Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2022.1.04
I. Demuz, I. Borodai
The authors of the article explore the concepts ‘agricultural biographics’ and ‘agricultural biographistics’, proposing an interpretation of the terms. ‘Agricultural biographistics’ is defined as a full palette of portraits of agricultural scientists, sectoral bibliographical and biobibliographical reference publications, and the creation of electronic resources of biographical information about eminent figures in the field of agriculture. ‘Agricultural biographics’ is a distinct branch of historiography focusing on biographical research about agricultural scientists, and the theoretical and methodological foundations of biographical research of agricultural scientists. The article analyses the achievements in scientific bibliographical research of the Department of Biographistics at the Institute of History of Agrarian Science, Education and Technology of the National Scientific Agricultural Library of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (NSAL NAAS). The authors argue that much of specifically historical research exists alongside inadequate theoretical studies on its foundations, which, accordingly, calls for the development of some aspects of agricultural biographistics. The article also outlines the theoretical and methodological visions in the biographies of agricultural scholars, considering also the architectonics of the publications, the types/models of biographies, and methodological approaches.
{"title":"Agricultural Biographics v. Agricultural Biographistics: Concepts, Resources of Information, and Reflexive Potential","authors":"I. Demuz, I. Borodai","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2022.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2022.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"The authors of the article explore the concepts ‘agricultural biographics’ and ‘agricultural biographistics’, proposing an interpretation of the terms. ‘Agricultural biographistics’ is defined as a full palette of portraits of agricultural scientists, sectoral bibliographical and biobibliographical reference publications, and the creation of electronic resources of biographical information about eminent figures in the field of agriculture. ‘Agricultural biographics’ is a distinct branch of historiography focusing on biographical research about agricultural scientists, and the theoretical and methodological foundations of biographical research of agricultural scientists. The article analyses the achievements in scientific bibliographical research of the Department of Biographistics at the Institute of History of Agrarian Science, Education and Technology of the National Scientific Agricultural Library of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (NSAL NAAS). The authors argue that much of specifically historical research exists alongside inadequate theoretical studies on its foundations, which, accordingly, calls for the development of some aspects of agricultural biographistics. The article also outlines the theoretical and methodological visions in the biographies of agricultural scholars, considering also the architectonics of the publications, the types/models of biographies, and methodological approaches.","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41708689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2022.1.05
A. Parent
In eighteenth-century France, scientific progress and its spreading met a growing interest among public, an enthusiasm that was to be reflected in literature. Fictional works including scientific knowledge in their narrative made their appearance, paving the ground for a genre promised to a growing success in the following centuries—science fiction. The article presents three eighteenth-century French literary works, each one centered on a different domain of science: Voltaire’s Micromégas (1752), Charles-François Tiphaigne’s Amilec, or the Seeds of Mankind (Amilec, ou la graine d’hommes, 1753) and François-Félix Nogaret’s The Mirror of Current Events, or Beauty to the Highest Bidder (Le miroir des événements actuels, ou la belle au plus offrant, 1790). The first one, an iconic Enlightenment work that promotes critical thinking, relies on discoveries made in astronomy and optics. Tiphaigne de la Roche is far from sharing the fame of Voltaire, but his odd Amilec is noteworthy as it is possibly the very first science-fiction work in which biology is central. Written in the unique atmosphere of the French revolution, Nogaret’s work The Mirror of Current Events depicts androids-like interacting with humans. Our purpose is to show that these works were a precursor (proto science fiction) of the science fiction genre in literature, to describe how and what science or technology was depicted in them, and how they influenced the view of Man (humans) in eighteenth-century France.
