Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21619441.2016.1204794
L. Symanski, F. Gomes
Archaeological research carried out in the slave quarters of two coffee plantations in the Paraíba Valley, Southeastern Brazil, revealed a material scarcity that is highly contrastive with the material abundance found on slave quarters in sugar plantation regions. In this article, we first discuss the reasons for these differences, arguing that they are related to a tight control over the enslaved foodways. Although this control could have suppressed an important feature of the African cultural practices, we argue that these groups adopted other material resources that expressed values widely shared among the Central African societies from which most of them came. These items very likely recalled a general Central African cosmology regarding the role of iron and beliefs in supernatural powers associated with blacksmiths. In the final section, we discuss the crucial role that these belief systems played in the slave rebellions that arose in this region.
{"title":"Iron Cosmology, Slavery, and Social Control: The Materiality of Rebellion in the Coffee Plantations of the Paraíba Valley, Southeastern Brazil","authors":"L. Symanski, F. Gomes","doi":"10.1080/21619441.2016.1204794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2016.1204794","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeological research carried out in the slave quarters of two coffee plantations in the Paraíba Valley, Southeastern Brazil, revealed a material scarcity that is highly contrastive with the material abundance found on slave quarters in sugar plantation regions. In this article, we first discuss the reasons for these differences, arguing that they are related to a tight control over the enslaved foodways. Although this control could have suppressed an important feature of the African cultural practices, we argue that these groups adopted other material resources that expressed values widely shared among the Central African societies from which most of them came. These items very likely recalled a general Central African cosmology regarding the role of iron and beliefs in supernatural powers associated with blacksmiths. In the final section, we discuss the crucial role that these belief systems played in the slave rebellions that arose in this region.","PeriodicalId":37778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage","volume":"5 1","pages":"174 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21619441.2016.1204794","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60177004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21619441.2016.1204790
Diogo Menezes Costa
Many studies have been conducted on the history of Africans and their descendants in Brazil, but the potential of historical archaeology sites in the Amazon region has been little explored. I present a brief overview of this research, beginning with contemporary studies on African slavery and diaspora in Brazil, investigations combining history and archaeology in Brazil, and studies focused on the history and anthropology of the Amazon region. This article concludes with a case study of a systematic excavation of a slave quarter in the Brazilian Amazon, the Murutucu Sugar Cane Mill, in the vicinity of Belém city in Pará state in Brazil, and potential interpretations of the material culture remains uncovered at that site.
{"title":"Archaeology of the African Slaves in the Amazon","authors":"Diogo Menezes Costa","doi":"10.1080/21619441.2016.1204790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2016.1204790","url":null,"abstract":"Many studies have been conducted on the history of Africans and their descendants in Brazil, but the potential of historical archaeology sites in the Amazon region has been little explored. I present a brief overview of this research, beginning with contemporary studies on African slavery and diaspora in Brazil, investigations combining history and archaeology in Brazil, and studies focused on the history and anthropology of the Amazon region. This article concludes with a case study of a systematic excavation of a slave quarter in the Brazilian Amazon, the Murutucu Sugar Cane Mill, in the vicinity of Belém city in Pará state in Brazil, and potential interpretations of the material culture remains uncovered at that site.","PeriodicalId":37778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage","volume":"5 1","pages":"198 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21619441.2016.1204790","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60176626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21619441.2016.1204795
L. Symanski
Archaeological studies of African diasporic contexts in Brazil have expanded significantly in the last 15 years. While earlier studies in the 1980s and 1990s focused on maroon settlements, a wider diversity of contexts have been studied in the last 15 years. This broad spectrum of subjects includes plantations’ slave quarters, urban spaces, cemeteries, religious houses, and contemporary maroon settlements. This introduction presents an overview of these recent developments and of earlier studies to better locate the contributions of the articles in this thematic collection within this expanding field of research.
