M. Ward, E. McAuliffe, J. Fitzsimons, Róisín O’Donovan
A worldwide rising demand for health care means increasing resource investment in health systems, with the concomitant requirement for greater accountability. Greater accountability requires the generation of more and more data and information. Health care is frequently described as fragmented or siloed, and this is reflected in how data is captured, managed, and shared throughout the system. Data relating to business performance, quality, and patient safety is extracted from different systems, and its primary use is to inform senior decision makers about organizational-level performance. Meanwhile, health care teams at a local level when asked if they are performing well in relation to quality and safety are often unable to answer this question. This policy brief summarizes the results of a study undertaken as part of the Collective Leadership for Safety Culture research program to codesign a suite of quality and safety performance indicators to assist acute hospital health care teams to monitor and improve their quality and safety performance. Recommendations are presented for senior decision makers in the acute hospital setting to inform policy on the gathering and management of Quality and Safety data.
{"title":"Informing Healthcare Team Performance: Integrating Data to Improve Quality and Safety","authors":"M. Ward, E. McAuliffe, J. Fitzsimons, Róisín O’Donovan","doi":"10.1037/ipp0000101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000101","url":null,"abstract":"A worldwide rising demand for health care means increasing resource investment in health systems, with the concomitant requirement for greater accountability. Greater accountability requires the generation of more and more data and information. Health care is frequently described as fragmented or siloed, and this is reflected in how data is captured, managed, and shared throughout the system. Data relating to business performance, quality, and patient safety is extracted from different systems, and its primary use is to inform senior decision makers about organizational-level performance. Meanwhile, health care teams at a local level when asked if they are performing well in relation to quality and safety are often unable to answer this question. This policy brief summarizes the results of a study undertaken as part of the Collective Leadership for Safety Culture research program to codesign a suite of quality and safety performance indicators to assist acute hospital health care teams to monitor and improve their quality and safety performance. Recommendations are presented for senior decision makers in the acute hospital setting to inform policy on the gathering and management of Quality and Safety data.","PeriodicalId":37636,"journal":{"name":"International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation","volume":"16 1","pages":"53–56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81943440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated sex differences in risk factors for alcohol and illicit drug use among high school students in Myanmar as part of a comprehensive substance abuse prevention approach. Participants (N = 1,918; Mage = 15.35 years, SD = 1.07 years, range = 14–18 years; 44.3% male) were recruited from 10 high schools in Myitkyina Township, Kachin State, Myanmar. Study constructs were assessed with a version of the Communities That Care survey adapted for use in Myanmar. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the strongest risk factors for recreational and hard drug use. Multiple group analyses indicated that patterns of risk differed by sex. Poor family management practices and peer drug use were risk factors for all youth and all recreational drugs; depressed affect was an additional risk factor for glue/solvent use and misuse of over-the-counter medication. Additional risk factors were specific to sex and to particular substances. The model predicting hard drug use had no common risk factors across sex. Low perceived dangerousness of drugs elevated risk for female adolescents. Parental attitudes favoring drug use, peer drug use and peer antisocial behavior, and low school commitment elevated risk of hard drug use for male adolescents. These data suggest that as Myanmar develops substance abuse prevention strategies for youth, one of the subpriorities in the United Nations’ sustainable development goals, approaches that are tailored specifically to male and female adolescents in addition to universal approaches may be dual effective strategies in curbing drug use.