在18世纪的法国，科学进步及其传播引起了公众越来越大的兴趣，这种热情将反映在文学中。在叙事中包含科学知识的虚构作品出现了，为一种有望在接下来的几个世纪里取得越来越大成功的类型——科幻小说铺平了道路。这篇文章介绍了三部18世纪的法国文学作品，每一部都以不同的科学领域为中心：伏尔泰的《微观》（1752年）、查尔斯·弗朗索瓦·蒂法涅的《Amilec》或《人类的种子》（Amilec，ou-lagranined'hommes，1753年）和弗朗索瓦斯·费利克斯·诺加雷的《时事之镜》，或《最高出价者的美丽》（Le miroir desévéneements actuels，ou la belle au plus ofrant，1790）。第一部是启蒙运动的标志性作品，提倡批判性思维，它依赖于天文学和光学方面的发现。蒂芬·德拉罗什远没有像伏尔泰那样出名，但他古怪的《阿米莱克》值得注意，因为它可能是第一部以生物学为中心的科幻作品。诺加莱的作品《时事之镜》是在法国大革命的独特氛围中创作的，描绘了机器人与人类的互动。我们的目的是表明这些作品是文学中科幻小说类型的先驱（原始科幻小说），描述它们如何以及描述了什么科学或技术，以及它们如何影响18世纪法国的人（人类）观。
{"title":"Science in Eighteenth-Century French Literary Fiction: A Step to Modern Science Fiction and a New Definition of the Human Being?","authors":"A. Parent","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2022.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2022.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"In eighteenth-century France, scientific progress and its spreading met a growing interest among public, an enthusiasm that was to be reflected in literature. Fictional works including scientific knowledge in their narrative made their appearance, paving the ground for a genre promised to a growing success in the following centuries—science fiction. The article presents three eighteenth-century French literary works, each one centered on a different domain of science: Voltaire’s Micromégas (1752), Charles-François Tiphaigne’s Amilec, or the Seeds of Mankind (Amilec, ou la graine d’hommes, 1753) and François-Félix Nogaret’s The Mirror of Current Events, or Beauty to the Highest Bidder (Le miroir des événements actuels, ou la belle au plus offrant, 1790). The first one, an iconic Enlightenment work that promotes critical thinking, relies on discoveries made in astronomy and optics. Tiphaigne de la Roche is far from sharing the fame of Voltaire, but his odd Amilec is noteworthy as it is possibly the very first science-fiction work in which biology is central. Written in the unique atmosphere of the French revolution, Nogaret’s work The Mirror of Current Events depicts androids-like interacting with humans. Our purpose is to show that these works were a precursor (proto science fiction) of the science fiction genre in literature, to describe how and what science or technology was depicted in them, and how they influenced the view of Man (humans) in eighteenth-century France.","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48263422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2022.1.06
Galymzhan Usenov, P. Suleimenov, P. Müürsepp
The article discusses the origins, formation, and development of the scientific school of chemical physics and nanotechnology in Kazakhstan. The authors describe the achievements of a scientific school that is on par with the best of its kind locally and globally, adding new competitive results of practical relevance to the economic development of the country. The article also highlights the special role of the outstanding scientist Zulkhair Aimukhametovich Mansurov in the development of the methodological foundations of the scientific school, the targeted training of the scientific personnel in the priority areas of the development of Kazakhstani chemical physics, and the creation of nanoscale materials for multifunctional purposes. Also, the main principles of the philosophy of Mansurov’s scientific school are presented.
{"title":"History of the Scientific School of Z. A. Mansurov at the Institute of Combustion Problems in Almaty","authors":"Galymzhan Usenov, P. Suleimenov, P. Müürsepp","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2022.1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2022.1.06","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the origins, formation, and development of the scientific school of chemical physics and nanotechnology in Kazakhstan. The authors describe the achievements of a scientific school that is on par with the best of its kind locally and globally, adding new competitive results of practical relevance to the economic development of the country. The article also highlights the special role of the outstanding scientist Zulkhair Aimukhametovich Mansurov in the development of the methodological foundations of the scientific school, the targeted training of the scientific personnel in the priority areas of the development of Kazakhstani chemical physics, and the creation of nanoscale materials for multifunctional purposes. Also, the main principles of the philosophy of Mansurov’s scientific school are presented.","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46945466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2022.1.07
Romualdas Juzefovičius
On January 27, 1920, public higher education courses, known as the Higher Courses (Lith. Aukštieji kursai), were started in Kaunas, in the hall of the building of the Ministry of Education (which today houses Kaunas Maironis University Gymnasium). The school was founded a century ago and operated on a voluntary basis, and it became the forerunner of higher education in the independent state of Lithuania in the interwar period.
{"title":"Rationality and Universality: A New Historical Assessment of the Predecessor of Kaunas Higher Courses in Lithuania","authors":"Romualdas Juzefovičius","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2022.1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2022.1.07","url":null,"abstract":"On January 27, 1920, public higher education courses, known as the Higher Courses (Lith. Aukštieji kursai), were started in Kaunas, in the hall of the building of the Ministry of Education (which today houses Kaunas Maironis University Gymnasium). The school was founded a century ago and operated on a voluntary basis, and it became the forerunner of higher education in the independent state of Lithuania in the interwar period.","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48400977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2022.1.08
Rein Vihalemm
In all epistemological studies one has to employ, in one way or another, the concepts of “sensuous and rational knowledge,” “empirical and theoretical knowledge,” “essence and phenomenon.” But, unfortunately, the logical relationships of these concepts are not understood unambiguously, which prevents many epistemological issues from being examined with sufficient theoretical clarity. '
{"title":"On Stages of Cognition","authors":"Rein Vihalemm","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2022.1.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2022.1.08","url":null,"abstract":"In all epistemological studies one has to employ, in one way or another, the concepts of “sensuous and rational knowledge,” “empirical and theoretical knowledge,” “essence and phenomenon.” But, unfortunately, the logical relationships of these concepts are not understood unambiguously, which prevents many epistemological issues from being examined with sufficient theoretical clarity. '","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44393243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2022.1.03
J. Čiurlionis
The article deals with a contemporary debate on Hippocratic ethics. Both the opponents and proponents of Hippocratic medical ethics seem to ignore the complexity of the said ethical system. The ethics of the Corpus Hippocraticum can be properly understood only in relation to physiological, psychological, and other factors. Therefore, the ongoing debate only partially represents ethical issues, and a number of arguments in it cannot be considered as valid. Moreover, the complexity of Hippocratic ethics reveals that quite a few of its principles are still valid today and deserve to be further analyzed. In addition, some of its principles have been incontestably incorporated into contemporary medical ethics.
{"title":"Ethics of the Corpus Hippocraticum: Philosophical Foundations of a Contemporary Debate","authors":"J. Čiurlionis","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2022.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2022.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with a contemporary debate on Hippocratic ethics. Both the opponents and proponents of Hippocratic medical ethics seem to ignore the complexity of the said ethical system. The ethics of the Corpus Hippocraticum can be properly understood only in relation to physiological, psychological, and other factors. Therefore, the ongoing debate only partially represents ethical issues, and a number of arguments in it cannot be considered as valid. Moreover, the complexity of Hippocratic ethics reveals that quite a few of its principles are still valid today and deserve to be further analyzed. In addition, some of its principles have been incontestably incorporated into contemporary medical ethics.","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41768097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2021.2.05
N. Kovalenko
The article describes the achievements of scientists of the leading scientific school of thought on the development of soil protection technologies in Ukraine, founded by Vasyl Onufriievych Pastushenko (1907–1999). The introduction of the years of the scientists’ research in Ukrainian farms with different soil and climatic conditions has resulted in efficient production of quality agricultural products and improvement of environmental conditions, particularly, the improvement of soil protection crop rotations with the cultivation of mixtures of perennial legumes and siderates, anti-erosion cultivation of soil across the slopes, fertilizer and mulching, etc. Among the followers of Vasyl Pastushenko are the well-known scientists P. I. Boiko, V. O. Borodan, V. V. Kulbida, H. K. Medvid, I. H. Predko, I. H. Zakharchenko, and others. The purpose of the article is to review the achievements of these scientists in the development of soil protection, anti-erosion measures in different soil and climatic conditions in Ukraine.
{"title":"Vasyl Pastushenko’s Scientific School in the Development of Soil Protection Technologies in Ukraine","authors":"N. Kovalenko","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2021.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2021.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes the achievements of scientists of the leading scientific school of thought on the development of soil protection technologies in Ukraine, founded by Vasyl Onufriievych Pastushenko (1907–1999). The introduction of the years of the scientists’ research in Ukrainian farms with different soil and climatic conditions has resulted in efficient production of quality agricultural products and improvement of environmental conditions, particularly, the improvement of soil protection crop rotations with the cultivation of mixtures of perennial legumes and siderates, anti-erosion cultivation of soil across the slopes, fertilizer and mulching, etc. Among the followers of Vasyl Pastushenko are the well-known scientists P. I. Boiko, V. O. Borodan, V. V. Kulbida, H. K. Medvid, I. H. Predko, I. H. Zakharchenko, and others. The purpose of the article is to review the achievements of these scientists in the development of soil protection, anti-erosion measures in different soil and climatic conditions in Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49162126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2021.2.04
V. Gamaliia, Igor Dovzhuk, H. Sichkarenko
The article discusses issues surrounding the introduction of new forms of documents and the organization of document circulation in Ukraine during the Soviet period, revises the organization of office work and presents a selection of valuable documents. The authors also explore the organizational and scientific activities in the field of management, stipulated in regulatory enactments, and describe the creation of a network of public organizations, institutes and laboratories that dealt with issues of scientific organization of labor and reference activities. In the article, an analysis of the organization of office work and archival management through the evolution of regulatory framework is presented, highlighting the most important stages of the organization of documentation in the USSR. It is noted that, by the end of the 1980s, a holistic system of documentation support, which met at that time the requirements of Soviet business broadcasting and the standards of compiling official documents, had been formed.