{"title":"Introduction: Archaeology of African Diaspora Contexts in Brazil","authors":"L. Symanski","doi":"10.1080/21619441.2016.1204795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2016.1204795","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeological studies of African diasporic contexts in Brazil have expanded significantly in the last 15 years. While earlier studies in the 1980s and 1990s focused on maroon settlements, a wider diversity of contexts have been studied in the last 15 years. This broad spectrum of subjects includes plantations’ slave quarters, urban spaces, cemeteries, religious houses, and contemporary maroon settlements. This introduction presents an overview of these recent developments and of earlier studies to better locate the contributions of the articles in this thematic collection within this expanding field of research.","PeriodicalId":37778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage","volume":"5 1","pages":"63 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21619441.2016.1204795","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60177117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21619441.2016.1204791
Sam Gordenstein
Documentation from the second half of the nineteenth century suggests that Candomblé, the religion formed by African slaves and their descendants in Brazil, flourished in the crowded urban blocks of Bahia's capital city. Nonetheless, in contrast to some of the surviving, large congregations established in the sparsely populated outskirts of Salvador, very little is known about the spaces of worship located in the ground-level houses and basements where much of the city's Afro-Brazilian population lived. This article suggests that their existence hinged on an ability to neutralize the police repression and procure natural resources for ritual use. But even more so, their practices demanded access to the ground to “plant” the prerequisite materials underground before inaugurating the space for religious observations. Evidence from archaeological research in a late nineteenth-century house basement is presented to discuss the role played by buried “axés” in the religion. Ethnographic analogies with past and contemporary Candomblé practices are used to demonstrate continuities in the choice of locations and some of the characteristics of the objects whose roles were to protect the space and consecrate the soil for ritual practices.
{"title":"Planting Axé in the City: Urban Terreiros and the Growth of Candomblé in Late Nineteenth-Century Salvador, Bahia, Brazil","authors":"Sam Gordenstein","doi":"10.1080/21619441.2016.1204791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2016.1204791","url":null,"abstract":"Documentation from the second half of the nineteenth century suggests that Candomblé, the religion formed by African slaves and their descendants in Brazil, flourished in the crowded urban blocks of Bahia's capital city. Nonetheless, in contrast to some of the surviving, large congregations established in the sparsely populated outskirts of Salvador, very little is known about the spaces of worship located in the ground-level houses and basements where much of the city's Afro-Brazilian population lived. This article suggests that their existence hinged on an ability to neutralize the police repression and procure natural resources for ritual use. But even more so, their practices demanded access to the ground to “plant” the prerequisite materials underground before inaugurating the space for religious observations. Evidence from archaeological research in a late nineteenth-century house basement is presented to discuss the role played by buried “axés” in the religion. Ethnographic analogies with past and contemporary Candomblé practices are used to demonstrate continuities in the choice of locations and some of the characteristics of the objects whose roles were to protect the space and consecrate the soil for ritual practices.","PeriodicalId":37778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage","volume":"95 1","pages":"101 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21619441.2016.1204791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60177020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21619441.2016.1138759
Elena Sesma
Attempts to complicate New England history and counter the amnesia of northern slavery must be done in ways that responsibly account for the diversity of experiences throughout the region in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This transitional period from slavery to emancipation laid the foundations for how slavery is remembered and how race is understood, even to this day. Reading through the historical and archaeological records allows a more nuanced understanding of the mechanisms by which captive and free Blacks were marginalized in New England's landscape and historical memories through gendered and racialized processes of erasure. This article examines the experiences of three women from early rural Massachusetts through a lens of Black feminist theory with the goal of creating mindful narratives of what it meant to be Black in New England at the turn of the nineteenth century.
{"title":"Creating Mindful Heritage Narratives: Black Women in Slavery and Freedom","authors":"Elena Sesma","doi":"10.1080/21619441.2016.1138759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2016.1138759","url":null,"abstract":"Attempts to complicate New England history and counter the amnesia of northern slavery must be done in ways that responsibly account for the diversity of experiences throughout the region in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This transitional period from slavery to emancipation laid the foundations for how slavery is remembered and how race is understood, even to this day. Reading through the historical and archaeological records allows a more nuanced understanding of the mechanisms by which captive and free Blacks were marginalized in New England's landscape and historical memories through gendered and racialized processes of erasure. This article examines the experiences of three women from early rural Massachusetts through a lens of Black feminist theory with the goal of creating mindful narratives of what it meant to be Black in New England at the turn of the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":37778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage","volume":"5 1","pages":"38 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21619441.2016.1138759","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60176499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21619441.2016.1138760
A. Winburn, S. Schoff, M. W. Warren
Anthropologists encounter what are commonly called “Santería skulls” in United States cities with large populations of Caribbean immigrants. These human skulls are frequently found within cauldrons, stained with wax, soil, or animal blood, and associated with mercury, beads, sticks, and faunal remains. To interpret these assemblages, anthropologists should consider them within the African diaspora cultural and religious contexts in which they were created and deposited. These contexts include not only the belief system of Ocha (Santería) but also the less well-known Palo. These Afro-Cuban religious formations can result in different material cultural signatures, and the patterns exhibited by the so-called Santería skulls are more consistent with Palo than Ocha. Informed by data from Florida forensic anthropology cases (n = 42), we synthesize a regional biocultural and taphonomic signature of related Palo practices. This study informs both anthropological investigations, and the cultural treatment of these extraordinary assemblages. There is, in reality, no such thing as a Santería skull, but it is only by incorporating diverse data that anthropologists can reach this conclusion.
{"title":"Assemblages of the Dead: Interpreting the Biocultural and Taphonomic Signature of Afro-Cuban Palo Practice in Florida","authors":"A. Winburn, S. Schoff, M. W. Warren","doi":"10.1080/21619441.2016.1138760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2016.1138760","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropologists encounter what are commonly called “Santería skulls” in United States cities with large populations of Caribbean immigrants. These human skulls are frequently found within cauldrons, stained with wax, soil, or animal blood, and associated with mercury, beads, sticks, and faunal remains. To interpret these assemblages, anthropologists should consider them within the African diaspora cultural and religious contexts in which they were created and deposited. These contexts include not only the belief system of Ocha (Santería) but also the less well-known Palo. These Afro-Cuban religious formations can result in different material cultural signatures, and the patterns exhibited by the so-called Santería skulls are more consistent with Palo than Ocha. Informed by data from Florida forensic anthropology cases (n = 42), we synthesize a regional biocultural and taphonomic signature of related Palo practices. This study informs both anthropological investigations, and the cultural treatment of these extraordinary assemblages. There is, in reality, no such thing as a Santería skull, but it is only by incorporating diverse data that anthropologists can reach this conclusion.","PeriodicalId":37778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage","volume":"5 1","pages":"1 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21619441.2016.1138760","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60176552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-02DOI: 10.1080/21619441.2015.1124592
Temi Odumosu, H. Schroeder
This thematic collection of articles presents research that extends archaeological processes of investigation from the tangible to the intangible. These articles examine the ways in which contested landscapes, both physical and virtual, animate trans-Atlantic connections. Such terrains and places engage fraught memories of slavery. Each article attempts to navigate the residual pain of these histories in public spaces, while reflecting on how agencies and voices are negotiated.
{"title":"Memorializing Contested Landscapes","authors":"Temi Odumosu, H. Schroeder","doi":"10.1080/21619441.2015.1124592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2015.1124592","url":null,"abstract":"This thematic collection of articles presents research that extends archaeological processes of investigation from the tangible to the intangible. These articles examine the ways in which contested landscapes, both physical and virtual, animate trans-Atlantic connections. Such terrains and places engage fraught memories of slavery. Each article attempts to navigate the residual pain of these histories in public spaces, while reflecting on how agencies and voices are negotiated.","PeriodicalId":37778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage","volume":"4 1","pages":"189 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21619441.2015.1124592","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60176600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-02DOI: 10.1080/21619441.2015.1124594
C. Morgan, Pierre Marc Pallascio
A diverse and changing array of digital media have been used to present heritage online. While websites have been created for online heritage outreach for nearly two decades, social media is employed increasingly to complement and in some cases replace the use of websites. These same social media are used by stakeholders as a form of participatory culture, to create communities and to discuss heritage independently of narratives offered by official institutions such as museums, memorials, and universities. With difficult or “dark” heritage—places of memory centering on deaths, disasters, and atrocities—these online representations and conversations can be deeply contested. Examining the websites and social media of difficult heritage, with an emphasis on the trans-Atlantic slave trade provides insights into the efficacy of online resources provided by official institutions, as well as the unofficial, participatory communities of stakeholders who use social media for collective memories.
{"title":"Digital Media, Participatory Culture, and Difficult Heritage: Online Remediation and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade","authors":"C. Morgan, Pierre Marc Pallascio","doi":"10.1080/21619441.2015.1124594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2015.1124594","url":null,"abstract":"A diverse and changing array of digital media have been used to present heritage online. While websites have been created for online heritage outreach for nearly two decades, social media is employed increasingly to complement and in some cases replace the use of websites. These same social media are used by stakeholders as a form of participatory culture, to create communities and to discuss heritage independently of narratives offered by official institutions such as museums, memorials, and universities. With difficult or “dark” heritage—places of memory centering on deaths, disasters, and atrocities—these online representations and conversations can be deeply contested. Examining the websites and social media of difficult heritage, with an emphasis on the trans-Atlantic slave trade provides insights into the efficacy of online resources provided by official institutions, as well as the unofficial, participatory communities of stakeholders who use social media for collective memories.","PeriodicalId":37778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage","volume":"4 1","pages":"260 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21619441.2015.1124594","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60176938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-02DOI: 10.1080/21619441.2015.1124593
Winston F. Phulgence
As the memories of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and slavery have become more prominent across the Atlantic World, what is commemorated has been increasingly influenced by the various needs of the nations and regions which choose to remember. Equally important are those historical aspects that are silenced and forgotten, whether in Europe, West Africa, or the Americas. In the postcolonial Anglophone Caribbean, a region for which the trans-Atlantic slave trade and slavery had profound impacts, the memories of these events are integral to the shaping of national historical narratives and identities. This article examines how monuments have been used to memorialize and to silence specific historical aspects concerning slavery. This study critically evaluates the impact of these monuments on identity creation processes in these postcolonial societies.
{"title":"African Warriors, Insurgent Fighters, and the Memory of Slavery in the Anglophone Caribbean","authors":"Winston F. Phulgence","doi":"10.1080/21619441.2015.1124593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2015.1124593","url":null,"abstract":"As the memories of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and slavery have become more prominent across the Atlantic World, what is commemorated has been increasingly influenced by the various needs of the nations and regions which choose to remember. Equally important are those historical aspects that are silenced and forgotten, whether in Europe, West Africa, or the Americas. In the postcolonial Anglophone Caribbean, a region for which the trans-Atlantic slave trade and slavery had profound impacts, the memories of these events are integral to the shaping of national historical narratives and identities. This article examines how monuments have been used to memorialize and to silence specific historical aspects concerning slavery. This study critically evaluates the impact of these monuments on identity creation processes in these postcolonial societies.","PeriodicalId":37778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage","volume":"4 1","pages":"214 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21619441.2015.1124593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60176699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-02DOI: 10.1080/21619441.2015.1124590
Jonathan Finch
This article is based on the first archaeological study to reconnect landscapes in the United Kingdom and Caribbean as legacies of a single landowning family: the Lascelles of Harewood House in West Yorkshire, England. It seeks to trace the lines of modernity across the Atlantic and to understand relationships on two sides of the trans-Atlantic trade. It employs multi-scalar and multi-sited archaeology to suggest how analysis can combine a local empiricism and a global context to offer a distinctive perspective. Although the artifacts recovered in each location are very different in terms of date, context, use, and deposition, their relational nature and connections make their meanings interdependent. The fieldwork in Barbados was supported by a British Academy Small Grant (R1357801). Research into the Harewood estate landscape was supported by an AHRC CDA with the Harewood House Trust.
本文基于首个考古研究，将英国和加勒比地区的景观重新联系为一个拥有土地的家庭的遗产:英格兰西约克郡的哈伍德庄园的拉塞尔斯。它试图追溯跨大西洋的现代性路线，并了解跨大西洋贸易双方的关系。它采用多标量和多地点考古学来建议分析如何将本地经验主义和全球背景结合起来，以提供独特的视角。尽管在每个地点发现的文物在日期、背景、用途和沉积方面都非常不同，但它们的关系性质和联系使它们的意义相互依赖。在巴巴多斯的实地考察得到了英国科学院小额赠款(R1357801)的支持。对Harewood庄园景观的研究得到了AHRC CDA和Harewood House Trust的支持。
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