{"title":"Sex Differences in Risk for Substance Use Among High School Students in Myanmar","authors":"N. Wan, W. Kliewer, D. Sosnowski","doi":"10.1037/ipp0000093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000093","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated sex differences in risk factors for alcohol and illicit drug use among high school students in Myanmar as part of a comprehensive substance abuse prevention approach. Participants (N = 1,918; Mage = 15.35 years, SD = 1.07 years, range = 14–18 years; 44.3% male) were recruited from 10 high schools in Myitkyina Township, Kachin State, Myanmar. Study constructs were assessed with a version of the Communities That Care survey adapted for use in Myanmar. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the strongest risk factors for recreational and hard drug use. Multiple group analyses indicated that patterns of risk differed by sex. Poor family management practices and peer drug use were risk factors for all youth and all recreational drugs; depressed affect was an additional risk factor for glue/solvent use and misuse of over-the-counter medication. Additional risk factors were specific to sex and to particular substances. The model predicting hard drug use had no common risk factors across sex. Low perceived dangerousness of drugs elevated risk for female adolescents. Parental attitudes favoring drug use, peer drug use and peer antisocial behavior, and low school commitment elevated risk of hard drug use for male adolescents. These data suggest that as Myanmar develops substance abuse prevention strategies for youth, one of the subpriorities in the United Nations’ sustainable development goals, approaches that are tailored specifically to male and female adolescents in addition to universal approaches may be dual effective strategies in curbing drug use.","PeriodicalId":37636,"journal":{"name":"International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation","volume":"2 1","pages":"38–52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87453832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katelyn E. Poelker, J. Gibbons, Colleen A. Maxwell
The social emotions gratitude and envy are central to the lives of Guatemalan youth and to their society more broadly. Perspective-taking, the social–cognitive process that allows one to assume another’s point of view, may affect both the experience and expression of gratitude and envy. In this convergent mixed-methods study, perspective-taking was studied in relation to gratitude and envy. Sixty-four Guatemalan adolescents, ages 12–17 (Mage = 13.52 years, SD = 3.66, 53.1% girls), completed scales measuring gratitude, envy, and perspective-taking. For the qualitative portion, they read one gratitude and one envy vignette and completed a series of open-ended questions about the story characters. Two multiple regression analyses revealed that better perspective-takers were more grateful and less envious. Thematic analysis of the open-ended responses uncovered seven levels of perspective-taking. Complex perspective-taking was revealed when adolescents inferred the perspective of both story characters, created positive social outcomes even in situations of envy, and inferred consequences of the interactions. These findings imply that promoting perspective-taking may be one way to decrease envy and promote gratitude in this majority world cultural context. The findings from this study may inform the creation of culturally sensitive social-emotional learning programs that promote well-being through positive interpersonal relationships.
{"title":"The Relation of Perspective-Taking to Gratitude and Envy Among Guatemalan Adolescents","authors":"Katelyn E. Poelker, J. Gibbons, Colleen A. Maxwell","doi":"10.1037/ipp0000103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000103","url":null,"abstract":"The social emotions gratitude and envy are central to the lives of Guatemalan youth and to their society more broadly. Perspective-taking, the social–cognitive process that allows one to assume another’s point of view, may affect both the experience and expression of gratitude and envy. In this convergent mixed-methods study, perspective-taking was studied in relation to gratitude and envy. Sixty-four Guatemalan adolescents, ages 12–17 (Mage = 13.52 years, SD = 3.66, 53.1% girls), completed scales measuring gratitude, envy, and perspective-taking. For the qualitative portion, they read one gratitude and one envy vignette and completed a series of open-ended questions about the story characters. Two multiple regression analyses revealed that better perspective-takers were more grateful and less envious. Thematic analysis of the open-ended responses uncovered seven levels of perspective-taking. Complex perspective-taking was revealed when adolescents inferred the perspective of both story characters, created positive social outcomes even in situations of envy, and inferred consequences of the interactions. These findings imply that promoting perspective-taking may be one way to decrease envy and promote gratitude in this majority world cultural context. The findings from this study may inform the creation of culturally sensitive social-emotional learning programs that promote well-being through positive interpersonal relationships.","PeriodicalId":37636,"journal":{"name":"International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation","volume":"90 1","pages":"20–37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80471165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Temporary Protected Status (TPS) was recently terminated for Central American residents in the United States. The TPS recipients who have not already obtained an alternative form of legal immigration authorization will soon be subject to detention and deportation. As a result, it is estimated that thousands of children, many of whom are U.S. citizens—246,200 from El Salvador and Honduras alone—will be at risk for experiencing short- and long-term psychological and health consequences owing to the impending detention and/or deportation of their parents. The United States and the global community must protect these children. Neglecting to promote protection for the offspring of TPS recipients contradicts the premises of the U.S. Constitution, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC; United Nations General Assembly, 1989 ), and the United Nations’ recent Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs; United Nations General Assembly, 2015 ). Our nation’s laws and immigration policies must interrupt cycles of trauma and establish sustainable healthy trajectories across the life span for the well-being of all children. In light of the extensive evidence on harmful effects of parent–child separation and intergenerational trauma, this policy brief recommends reaffirming commitment to maintenance of the family unit, providing a path to authorized immigration status for TPS parents, and using a “trauma and developmentally informed lens” when creating policies that involve children.
{"title":"Protecting U.S.-Citizen Children Whose Central American Parents Have Temporary Protected Status","authors":"Lisseth Rojas-Flores, J. Hwang Koo, J. Vaughn","doi":"10.1037/IPP0000100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/IPP0000100","url":null,"abstract":"Temporary Protected Status (TPS) was recently terminated for Central American residents in the United States. The TPS recipients who have not already obtained an alternative form of legal immigration authorization will soon be subject to detention and deportation. As a result, it is estimated that thousands of children, many of whom are U.S. citizens—246,200 from El Salvador and Honduras alone—will be at risk for experiencing short- and long-term psychological and health consequences owing to the impending detention and/or deportation of their parents. The United States and the global community must protect these children. Neglecting to promote protection for the offspring of TPS recipients contradicts the premises of the U.S. Constitution, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC; United Nations General Assembly, 1989 ), and the United Nations’ recent Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs; United Nations General Assembly, 2015 ). Our nation’s laws and immigration policies must interrupt cycles of trauma and establish sustainable healthy trajectories across the life span for the well-being of all children. In light of the extensive evidence on harmful effects of parent–child separation and intergenerational trauma, this policy brief recommends reaffirming commitment to maintenance of the family unit, providing a path to authorized immigration status for TPS parents, and using a “trauma and developmentally informed lens” when creating policies that involve children.","PeriodicalId":37636,"journal":{"name":"International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74314306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Lansford, M. Gauvain, S. Koller, C. Daiute, M. Hyson, Frosso Motti-Stefanidi, Olivia A. Smith, S. Verma, Nan Zhou
International collaborative research has the potential to advance developmental psychology in important ways. When basic science is conducted only in high-income, Western countries, the experiences of children and youth in these countries end up defining what is known about development. Young people adapt to the circumstances in which they live, so to understand development fully, research must be conducted in the range of cultural contexts in which development occurs. International collaborations, collecting data in a wide range of countries, and incorporating diverse cultural perspectives are central to this effort. This article outlines seven recommendations for researchers conducting collaborative international research on child and youth development. The recommendations address conceptual and methodological issues (avoiding a deficit perspective, rethinking ideas about standard or so-called “normative” development patterns, considering relations between age and development, and attending to comparability of samples and measures) and issues related to researchers themselves (collaborating with scholars and community members from other cultures, being strategic with potential collaborators and research participants, and communicating in person).
{"title":"The Importance of International Collaborative Research for Advancing Understanding of Child and Youth Development","authors":"J. Lansford, M. Gauvain, S. Koller, C. Daiute, M. Hyson, Frosso Motti-Stefanidi, Olivia A. Smith, S. Verma, Nan Zhou","doi":"10.1037/ipp0000102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000102","url":null,"abstract":"International collaborative research has the potential to advance developmental psychology in important ways. When basic science is conducted only in high-income, Western countries, the experiences of children and youth in these countries end up defining what is known about development. Young people adapt to the circumstances in which they live, so to understand development fully, research must be conducted in the range of cultural contexts in which development occurs. International collaborations, collecting data in a wide range of countries, and incorporating diverse cultural perspectives are central to this effort. This article outlines seven recommendations for researchers conducting collaborative international research on child and youth development. The recommendations address conceptual and methodological issues (avoiding a deficit perspective, rethinking ideas about standard or so-called “normative” development patterns, considering relations between age and development, and attending to comparability of samples and measures) and issues related to researchers themselves (collaborating with scholars and community members from other cultures, being strategic with potential collaborators and research participants, and communicating in person).","PeriodicalId":37636,"journal":{"name":"International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation","volume":"49 1","pages":"1–13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87320935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olajumoke M. Koyejo, W. Kliewer, C. Gbiri, D. Svikis
Although alcohol use is common among persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), and heavy drinking is more common worldwide in males than females, studies of sex differences in risk for development of symptoms of alcohol dependence have yielded mixed results. In Nigeria, there is a paucity of data on sex differences in alcohol-related problems among PLWHA. This has hindered our ability to tailor treatment to best meet the needs of PLWHA. To address this gap, the present study examined alcohol use patterns and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)-related symptoms in a sample of 331 HIV and AIDS patients (64.4% female; Mage = 38.1 years, SD = 9.1 years) recruited from Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO-CIDI), Version 7.0, was administered to assess alcohol use and DSM-IV-related symptoms. Based on responses to the interview, patients were classified as having or not having complication(s) or symptom(s). Logistic regressions adjusting for age and marital status revealed that women were at lower risk than men for alcohol-related problems. Symptoms of craving and tolerance did not differ across sex. Study findings support the need for policy to be geared toward sex-specific prevention and harm-reduction approaches among HIV-positive individuals.
