Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100584
Joseph Awetori Yaro , Joseph Kofi Teye , Steve Wiggins
Ever since the late 1880s when cocoa began to be grown commercially in Ghana, land and labour has been mobilized to expand the area under cocoa trees and cultivate the crop. The first cocoa farmers ingeniously used and adapted existing social norms for land acquisition and recruitment of labour from both the extended family and from migrants. The resulting development of cocoa was a remarkable story of African innovation and enterprise that made the then Gold Coast one of the most prosperous parts of Africa by the mid-twentieth century. We look at how land and labour has been mobilized for cocoa in Sefwi, western Ghana, from the start of cocoa growing in the region in the 1940s through to 2019. We ask what current norms are, how they have evolved, and why changes to them have been made. Changes in land and labour relations in the area have not followed the linear evolutionary theory of land tenure change neither have they remained as unique immutable customary structures. We note a flexible, reversible and highly pragmatic logic in tandem with the ruling exigencies that account for patterns of change over time.
{"title":"Changing land and labour relations on cocoa farms in Sefwi, Ghana: Continuity and change","authors":"Joseph Awetori Yaro , Joseph Kofi Teye , Steve Wiggins","doi":"10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ever since the late 1880s when cocoa began to be grown commercially in Ghana, land and labour has been mobilized to expand the area under cocoa trees and cultivate the crop. The first cocoa farmers ingeniously used and adapted existing social norms for land acquisition and recruitment of labour from both the extended family and from migrants. The resulting development of cocoa was a remarkable story of African innovation and enterprise that made the then Gold Coast one of the most prosperous parts of Africa by the mid-twentieth century. We look at how land and labour has been mobilized for cocoa in Sefwi, western Ghana, from the start of cocoa growing in the region in the 1940s through to 2019. We ask what current norms are, how they have evolved, and why changes to them have been made. Changes in land and labour relations in the area have not followed the linear evolutionary theory of land tenure change neither have they remained as unique immutable customary structures. We note a flexible, reversible and highly pragmatic logic in tandem with the ruling exigencies that account for patterns of change over time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37831,"journal":{"name":"World Development Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140296932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100583
Songul Cinaroglu
The success of Turkey's inclusive health policies has served as a strategic tool for building progressivity and improving social welfare. The objective of this study is to examine the inequality trend in out of pocket (OOP) health expenditures in Turkey. Data from the Turkish Statistical Institute's Household Budget Survey conducted in 2015 and 2019 were used to measure inequalities in OOP total health, pharmaceutical and hospital expenditure variables across socioeconomic status. Decomposition analysis was conducted to identify the factors contributing to inequalities. The study findings demonstrate that OOP health expenditure is higher among the poor in Turkey. Evidence suggests that in Turkey inequalities in OOP health expenditures continue to persist. The results show that OOP health, pharmaceutical, and hospital expenditures increased from 2015 to 2019. The inequality index and curve approaches reveal that the pro-rich distribution of OOP health expenditures is remarkable from 2015 to 2019. The burden of OOP pharmaceutical and hospital services expenditures stands on the shoulders of poor households. Progressive universalism is essential to achieve poverty alleviation strategies and reduce inequality for egalitarian development.
