World Development Perspectives最新文献

Somalia is in post-conflict era and currently recovering from COVID-19, but severe droughts and enormous floods are disrupting the country’s economy and causing a virtually permanent humanitarian crisis. The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its overarching goal to “leave no one behind” protect vulnerable people, but Somalia’s climate-induced humanitarian catastrophe is inflicting substantial suffering and has a dismal prognosis for the country’s 2030 SDG Agenda. This study examines Somalia’s SDGs and climate change. The authors discuss how stakeholders can promote SDGs as a viable strategy during this difficult period. This project educates social and economic authorities on climate injustice in Somalia. Climate change impacts on the SDGs are examined first and the emerging data suggests collaborative solutions are required. Climate change in Somalia will lead to various outcomes but it is too early to assess them. The authors claim that Somalia’s climate disaster makes the 2030 agenda and SDGs very difficult to achieve. As well, Somalia needs SDG13—climate action—to enable all other SDGs to be realised. Somali climate refugees need money and livelihoods, and their problems are aggravated by the need to account for climate resilience, adaptation, and mitigation strategies. This study’s only limitation is that it is a qualitative analysis, so future studies should empirically analyse how often catastrophic events affect sustainable development. Global policymakers and stakeholders are informed of how recent extreme climatic occurrences like droughts and huge floods could destroy Somalia’s sustainable development goals and highlight the need for considerable additional efforts to fulfil the relevant SDGs. Subsequently, SDG13 (Climate Action) is vital here and is not solely an environmental necessity, but also a crucial factor in supporting stability, security, and lasting peace in the region.

After the landmark 2016 peace agreement in Colombia, significant strides were made to reduce inequalities in mental health. However, a development paradox arises when considering the contrasting dynamics introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study explores the balance of progress and setbacks in conflict-affected territories, with a specific focus on examining the exacerbation of mental health disparities amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Data from the Conflicto, Paz y Salud (CONPAS) survey, encompassing 865 households over 2019–2020, are utilized to explore and analyze the presence of inequalities in mental health. Through the integration of the Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), the Household Wealth Index (HWI), and the Oaxaca-Blinder change decomposition method, the research highlights the socioeconomic shifts impacting these trajectories.

The analysis reveals a stark development paradox. While Colombia was advancing in its recovery and general mental health was improving, the disruptions of the pandemic intensified mental health disparities. This contrast is evidenced by a notable shift in the mental health concentration index from −0.067 in 2019 to −0.130 in 2020 is observed, indicating that vulnerable groups, especially women, residents of territories highly affected by the armed conflict, and those with educational disadvantages, bore the brunt of these challenges.

In the context of the broader development discourse, this study contributes to the existing frame of research by providing a nuanced analysis between “post-conflict” recovery and the unforeseen impacts of global crises on mental health. This work complements previous studies on mental health and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by offering a detailed examination of the socioeconomic factors that exacerbate mental health disparities in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. It particularly focuses on areas affected by armed-conflicts in lower- and middle-income countries and provides an explanation of how this situation affects the scope of the SDGs.

This paper conducts a systematic review and comparative analysis of the institutional impacts of nonviolent versus violent revolutions. It examines sixty-six quantitative studies across disciplines on how revolutionary tactics affect post-conflict institutions. The analysis categorizes institutional outcome variables into five groups: democracy, military/police/courts, foreign relations, ethnicity/culture, and well-being. The comparative analysis finds a preponderance of evidence that nonviolent movements have more positive institutional effects than violent ones. Civil resistance is associated with democratization, reduced repression, loyalty shifts, human rights protections, inclusion of marginalized groups, and greater well-being compared to violent campaigns. The comparative analysis contributes strong cross-disciplinary evidence on the differential institutional impacts of revolutionary tactics.

It has been long established that age and gender affect individuals’ experiences of poverty. However, the analysis of their simultaneous impacts is rarely afforded due to data limitations. Utilising nationally representative data for South Africa, this paper presents the results of an intersectional analysis investigating how age and gender shape the experiences of multidimensional poverty in South Africa. These survey data were collected in 2019 as part of a program of testing a gender sensitive, individual-level measure of multidimensional poverty. These results demonstrate that at the highest level of analysis available, women are likely to be more multidimensionally deprived compared to men. However, detailed analyses at lower levels highlight the utility of such datasets for better understanding the deprivation profiles of different social groups. Of the dimensions examined in some detail, age appears the stronger driver of outcomes in the food, voice, education and work dimensions, while for the time use and environment dimensions gender is the stronger driver of outcomes, and age and gender are equally important influences on the clothing and footwear dimension. Collecting individual-level multidimensional information enables the interrogation of deprivations that are unique to certain groups, providing more nuanced understanding of the different experiences of multidimensional poverty, which have to date been largely invisible. Such information can be used in prioritising poverty reduction policies, with potentially important implications for their targeting and design – in particular, by considering multiple deprivations jointly, constraints and enablers can be considered for holistic and gendered policy responses.

Previous studies suggest that on one hand, governance practices have the potential to transform natural resources as key drivers of ecological and socio-economic development and on the other, their ineffectiveness can cast multilayered environmental, socio-economic, and political impacts. Conflicts related to resource appropriation, distribution, and control have been an inevitable part of Nepal’s socio-political grounds. Moreover, in recent times, haphazard development practices, unplanned and rapid urbanization processes, a lack of pro-public development strategies, and highly politicized natural resource management processes propel such pre-existing challenges but, at it’s core, lie the intergovernmental conflicts and policy discrepancies. Using media monitoring as a data collection tool and through qualitative analysis of interactions with stakeholders in Bara, Rupandehi and Sunsari districts of Nepal, this paper argues that there are complex and multifaceted interlinkages between sustenance of natural resources and development processes in Nepal that are triggered by high prioritization of economic values of natural resources, uneven allocation of resources and ambiguities in it’s ownership and jurisdictions, casting multilayered impacts on ecology and human security.