虽然酒精在艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染者中很常见，而且在世界范围内，酗酒在男性中比女性更常见，但对酒精依赖症状发展风险的性别差异的研究得出了不同的结果。在尼日利亚，缺乏关于艾滋病毒感染者中与酒精有关的问题的性别差异的数据。这妨碍了我们调整治疗以最好地满足艾滋病病毒携带者需求的能力。为了解决这一差距，本研究检查了酒精使用模式和精神疾病诊断与统计手册- iv (DSM-IV)的331例艾滋病毒和艾滋病患者(64.4%女性;法师= 38.1岁，SD = 9.1岁)，招募自拉各斯州立大学Ikeja教学医院。采用7.0版世界卫生组织综合国际诊断访谈(WHO-CIDI)来评估酒精使用和dsm - iv相关症状。根据对访谈的反应，将患者分为有无并发症或症状。经年龄和婚姻状况调整后的逻辑回归显示，女性出现酒精相关问题的风险低于男性。渴望和耐受的症状在性别上没有差异。研究结果支持有必要制定针对艾滋病毒阳性个体的针对性别的预防和减少伤害方法的政策。
{"title":"Sex Differences in Alcohol-Related Problems Among a Sample of HIV-Positive Nigerians","authors":"Olajumoke M. Koyejo, W. Kliewer, C. Gbiri, D. Svikis","doi":"10.1037/ipp0000096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000096","url":null,"abstract":"Although alcohol use is common among persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), and heavy drinking is more common worldwide in males than females, studies of sex differences in risk for development of symptoms of alcohol dependence have yielded mixed results. In Nigeria, there is a paucity of data on sex differences in alcohol-related problems among PLWHA. This has hindered our ability to tailor treatment to best meet the needs of PLWHA. To address this gap, the present study examined alcohol use patterns and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)-related symptoms in a sample of 331 HIV and AIDS patients (64.4% female; Mage = 38.1 years, SD = 9.1 years) recruited from Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO-CIDI), Version 7.0, was administered to assess alcohol use and DSM-IV-related symptoms. Based on responses to the interview, patients were classified as having or not having complication(s) or symptom(s). Logistic regressions adjusting for age and marital status revealed that women were at lower risk than men for alcohol-related problems. Symptoms of craving and tolerance did not differ across sex. Study findings support the need for policy to be geared toward sex-specific prevention and harm-reduction approaches among HIV-positive individuals.","PeriodicalId":37636,"journal":{"name":"International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation","volume":"7 1","pages":"231–239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81142103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ways mental illnesses are treated has the propensity to vary across cultures. Although psychotherapy and the alliance between clients and therapists is efficacious for treating mental illness in some contexts, cultures have developed equally as valid mechanisms for treating such conditions elsewhere. The purpose of this study was to explore beliefs about treatment for mental illness among a small Namibian Aawambo sample. Participants (N = 14) were interviewed using a semistructured interview protocol. Grounded theory ethnographic analyses led to the identification of four categories: (a) witch doctors, frauds, and odudu (traditional healer); (b) counseling, medicine, and religion as means of healing; (c) seeking care—decisions based on beliefs and needs; and (d) the role of families for omunanamwengu (“mad one”). The idea of faith—or more aptly with the data, belief in a given treatment—emerged in the findings as key to understanding the type of intervention one may seek in the event of mental illness. Results highlight participants’ perceived importance of belief in treatment, traditional practices, families, and concurrent use of traditional and Western services to heal mental illness. These are discussed with respect to potential for integration of treatment modalities while recognizing that further research can expand understandings of treatment beliefs across Namibian cultures.
{"title":"Beliefs About the Treatment of Mental Illness Among the Namibian Aawambo: An Exploratory Study","authors":"Theodore T. Bartholomew","doi":"10.1037/ipp0000095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000095","url":null,"abstract":"The ways mental illnesses are treated has the propensity to vary across cultures. Although psychotherapy and the alliance between clients and therapists is efficacious for treating mental illness in some contexts, cultures have developed equally as valid mechanisms for treating such conditions elsewhere. The purpose of this study was to explore beliefs about treatment for mental illness among a small Namibian Aawambo sample. Participants (N = 14) were interviewed using a semistructured interview protocol. Grounded theory ethnographic analyses led to the identification of four categories: (a) witch doctors, frauds, and odudu (traditional healer); (b) counseling, medicine, and religion as means of healing; (c) seeking care—decisions based on beliefs and needs; and (d) the role of families for omunanamwengu (“mad one”). The idea of faith—or more aptly with the data, belief in a given treatment—emerged in the findings as key to understanding the type of intervention one may seek in the event of mental illness. Results highlight participants’ perceived importance of belief in treatment, traditional practices, families, and concurrent use of traditional and Western services to heal mental illness. These are discussed with respect to potential for integration of treatment modalities while recognizing that further research can expand understandings of treatment beliefs across Namibian cultures.","PeriodicalId":37636,"journal":{"name":"International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation","volume":"56 1","pages":"258–275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82098557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An increasing number of scholarly works have attempted to understand the reasons for poor rates of help-seeking for symptoms of mental health disorders all around the world. One particular body of work has focused on “mental health literacy” (MHL), defined as knowledge about mental health disorders that is associated with their recognition, management, and prevention. In this article, we report a nonsystematic review of studies on MHL, to give nonexpert academics, policymakers, and practitioners an understanding of the field. We find that studies consistently show that the general public have relatively poor recognition of the symptoms of mental health disorders and appear to emphasize self-help over traditional medical treatments. In addition, we find that there are age, gender, educational, urban−rural, and cross-cultural differences in MHL, which may differentially affect rates of help-seeking in different contexts. Implications and future directions for research are considered in conclusion.
{"title":"Mental Health Literacy: A Review of What It Is and Why It Matters","authors":"A. Furnham, V. Swami","doi":"10.1037/ipp0000094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000094","url":null,"abstract":"An increasing number of scholarly works have attempted to understand the reasons for poor rates of help-seeking for symptoms of mental health disorders all around the world. One particular body of work has focused on “mental health literacy” (MHL), defined as knowledge about mental health disorders that is associated with their recognition, management, and prevention. In this article, we report a nonsystematic review of studies on MHL, to give nonexpert academics, policymakers, and practitioners an understanding of the field. We find that studies consistently show that the general public have relatively poor recognition of the symptoms of mental health disorders and appear to emphasize self-help over traditional medical treatments. In addition, we find that there are age, gender, educational, urban−rural, and cross-cultural differences in MHL, which may differentially affect rates of help-seeking in different contexts. Implications and future directions for research are considered in conclusion.","PeriodicalId":37636,"journal":{"name":"International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation","volume":"74 1","pages":"240–257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86279723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a global need to provide human resources for health in low- and middle-income countries. To increase access to care, task shifting has been implemented in community-based rehabilitation (CBR) programs where skills and responsibilities are transferred to local people with shorter and more focused training. Through realist review and synthesis, this research aimed to consolidate the literature when considering (a) what skills CBR workers are reportedly using and/or being trained in relating to mental health, (b) how different settings affect how these task shifting programs work, and (c) the evidence of effectiveness when community health workers come from within the community itself. A total of 11 databases (PubMed, ABI/Inform Global, CINAHL, Cochrane, Emerald, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, SAGE, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science) were systematically searched for specific terms relating to mental health, CBR, and low- and middle-income country. A total of 27 publications were identified as fitting the criteria (4 qualitative, 20 quantitative including 10 randomized controlled trials, and 3 noninvestigatory editorials). Core skills have been identified along with themes that affect how programs work in particular contexts. The use of task shifting in this area may be a potentially viable option for increasing access to mental health care. This resulted in the development of a theory to explain the outcomes being observed. When Task-shifting mental health intervention skills collaboration, harnessing resources available within the community, and the provision of ongoing supervision interact to influence awareness gains, social bonding, the building of trust, and the development of skills and understanding within the community itself. This effects intervention buy-in, overall effectiveness and sustainability, mental health symptoms and local empowerment. These findings can be considered when developing training programs for CBR mental health workers, as well as policy and intervention program design.
全球需要为低收入和中等收入国家提供卫生人力资源。为了增加获得护理的机会，在社区康复(CBR)项目中实施了任务转移，将技能和责任转移给当地人员，接受更短、更有针对性的培训。通过现实主义的回顾和综合，本研究旨在在考虑以下因素时巩固文献:(a)据报道CBR工作者正在使用和/或正在接受与心理健康相关的培训的技能，(b)不同的环境如何影响这些任务转移计划的工作方式，以及(c)当社区卫生工作者来自社区本身时有效性的证据。共有11个数据库(PubMed、ABI/Inform Global、CINAHL、Cochrane、Emerald、Google Scholar、PsycINFO、SAGE、Science Direct、Scopus和Web of Science)被系统地搜索了与心理健康、CBR和低收入和中等收入国家相关的特定术语。共有27篇出版物被确定为符合标准(4篇定性，20篇定量，包括10篇随机对照试验，3篇非调查性社论)。核心技能与影响程序在特定环境下如何工作的主题一起被确定。在这一领域使用任务转移可能是增加获得精神卫生保健机会的潜在可行选择。这导致了一种理论的发展，以解释所观察到的结果。当任务转移的心理健康干预技能协作、利用社区内现有资源和提供持续监督相互作用时，就会影响认识的提高、社会联系、信任的建立以及社区内部技能和理解的发展。这影响了干预措施的接受、总体有效性和可持续性、心理健康症状和地方赋权。这些发现可以在制定CBR精神卫生工作者培训计划以及政策和干预计划设计时加以考虑。
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