{"title":"Trends in out-of-pocket health expenditure inequality in Turkey under comprehensive health reforms","authors":"Songul Cinaroglu","doi":"10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The success of Turkey's inclusive health policies has served as a strategic tool for building progressivity and improving social welfare. The objective of this study is to examine the inequality trend in out of pocket (OOP) health expenditures in Turkey. Data from the Turkish Statistical Institute's Household Budget Survey conducted in 2015 and 2019 were used to measure inequalities in OOP total health, pharmaceutical and hospital expenditure variables across socioeconomic status. Decomposition analysis was conducted to identify the factors contributing to inequalities. The study findings demonstrate that OOP health expenditure is higher among the poor in Turkey. Evidence suggests that in Turkey inequalities in OOP health expenditures continue to persist. The results show that OOP health, pharmaceutical, and hospital expenditures increased from 2015 to 2019. The inequality index and curve approaches reveal that the pro-rich distribution of OOP health expenditures is remarkable from 2015 to 2019. The burden of OOP pharmaceutical and hospital services expenditures stands on the shoulders of poor households. Progressive universalism is essential to achieve poverty alleviation strategies and reduce inequality for egalitarian development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37831,"journal":{"name":"World Development Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140187654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100581
Thaddeus Arkum Aasoglenang , Francis Kwasi Amoah , Libanus Susan
Countries in Africa experience both violent and non-violent conflicts during elections. Ghana, specifically Jirapa Municipality, has experienced this challenge in eight national elections since 1992. The Theory of Social Identity was used to establish the theoretical framework. The mixed research design for data collection and analyses was adopted. The study administered household questionnaires with a sample size of 400, and interviewed 15 key informants. The questionnaires were analyzed descriptively using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 while the interviews were analyzed using the thematic analysis. The results showed that the major multiple causal factors responsible for the periodic violence were youth unemployment, political parties/politicians seeking re-election, clientelism and inadequate political education. These have had an effect on the social structure of the community relative to weakened communal cohesion, reduced loyalty to traditional leaders, voter apathy, weak public institutions, slowed down economic activities and general distortion of democratic development. The study recommends that the dictates of chapter nine of the 1992 Fourth Republican Constitution of Ghana should be strictly followed by public institutions in charge of electoral governance without biases.
{"title":"Edge of a Precipice: Multi-Party electoral violence in Jirapa Municipal in Ghana before and after the 2020 national elections","authors":"Thaddeus Arkum Aasoglenang , Francis Kwasi Amoah , Libanus Susan","doi":"10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Countries in Africa experience both violent and non-violent conflicts during elections. Ghana, specifically Jirapa Municipality, has experienced this challenge in eight national elections since 1992. The Theory of Social Identity was used to establish the theoretical framework. The mixed research design for data collection and analyses was adopted. The study administered household questionnaires with a sample size of 400, and interviewed 15 key informants. The questionnaires were analyzed descriptively using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 while the interviews were analyzed using the thematic analysis. The results showed that the major multiple causal factors responsible for the periodic violence were youth unemployment, political parties/politicians seeking re-election, clientelism and inadequate political education. These have had an effect on the social structure of the community relative to weakened communal cohesion, reduced loyalty to traditional leaders, voter apathy, weak public institutions, slowed down economic activities and general distortion of democratic development. The study recommends that the dictates of chapter nine of the 1992 Fourth Republican Constitution of Ghana should be strictly followed by public institutions in charge of electoral governance without biases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37831,"journal":{"name":"World Development Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140179994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-19DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100582
Charlotte Arinaitwe
Using the 2016/2017 and 2019/2020 Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS), this study analyses the effect of saving and credit community groups, both cooperatives and associations, on multidimensional poverty. Access to livelihood capitals reduces poverty. Poverty being a rural phenomenon in Uganda, this study assesses whether households in rural Uganda with community group members have access to livelihood capitals. The study also examined the effect of non-membership in a community group on multidimensional poverty and whether being multidimensionally poor affects membership in community groups. The Alkire-Foster method is applied to calculate the Adjusted Headcount Ratio (M0), which is used in the propensity score model to establish the effect of membership in a community group on household multidimensional poverty. Analysis of how the estimated multidimensional poverty varies with the estimated propensity score is achieved using the estimated Average Treatment Effect of the Treated (ATET) obtained with four matching methods (nearest neighbour, radius, kernel, and stratification). Findings reveal that community groups enable rural dwellers to access livelihood capitals, hence enabling them to overcome their multiple deprivations and reducing their likelihood of being multidimensionally poor. Membership in community groups is robustly linked to a decreased probability of being multidimensionally poor by over 3 percentage points.
{"title":"Community groups as an enabler for access to livelihood capitals, deprivation of which contributes to multidimensional poverty in rural Uganda","authors":"Charlotte Arinaitwe","doi":"10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using the 2016/2017 and 2019/2020 Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS), this study analyses the effect of saving and credit community groups, both cooperatives and associations, on multidimensional poverty. Access to livelihood capitals reduces poverty. Poverty being a rural phenomenon in Uganda, this study assesses whether households in rural Uganda with community group members have access to livelihood capitals. The study also examined the effect of non-membership in a community group on multidimensional poverty and whether being multidimensionally poor affects membership in community groups. The Alkire-Foster method is applied to calculate the Adjusted Headcount Ratio (M0), which is used in the propensity score model to establish the effect of membership in a community group on household multidimensional poverty. Analysis of how the estimated multidimensional poverty varies with the estimated propensity score is achieved using the estimated Average Treatment Effect of the Treated (ATET) obtained with four matching methods (nearest neighbour, radius, kernel, and stratification). Findings reveal that community groups enable rural dwellers to access livelihood capitals, hence enabling them to overcome their multiple deprivations and reducing their likelihood of being multidimensionally poor. Membership in community groups is robustly linked to a decreased probability of being multidimensionally poor by over 3 percentage points.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37831,"journal":{"name":"World Development Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140162670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Women's microfinance groups are increasingly recognized as a space for empowerment, access to financial and social capital, and personal growth. However, few studies have attempted to evaluate these groups' performance, as evidenced by the lack of adequate instruments to measure their success. This study proposes and tests a financial maturity model (FMM) for assessing and monitoring women's groups' performance and supporting effective intervention design. The proposed FMM was conceived based on applicable theoretical and operational frameworks for women's groups. Three groups of grassroots stakeholders validated and ranked the FMM constructs in terms of their importance. A sample of 31 Self-Help Groups in rural India was utilized to test the applicability of the FMM. One of the most important findings relates to the necessity of enhancing the loan management capabilities of groups, including loan repayment, identification of defaulters, delinquency ratio, risk management, and financial reporting. These results can provide stakeholders with baseline measures for designing and implementing interventions to improve the performance and sustainability of women's groups, as well as testing the efficacy of these interventions. While FMM was developed in the Indian context with 7 million registered groups, it has the potential to be adapted in other international contexts to inform decision-making in low- and middle-income countries where women's economic groups are promoted for socioeconomic empowerment and poverty reduction.
{"title":"A financial maturity model for the empowerment of women’s saving groups","authors":"Sandrine Bonin , Tarek Rashed , Rajiv Nair , Seema Chaudhary , Bhanu V.R. , Amritha Natarajan , Rao Bhavani","doi":"10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Women's microfinance groups are increasingly recognized as a space for empowerment, access to financial and social capital, and personal growth. However, few studies have attempted to evaluate these groups' performance, as evidenced by the lack of adequate instruments to measure their success. This study proposes and tests a financial maturity model (FMM) for assessing and monitoring women's groups' performance and supporting effective intervention design. The proposed FMM was conceived based on applicable theoretical and operational frameworks for women's groups. Three groups of grassroots stakeholders validated and ranked the FMM constructs in terms of their importance. A sample of 31 Self-Help Groups in rural India was utilized to test the applicability of the FMM. One of the most important findings relates to the necessity of enhancing the loan management capabilities of groups, including loan repayment, identification of defaulters, delinquency ratio, risk management, and financial reporting. These results can provide stakeholders with baseline measures for designing and implementing interventions to improve the performance and sustainability of women's groups, as well as testing the efficacy of these interventions. While FMM was developed in the Indian context with 7 million registered groups, it has the potential to be adapted in other international contexts to inform decision-making in low- and middle-income countries where women's economic groups are promoted for socioeconomic empowerment and poverty reduction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37831,"journal":{"name":"World Development Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140113531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100574
Cecilia Parada
Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs have been the most used tool to reduce poverty and inequality in developing countries in the last decades. In addition to the objectives pursued by these programs, it has been shown that they can have unintended effects on different dimensions. Particularly, they can have an impact on fertility due to an increase in the household's income. This paper examines the relationship between non-labor income and women's childbearing behavior in a developing country. The assignment mechanism of the Uruguayan cash transfer program Asignaciones Familiares – Plan de Equidad (AFAM-PE) alters non-labor incomes across the applicant’s households. I estimate the impact of this program on women's fertility and teenage pregnancy. The identification strategy exploits the discontinuity present in the program eligibility criteria. I combined longitudinal vital statistics provided by the Ministry of Public Health and administrative data to assemble a panel of AFAM-PE applicants aged between 15 and 49 (in 2008 and 2009). The study finds no statistically significant impact of AFAM-PE on fertility rates or teenage pregnancy. These results are robust to different specifications and women samples. This provides evidence against the idea that transfer programs targeting disadvantaged individuals generate a direct effect on fertility.
过去几十年来,有条件现金转移项目(CCT)一直是发展中国家用于减少贫困和不平等现象的最常用工具。除了这些计划所追求的目标之外,这些计划还可能在不同方面产生意想不到的影响。特别是,由于家庭收入的增加,这些计划可能会对生育率产生影响。本文研究了发展中国家非劳动收入与妇女生育行为之间的关系。乌拉圭现金转移项目 Asignaciones Familiares - Plan de Equidad(AFAM-PE)的分配机制改变了申请人家庭的非劳动收入。我估算了该计划对妇女生育率和少女怀孕率的影响。识别策略利用了该计划资格标准中存在的不连续性。我结合公共卫生部提供的纵向生命统计数据和行政数据,建立了一个年龄在 15 岁至 49 岁之间(2008 年和 2009 年)的 AFAM-PE 申请人面板。研究发现,AFAM-PE 对生育率或少女怀孕没有统计意义上的重大影响。这些结果对不同的规格和妇女样本都是稳健的。这提供了证据,反驳了针对弱势群体的转移支付项目会对生育率产生直接影响的观点。
{"title":"Fertility responses to cash transfers in Uruguay","authors":"Cecilia Parada","doi":"10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs have been the most used tool to reduce poverty and inequality in developing countries in the last decades. In addition to the objectives pursued by these programs, it has been shown that they can have unintended effects on different dimensions. Particularly, they can have an impact on fertility due to an increase in the household's income. This paper examines the relationship between non-labor income and women's childbearing behavior in a developing country. The assignment mechanism of the Uruguayan cash transfer program Asignaciones Familiares – Plan de Equidad (AFAM-PE) alters non-labor incomes across the applicant’s households. I estimate the impact of this program on women's fertility and teenage pregnancy. The identification strategy exploits the discontinuity present in the program eligibility criteria. I combined longitudinal vital statistics provided by the Ministry of Public Health and administrative data to assemble a panel of AFAM-PE applicants aged between 15 and 49 (in 2008 and 2009). The study finds no statistically significant impact of AFAM-PE on fertility rates or teenage pregnancy. These results are robust to different specifications and women samples. This provides evidence against the idea that transfer programs targeting disadvantaged individuals generate a direct effect on fertility.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37831,"journal":{"name":"World Development Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139993236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100572
Biniam Bedasso
Government ministers can play such a significant role in the implementation of development projects under their portfolio that a high turnover of ministers may have implications for aid effectiveness. This paper examines the link between ministerial continuity in borrower governments and the performance of World Bank education projects implemented between 2000 and 2017 in 114 countries. I use a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to trace the link between number of ministers during project implementation and project outcome ratings. There is a statistically significant and qualitatively meaningful negative correlation between ministerial turnover and project performance. Delays caused by transition and reshuffling of senior managers by new education ministers are shown to constitute possible causal mechanisms. There is some evidence that strong supervision by World Bank staff could mitigate the negative implications of ministerial turnover on project outcome.
{"title":"Ministerial musical chairs: Does leadership turnover undermine the effectiveness of World Bank education aid?","authors":"Biniam Bedasso","doi":"10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Government ministers can play such a significant role in the implementation of development projects under their portfolio that a high turnover of ministers may have implications for aid effectiveness. This paper examines the link between ministerial continuity in borrower governments and the performance of World Bank education projects implemented between 2000 and 2017 in 114 countries. I use a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to trace the link between number of ministers during project implementation and project outcome ratings. There is a statistically significant and qualitatively meaningful negative correlation between ministerial turnover and project performance. Delays caused by transition and reshuffling of senior managers by new education ministers are shown to constitute possible causal mechanisms. There is some evidence that strong supervision by World Bank staff could mitigate the negative implications of ministerial turnover on project outcome.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37831,"journal":{"name":"World Development Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452292924000092/pdfft?md5=0c140a8dbc79bed74be5bbcde1543dbb&pid=1-s2.0-S2452292924000092-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139718346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100571
Linn Lövgren
Globally, girl’s education is seen as a human right and means through which to achieve gender equality and is frequently championed by the international development community as the ultimate empowerment of girls (Desai, 2016; Khoja-Moolji, 2018; Robinson, 2021; Tarabini, 2011). Along the same lines, girls’ sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) is also presented in international development discourse as a fundamental right and precondition for achieving gender equality (UNFPA, 2021). However, the relationship between girls’ right to education and girls’ right to sexual and reproductive health has not been adequately explored. In the context of Tanzania, the prevalence of teenage pregnancies is high and one of the leading causes of girls' attrition from school (Centre for Reproductive Rights, 2013). Therefore, pregnancy in school has been prohibited by the Tanzanian government, and as a response many schools have practised a number of regulations aimed at preventing girls from becoming pregnant in the first place (ibid.). While many studies3 have focused on the different factors leading to teenage pregnancy in Tanzania and how education serves as an antidote to it, this paper explores the relationship between girls’ right to education and girls’ sexual and reproductive health and rights by specifically looking at how girls’ bodies and sexuality are regulated through secondary school in Tanzania. Based on semi-structured online interviews with Tanzanian women, I argue that girls’ secondary education in Tanzania is gained at the expense of their sexual and reproductive rights. In doing so, this paper sheds light on girls’ education and the “trade-off” that emerges between, on the one hand, girls’ right to education, and on the other hand, girls’ sexual and reproductive health and rights.
{"title":"Which rights matters: Girls’ education at the expense of their sexual and reproductive rights?","authors":"Linn Lövgren","doi":"10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Globally, girl’s education is seen as a human right and means through which to achieve gender equality and is frequently championed by the international development community as the ultimate empowerment of girls (Desai, 2016; Khoja-Moolji, 2018; Robinson, 2021; Tarabini, 2011). Along the same lines, girls’ sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) is also presented in international development discourse as a fundamental right and precondition for achieving gender equality (UNFPA, 2021). However, the relationship between girls’ right to education and girls’ right to sexual and reproductive health has not been adequately explored. In the context of Tanzania, the prevalence of teenage pregnancies is high and one of the leading causes of girls' attrition from school (Centre for Reproductive Rights, 2013). Therefore, pregnancy in school has been prohibited by the Tanzanian government, and as a response many schools have practised a number of regulations aimed at preventing girls from becoming pregnant in the first place (ibid.). While many studies<span><sup>3</sup></span> have focused on the different factors leading to teenage pregnancy in Tanzania and how education serves as an antidote to it, this paper explores the relationship between girls’ right to education and girls’ sexual and reproductive health and rights by specifically looking at how girls’ bodies and sexuality are regulated through secondary school in Tanzania. Based on semi-structured online interviews with Tanzanian women, I argue that girls’ secondary education in Tanzania is gained at the expense of their sexual and reproductive rights. In doing so, this paper sheds light on girls’ education and the “trade-off” that emerges between, on the one hand, girls’ right to education, and on the other hand, girls’ sexual and reproductive health and rights.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37831,"journal":{"name":"World Development Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139714018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100565
Mintewab Bezabih , Hailemariam Teklewold , Samuel A. Zewdie
This paper utilizes household level panel data from Zambia to analyze the impact of a LSLA on small holder farmers’ productivity, differentiated by male and female-owned farms. Our results suggest that while LSLA is not a significant determinant of smallholder agricultural productivity overall, female-headed households seem to gain a moderate productivity increase. There is also evidence of beneficial spillover effects in terms of technology use, with increase in modern seed use as a result of LSLA (but not on fertilizer use or crop diversification). However, the results do not show significant gender-differentiated impacts of LSLA neither on technological spillover, nor on tenure security. In sum, while LSLA seems to benefit women overall, the two potential avenues through which LSLA affects men and women differently-technological spillover and tenure insecurity, do not seem to have gender-based impacts.