Consideration of commercial agricultural owners’ Perceptions of soil degradation, deforestation, and climate change mitigation are crucial for the adoption of agroforestry in large-scale agriculture. Indeed, perceiving agroforestry as a sustainable land management approach can influence adoption decisions. This study aims to analyze the determinants of agroforestry adoption by Medium Agricultural Exploitation (MEAS) in the Littoral Region of Cameroon. We used Heckman’s two-stage model to analyze survey data collected from 310 MAEs. Results indicate that 32 MEAs are planting new trees and actively practicing agroforestry. In the first stage of probit regression, the study results show that the perception of agroforestry as sustainable land management was driven by factors such as farm size and number of employees, off-farm work, inheritance as a source of land, access to credit, social networks, and access to information. In the second stage, the adoption of agroforestry in the MAEs was influenced by the intention to increase farm size in the future, years of experience in agriculture, social network, access to credit, farm size, female sex of the MAE manager, own land or be able to rent land, have their source of seedlings, or have money to buy them. Moreover, if MAE perceives the land to be relatively fertile and has the intention to improve or maintain the fertility of its land in the future, then the likelihood of adopting agroforestry increases. However, when MAEs perceive rainfall to be changing, their land rights to be less secure, and their right to plant trees to be dependent on obtaining permission from the landowner or family members, they are less likely to adopt agroforestry. So, the government should secure land rights and provide a reliable source of agroforestry inputs, such as credit aces, information, land right and seedlings, to ensure that the resource requirements for agroforestry are well fulfilled.

This article examines the vulnerabilities of gig workers, specifically app-based couriers, to climate change. It provides valuable insights from Vietnam and calls for a re-evaluation of gig economy practices in an increasingly warming world. These workers, among the world’s most climate-exposed demographics, contend with challenging working conditions, adverse weather, and inadequate protections. By highlighting the intersections of flexibility, misclassification, and precarity with environmental risks, this paper emphasises the pressing need to integrate climate considerations into discussions of gig economy labour precarity. The paper argues for greater scrutiny of platform companies, urging them to leverage their technological capabilities towards environmentally sustainable practices. Ultimately, the research stresses the critical importance of taking a holistic approach to understanding climate change impacts on employment relations in the gig economy, calling on platform companies to spearhead transformative, environmentally responsible solutions.

The development of formal social protection in African countries is critical. The Covid-19 crisis has largely increased this need. Informal social protection mechanisms remain central to households' management of shocks. This article investigates the relationship between reciprocity norms and dependency in contexts of extreme poverty. Using egocentric networks, the study conducts an original analysis of reciprocity norms based on 2868 social relationships across three regions in southern Madagascar. Four reciprocity categories are identified within support relationships: symmetrical reciprocity, no reciprocity, and two asymmetrical reciprocities. Using a mixed method approach, the findings reveal that reciprocity norms are closely associated with household living conditions, with individuals in poverty more likely to be integrated into relationships characterized by asymmetrical reciprocity. Moreover, the article identifies a strong correlation between food-safety shocks and asymmetrical reciprocity. Lastly, the results highlights the significant role of local organizations in formation of symmetrical support relationships. These findings underline the need to develop analyses and policies that take into account the diversity of social protection mechanisms (formal and informal).

Promoting a peaceful environment is integral for socioeconomic reconstruction in conflict-affected societies. However, the absence of violence does not immediately result in national endeavors for development because a post-conflict state often lacks a popular base of state legitimacy owing to the wartime fragmentation of socio-political groups. Implementing a questionnaire survey in northwestern tribal areas in Pakistan, specifically the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas, this study explores how and why state legitimacy rises and declines as a result of wartime interactions between political actors and civilians. Empirical analyses of novel survey data reveal that wartime service provision is associated with post-conflict sustainable development regarding the civilian perception of legitimacy of the state. State legitimacy is strongly perceived by civilians who have received public services from the state and weakly by those who have been exposed to rebel services. We further disaggregate wartime service provision to explore the influence of providers and variety/types of services. The results indicate that the provision of a wider variety of wartime services impresses upon civilians’ perceived legitimacy; furthermore, while the delivery of basic and extra services beyond justice and security is associated with state legitimacy, the impact is conditional on service providers. State legitimacy has an important role in political stability and national collectivity needed for post-conflict sustainable development. As wartime civil–military relations persistently influence civilians’ perception of political legitimacy, post-conflict reconstruction needs to take locals’ experiences into consideration so that the development initiatives can be legitimate and sustainable.

Gender-biased educational investment remains a critical issue for vulnerable households. Despite increased female enrolment in the past decade, motivation to invest on female education remains low. Resource scarcity and low woman empowerment are two major reasons of low educational expenditure on female children of a vulnerable household. As the most vulnerable households in a society, informal settlers (slum households) are supposed to spend less on female children. However, whether there is any gender bias in informally settled households’ spending on education remains a question. Further, Cash Transfer (CT) programs provide resources to vulnerable households for investing on human capital elements like education. This study aims to examine three research questions: whether a informally settled household’s spending on education is gender biased, whether the households in which women receive CT spend more for female education than those in which women do not receive CT, and finally whether the impact of female receipt of CT differs from that of male receipt of CT in terms of female education expenditure. As the assignment of female access to CT is not randomized, the simple comparison between the treated and untreated suffers from selection bias. We employ propensity score matching (PSM) as an identification strategy to address selection bias. Inverse probability weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) has been applied as a robustness check. The study's policy implications highlight the significance for policymakers in the domains of women's education, empowerment, and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals.