the death of the first people, the motifs of the snake, eel, and weather loach, the cross of Christ, and others.
{"title":"Maailma esimesed inimesed – Valgevene ja Eesti etioloogiad","authors":"Alena Boganeva, Mare Kõiva","doi":"10.7592/mt2021.80.boganeva_koiva","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7592/mt2021.80.boganeva_koiva","url":null,"abstract":"Belarusian and Estonian mythological and legendary narratives, especially aetiologies, share a number of similar motifs and characters, despite the fact that Estonian and Belarusian belong to different language families and share no common borders. However, some matches in the motifs are so complete and expressive that they, we believe, cannot be explained by typology or universals. Since the topic of ties between Estonian-Belarusian folklore is relatively unexplored, along with their historical contacts, the aim of this article is to point out the similarities in the motifs of Estonian and Belarusian legends regarding the first people in the context of Slavic and Finno-Ugric legends, as well as to represent some of the original Estonian and Belarusian aetiologies. The motives under examination are the recreation of humans, the skin of the nails, creation of a woman, the death of the first people, the motifs of the snake, eel, and weather loach, the cross of Christ, and others.","PeriodicalId":37622,"journal":{"name":"Maetagused","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71370969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.7592/mt2021.80.mottus
Siim Mõttus
From the Hittite kingdom in the Anatolian peninsula of the II millennium, the first known Indo-European-ruled political entity, the so-called bilingual testament of Hattušili I (ca. 1650–1620 BC) has long fascinated modern scholars. This article offers a translation of the original Hittite text into Estonian. The testament describes the turbulent political situation of the state’s earlier period, filled with the king’s unruly family members and many rebellions. Seemingly on his deathbed, King Hattušili I proclaimed that instead of the young Labarna, the previously designated heir, a new candidate – Muršili – would take his place, due to the former’s unkind nature. Labarna had not been the first to oppose Hattušili. His daughter and son had also done that, revolting against their father. The numerous problems related to inheriting the kingship in the early period of Hittite history have also prompted an ongoing discussion about the succession principles in Hittite society. Concerning the literary value, the testament is a masterpiece that incorporates historical exempla, metaphors, similes, direct speech, and rhetorical questions to enforce the king’s arguments and to persuade his audience – the upper echelons of the Hittite society. Despite its name, the testament seems to have more didactical than juridical purposes, as the king offers many instructions to his new heir – to be kind, abstemious, pious and, first and foremost, he orders to heed his wisdom and his will. The ones around the new designee are exhorted to be united and supportive to Muršili. As such, the text can be compared to some other proto-Fürstenspiegels, like “The Teaching for King Merikare” form Egypt’s Middle Kingdom, but it also bears parallels to Gen 49. All in all, the testament is a remarkable insight into Hittite history and society.
{"title":"Kuningas Hattušili I testament","authors":"Siim Mõttus","doi":"10.7592/mt2021.80.mottus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7592/mt2021.80.mottus","url":null,"abstract":"From the Hittite kingdom in the Anatolian peninsula of the II millennium, the first known Indo-European-ruled political entity, the so-called bilingual testament of Hattušili I (ca. 1650–1620 BC) has long fascinated modern scholars. This article offers a translation of the original Hittite text into Estonian. The testament describes the turbulent political situation of the state’s earlier period, filled with the king’s unruly family members and many rebellions. Seemingly on his deathbed, King Hattušili I proclaimed that instead of the young Labarna, the previously designated heir, a new candidate – Muršili – would take his place, due to the former’s unkind nature. Labarna had not been the first to oppose Hattušili. His daughter and son had also done that, revolting against their father. The numerous problems related to inheriting the kingship in the early period of Hittite history have also prompted an ongoing discussion about the succession principles in Hittite society. Concerning the literary value, the testament is a masterpiece that incorporates historical exempla, metaphors, similes, direct speech, and rhetorical questions to enforce the king’s arguments and to persuade his audience – the upper echelons of the Hittite society. Despite its name, the testament seems to have more didactical than juridical purposes, as the king offers many instructions to his new heir – to be kind, abstemious, pious and, first and foremost, he orders to heed his wisdom and his will. The ones around the new designee are exhorted to be united and supportive to Muršili. As such, the text can be compared to some other proto-Fürstenspiegels, like “The Teaching for King Merikare” form Egypt’s Middle Kingdom, but it also bears parallels to Gen 49. All in all, the testament is a remarkable insight into Hittite history and society.","PeriodicalId":37622,"journal":{"name":"Maetagused","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71370977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.7592/mt2021.80.anisimov_toulouze
Nikolai Anisimov, Eva Toulouze
In Udmurt culture sleep (iz’on, kölon, um) as well as dreams (vöt, uyvöt) have occupied a significant place. According to ordinary understandings, dreams are not subjected to this world’s rules of time and space: in a dream, places and spaces may suddenly change, and time moves quickly, or it does not move at all; it has stopped. Sleep and dreams are not thoroughly explained phenomena, and as such, they play a significant role in the communication between the world of the living and the world of the deities (spirits). Their importance is confirmed by the rules one has to follow when going to bed. The dream becomes a sacred space, in which it is possible to acquire sacred knowledge and skills. The narratives we are acquainted with tell us that during sleep one of the person’s souls, called urt, can fly away. Probably this is the reason why it is forbidden to suddenly awake a person sleeping: they may not wake up at all or may even lose their reason. Earlier the Udmurt even organised special rituals to catch the second soul. In the Udmurt culture, sleep and dreams constitute a non-real space, in which the living and the dead are able to meet and communicate. The initiators of the dreams can be both the living and the dead, in different situations. Through dreams, the dead are able to transmit to the living their wishes, their knowledge about events or accidents to come; they may complain about certain circumstances, etc. Today, the Udmurt are attentive to all dreams; they see in them signs connected to the real world and given from above, and they must be considered in order not to disturb the balance between the worlds.
{"title":"Uni ja unenäod udmurdi kultuuris","authors":"Nikolai Anisimov, Eva Toulouze","doi":"10.7592/mt2021.80.anisimov_toulouze","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7592/mt2021.80.anisimov_toulouze","url":null,"abstract":"In Udmurt culture sleep (iz’on, kölon, um) as well as dreams (vöt, uyvöt) have occupied a significant place. According to ordinary understandings, dreams are not subjected to this world’s rules of time and space: in a dream, places and spaces may suddenly change, and time moves quickly, or it does not move at all; it has stopped. Sleep and dreams are not thoroughly explained phenomena, and as such, they play a significant role in the communication between the world of the living and the world of the deities (spirits). Their importance is confirmed by the rules one has to follow when going to bed. The dream becomes a sacred space, in which it is possible to acquire sacred knowledge and skills. The narratives we are acquainted with tell us that during sleep one of the person’s souls, called urt, can fly away. Probably this is the reason why it is forbidden to suddenly awake a person sleeping: they may not wake up at all or may even lose their reason. Earlier the Udmurt even organised special rituals to catch the second soul. In the Udmurt culture, sleep and dreams constitute a non-real space, in which the living and the dead are able to meet and communicate. The initiators of the dreams can be both the living and the dead, in different situations. Through dreams, the dead are able to transmit to the living their wishes, their knowledge about events or accidents to come; they may complain about certain circumstances, etc. Today, the Udmurt are attentive to all dreams; they see in them signs connected to the real world and given from above, and they must be considered in order not to disturb the balance between the worlds.","PeriodicalId":37622,"journal":{"name":"Maetagused","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71370966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.7592/MT2021.79.BRZOZOWSKA_CHLOPICKI
Dorota Brzozowska, Władysław Chłopicki
The aim of the paper is to show the Polish story of the Covid-19 pandemic as seen through a humorous looking glass. Different stages of coronavirus presence in the media and social discourse have been accompanied by the appearance and development of jokes and memes, which illustrate the rapidly changing pandemic situation. The database consists of over three hundred memes, movies, and comments collected between February and May 2020, during the pandemic humour peak, and come mainly from private WhatsApp and Facebook accounts of the researchers. The humorous material is related to introduced restrictions, changing laws, parliamentary elections, news from other affected countries as well as seasons and festive times – especially Easter – occurring in the same period of time. The universal themes present in the humorous material travelling around the world are complemented by the strictly culturally immersed topics, reflecting the specific social and political situation in Poland. The analysis undertaken in the article focuses on various kinds of mechanisms which involve intertextuality (allusions) as well as complexity of references that function as sources of humour, with special attention being paid to cultural references, for example, films, paintings, references to political life, including those of the life under socialism as well as universal themes, such as animal memes.
{"title":"Poola intertekstuaalsed meemid COVID pandeemia kohta","authors":"Dorota Brzozowska, Władysław Chłopicki","doi":"10.7592/MT2021.79.BRZOZOWSKA_CHLOPICKI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2021.79.BRZOZOWSKA_CHLOPICKI","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to show the Polish story of the Covid-19 pandemic as seen through a humorous looking glass. Different stages of coronavirus presence in the media and social discourse have been accompanied by the appearance and development of jokes and memes, which illustrate the rapidly changing pandemic situation. The database consists of over three hundred memes, movies, and comments collected between February and May 2020, during the pandemic humour peak, and come mainly from private WhatsApp and Facebook accounts of the researchers. The humorous material is related to introduced restrictions, changing laws, parliamentary elections, news from other affected countries as well as seasons and festive times – especially Easter – occurring in the same period of time. The universal themes present in the humorous material travelling around the world are complemented by the strictly culturally immersed topics, reflecting the specific social and political situation in Poland. The analysis undertaken in the article focuses on various kinds of mechanisms which involve intertextuality (allusions) as well as complexity of references that function as sources of humour, with special attention being paid to cultural references, for example, films, paintings, references to political life, including those of the life under socialism as well as universal themes, such as animal memes.","PeriodicalId":37622,"journal":{"name":"Maetagused","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47807080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Meenutused nukkudest ja nendega mängimisest 1940.–1950. aastate Eestis","authors":"A. Tuisk","doi":"10.7592/MT2019.74.TUISK","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2019.74.TUISK","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37622,"journal":{"name":"Maetagused","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47105052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.7592/MT2019.74.SCHMID
Pia Schmid
{"title":"Eristuvad lapsed 18. sajandi alguses. Herrnhuti lasteäratus 1727. aastal ja laste palveaktsioonid Sileesias 1707.–1708. aastal","authors":"Pia Schmid","doi":"10.7592/MT2019.74.SCHMID","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2019.74.SCHMID","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37622,"journal":{"name":"Maetagused","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71370905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jututamise meetodist laste rändelugude uurimisel","authors":"Pihla Maria Siim","doi":"10.7592/MT2019.74.SIIM","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2019.74.SIIM","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37622,"journal":{"name":"Maetagused","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48589001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eesti õpilaste haavatavuse aspekte 6. klassi õpilaste fookusgruppide põhjal","authors":"Andrus Tins","doi":"10.7592/MT2019.74.TINS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2019.74.TINS","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37622,"journal":{"name":"Maetagused","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71370913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.7592/MT2019.74.BABIC_VOOLAID
Saša Babič, Piret Voolaid
Teesid: Artikkel pakub võrdleva analüüsi sloveeni ja eesti keele sõimusõnadest kui emotsionaalselt tugeva laenguga väljenditest, viisakasse kõnepruuki mittekuuluvatest sõnadest, mis annavad edasi kõneleja või kiruja/sõimaja tundeid ja hoiakuid teatud olukorra/inimese suhtes. Uurimus keskendub sõimusõnade ja loitsude leksikaalsetele ja struktuurilistele sarnasustele/erinevustele võrdlevalt eesti ja sloveeni keeles. Sõim pole ainult tabusõnaline väljendusviis, vaid võib toimida funktsionaalselt nagu usundilised loitsud. Analüüsi põhieeldusena leidub mõlemas keeles nii sõimusõnades kui ka loitsudes vormel “mine X-kohta”. Sihtkoht X, kuhu soovimatu isik saadetakse, on päritolukoht (nt suguorgan), mitteeksisteeriv või tähistab kaost. Kummagi keele alusmaterjali moodustab üle 50 “mine X-kohta” variandi, mille kohta esitame kategooriad. Lisaks vaatleme selle vormeli väliseid väljendeid-fraase, mis kannavad samuti ideed tõrjuda või saata keegi kusagile. Uurimuse eesmärk on välja selgitada, mil määral saab sõimuvormelite moodustamisel rääkida 1) universaalsetest joontest ja 2) kultuurispetsiifilistest piirkondlikest erinevustest.
这篇文章对斯洛文尼亚语和爱沙尼亚语动词进行了比较分析，它们是情绪化的表达，是传达说话人或抄写员/复述者对特定情况/人的感受和态度的非礼貌词语。这项研究的重点是爱沙尼亚语和斯洛文尼亚语中动词和拼写在词汇和结构上的异同。诅咒不仅是一种禁忌表达，而且可以像宗教咒语一样发挥作用。分析的主要先决条件是两种语言中的形式“go to X”，包括动词和拼写。不想要的人被送往的目的地X是来源地（如性器官），不存在或代表混乱。每种语言的基本材料由50多种“走向X”变体组成，我们为其提供类别。此外，我们观察这种形式的外部表达短语，它们也带有拒绝或把某人送到某个地方的想法。本研究的目的是找出在多大程度上可以谈论（1）民族形式形成的普遍特征和（2）文化特定的区域差异。
{"title":"Sõimuväljendid: saatmine olematusse","authors":"Saša Babič, Piret Voolaid","doi":"10.7592/MT2019.74.BABIC_VOOLAID","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2019.74.BABIC_VOOLAID","url":null,"abstract":"Teesid: Artikkel pakub võrdleva analüüsi sloveeni ja eesti keele sõimusõnadest kui emotsionaalselt tugeva laenguga väljenditest, viisakasse kõnepruuki mittekuuluvatest sõnadest, mis annavad edasi kõneleja või kiruja/sõimaja tundeid ja hoiakuid teatud olukorra/inimese suhtes. Uurimus keskendub sõimusõnade ja loitsude leksikaalsetele ja struktuurilistele sarnasustele/erinevustele võrdlevalt eesti ja sloveeni keeles. Sõim pole ainult tabusõnaline väljendusviis, vaid võib toimida funktsionaalselt nagu usundilised loitsud. Analüüsi põhieeldusena leidub mõlemas keeles nii sõimusõnades kui ka loitsudes vormel “mine X-kohta”. Sihtkoht X, kuhu soovimatu isik saadetakse, on päritolukoht (nt suguorgan), mitteeksisteeriv või tähistab kaost. Kummagi keele alusmaterjali moodustab üle 50 “mine X-kohta” variandi, mille kohta esitame kategooriad. Lisaks vaatleme selle vormeli väliseid väljendeid-fraase, mis kannavad samuti ideed tõrjuda või saata keegi kusagile. Uurimuse eesmärk on välja selgitada, mil määral saab sõimuvormelite moodustamisel rääkida 1) universaalsetest joontest ja 2) kultuurispetsiifilistest piirkondlikest erinevustest.","PeriodicalId":37622,"journal":{"name":"Maetagused","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71370893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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