{"title":"The influence of large scale land acquisition on smallholder farming productivity - the case of Zambia","authors":"Mintewab Bezabih , Hailemariam Teklewold , Samuel A. Zewdie","doi":"10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper utilizes household level panel data from Zambia to analyze the impact of a LSLA on small holder farmers’ productivity, differentiated by male and female-owned farms. Our results suggest that while LSLA is not a significant determinant of smallholder agricultural productivity overall, female-headed households seem to gain a moderate productivity increase. There is also evidence of beneficial spillover effects in terms of technology use, with increase in modern seed use as a result of LSLA (but not on fertilizer use or crop diversification). However, the results do not show significant gender-differentiated impacts of LSLA neither on technological spillover, nor on tenure security. In sum, while LSLA seems to benefit women overall, the two potential avenues through which LSLA affects men and women differently-technological spillover and tenure insecurity, do not seem to have gender-based impacts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37831,"journal":{"name":"World Development Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139699277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100570
Saima Nawaz, Sajid Hussain
This study assesses the impact of the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) on poverty and social cohesion in conflict-affected areas of ex-FATA, Pakistan. Using multidimensional analysis and data from 600 households, we employ propensity score matching (PSM) to examine BISP's effects. Results reveal significant reductions in poverty measures, including livestock ownership, living standards, and economic well-being. Cash transfer recipients strategically invested in livestock and agricultural tools, boosting daily income and resilience. However, BISP cash transfers have negatively affected social cohesion within the study areas. This outcome suggests the potential for alienation among non-beneficiaries. The study contributes to policy formulation by navigating the complex interplay between cash transfers, poverty, and social dynamics in conflict-affected settings.
本研究评估了贝娜齐尔收入支持计划(Benazir Income Support Program,BISP)对巴基斯坦前联邦直辖部落地区受冲突影响地区的贫困和社会凝聚力的影响。通过多维分析和 600 个家庭的数据,我们采用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)来考察贝娜齐尔收入支持计划的效果。结果显示,包括牲畜拥有量、生活水平和经济福利在内的贫困指标均有明显下降。现金转移受惠者对牲畜和农具进行了战略性投资,提高了日常收入和抗灾能力。然而,BISP 现金转移对研究地区的社会凝聚力产生了负面影响。这一结果表明,非受益者之间可能存在疏远。本研究通过探讨受冲突影响环境中现金转移、贫困和社会动态之间复杂的相互作用,为政策制定做出了贡献。
{"title":"Unveiling effects of cash transfers on poverty and social cohesion in conflict-affected zones: Insights from ex-FATA, Pakistan","authors":"Saima Nawaz, Sajid Hussain","doi":"10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study assesses the impact of the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) on poverty and social cohesion in conflict-affected areas of ex-FATA, Pakistan. Using multidimensional analysis and data from 600 households, we employ propensity score matching (PSM) to examine BISP's effects. Results reveal significant reductions in poverty measures, including livestock ownership, living standards, and economic well-being. Cash transfer recipients strategically invested in livestock and agricultural tools, boosting daily income and resilience. However, BISP cash transfers have negatively affected social cohesion within the study areas. This outcome suggests the potential for alienation among non-beneficiaries. The study contributes to policy formulation by navigating the complex interplay between cash transfers, poverty, and social dynamics in conflict-affected settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37831,"journal":{"name":"World Development Perspectives","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139675179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}