{"title":"Organization of Documentation in Ukraine during the Soviet Period","authors":"V. Gamaliia, Igor Dovzhuk, H. Sichkarenko","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2021.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2021.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses issues surrounding the introduction of new forms of documents and the organization of document circulation in Ukraine during the Soviet period, revises the organization of office work and presents a selection of valuable documents. The authors also explore the organizational and scientific activities in the field of management, stipulated in regulatory enactments, and describe the creation of a network of public organizations, institutes and laboratories that dealt with issues of scientific organization of labor and reference activities. In the article, an analysis of the organization of office work and archival management through the evolution of regulatory framework is presented, highlighting the most important stages of the organization of documentation in the USSR. It is noted that, by the end of the 1980s, a holistic system of documentation support, which met at that time the requirements of Soviet business broadcasting and the standards of compiling official documents, had been formed.","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43218327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2021.2.06
J. Salaks, M. Garnizone
{"title":"Review of the Centennial Congress of the International Society for the History of Medicine in Riga","authors":"J. Salaks, M. Garnizone","doi":"10.11590/abhps.2021.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2021.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37693,"journal":{"name":"Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44561541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.11590/abhps.2021.2.03
K. Pärtel, A. Suija, I. Yatsiuk
Heinrich August Dietrich was a gardener with a deep interest in mycology. He published a two-volume monograph dealing with over 1,000 fungal and fungal-like taxa, the first cryptogamic research of this kind for the Baltic region. Between 1852 and 1857, H. A. Dietrich issued nine volumes of exciccatae named Centuria Plantarum Florae Balticae cryptogamarum. The preserved eight Centuriae and additional collections from Estonia (then the Imperial Russian Baltic province, Estonian Governorate) are revised and their current status in collections is presented. As a result, a new myxomycete species for Estonia, Physarum gyrosum, and the once doubtfully-reported species, Arcyria oerstedii, are recorded, and the earliest vouchers of some endangered ascomycetes, such as Poronia punctata and Sabuloglossum arenarium, are identified in his material. The most remarkable findings among lichenized fungi are Alectoria sarmentosa, Dibaeis baeomyces, Flavoparmelia caperata, Lasallia pustulata, Nephroma laevigatum, Peltigera venosa and Ramalina calicaris, as well as the oldest Estonian specimen of Lobaria pulmonaria.
Heinrich August Dietrich是一位对真菌学有着浓厚兴趣的园丁。他出版了一本两卷本的专著，涉及1000多个真菌和真菌样分类群，这是波罗的海地区首次进行此类隐配子研究。1852年至1857年间，H.A.Dietrich出版了九卷名为Centuria Plantarum Florae Balticae cryptogamarum的番红花。对保存下来的八个世纪和爱沙尼亚（当时是俄罗斯帝国波罗的海省、爱沙尼亚省）的额外藏品进行了修订，并介绍了它们在藏品中的现状。因此，爱沙尼亚的一个新的黏菌物种，陀螺藻和曾经被怀疑的报道物种，奥氏Arcyria oerstedii被记录了下来，一些濒危子囊菌的最早凭证，如点孔菌和砂舌藻，在他的材料中被确认。地衣化真菌中最显著的发现是红毛Alectoria sarmentosa、啤酒酵母Dibaeis baomyces、刺叶黄缕梅Flavoparmelia caperata、脓疱Lasallia pustulata、金花子Nephroma laevigatum、毒蜥Peltigera venosa和杯花Ramalina calicaris，以及爱沙尼亚最古老的肺叶标本。
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