World Development Perspectives最新文献

Preferences for sustainable intensification: Do agricultural interventions matter? Plot-level evidence from Senegal

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100645

Arouna Kouandou

To what extent do agricultural support programs that promote modern intensification shape farmers’ incentives to adopt sustainable agricultural management practices? We answer this question by examining the effects of receiving input subsidies and agricultural extension services on Senegalese smallholder farmers’ preferences for crop diversification, crop rotation, rotational grazing, fallowing, and mulching crop residues. The empirical investigation is based on the 2020/2021 Annual Agricultural Survey (AAS) and uses two identification strategies: selection on observables and the Abadie-Imbens matching approach to account for differences in farmers’ socio-economic backgrounds and biophysical characteristics of plots and the likelihood of benefiting from input subsidies and agricultural extension services. We find heterogeneous responses to extension services and input subsidies. In particular, we find that receiving agricultural extension services is associated with a higher likelihood of adopting crop rotation, rotational grazing and fallow. On the other hand, the effect of receiving fertiliser subsidies is significantly negative for these three practices. The results also indicate that receiving extension services is associated with a lower likelihood of adopting crop diversification, and receiving seed subsidies is associated with a higher likelihood of mulching crop residues. As international research and development organizations consider sustainable intensification as a means to effectively address soil degradation and achieve greater agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa, our findings call for the design of agricultural policies to support smallholder agriculture that take into account unintended consequences in terms of disincentives for the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices.

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引用次数: 0

Beer, barley, livestock, milk: Who adopts agricultural innovations in rural Rajasthan? 啤酒、大麦、牲畜、牛奶：谁在拉贾斯坦邦农村采用农业创新？

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100643

Dina Najjar , Bipasha Baruah

Research conducted in developing countries in the past 50 years generally suggests that most agricultural innovations (whether technological, social, or financial in nature) end up reinforcing existing socio-economic hierarchies based on gender and class. Most of these findings are drawn from the Green Revolution, which focused overwhelmingly on high-yielding varieties of rice, maize, and wheat, along with the introduction or expansion of irrigation and extension services and the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Less is known about how agricultural innovations involving other crops or livestock, especially if introduced in tandem, perform in alleviating poverty or reducing gender inequality. We conducted a study in three agricultural communities in rural Rajasthan, India to understand how the adoption of agricultural innovations for barley cultivation and livestock rearing are influenced by the gender, age, and class background of farmers, and whether such innovations can alleviate poverty and promote gender equality in rural settings. We found that although innovation adoption is influenced by gender, class and age (with gender exerting a stronger influence than class or age), poorer farmers and women can under certain circumstances benefit from agricultural innovations adopted initially by wealthier male farmers.

过去 50 年在发展中国家开展的研究普遍表明，大多数农业创新（无论是技术、社会还是金融创新）最终都会强化基于性别和阶级的现有社会经济等级制度。这些发现大多来自绿色革命，其重点绝大多数是水稻、玉米和小麦的高产品种，以及灌溉和推广服务的引进或扩大，化肥和农药的使用。至于涉及其他作物或牲畜的农业创新（尤其是同时引入的创新）在减轻贫困或减少性别不平等方面的表现，人们知之甚少。我们在印度拉贾斯坦邦农村地区的三个农业社区开展了一项研究，以了解大麦种植和牲畜饲养农业创新的采用如何受到农民性别、年龄和阶级背景的影响，以及这些创新能否在农村地区减轻贫困和促进性别平等。我们发现，虽然创新的采用受性别、阶级和年龄的影响（性别比阶级或年龄的影响更大），但在某些情况下，较贫穷的农民和妇女可以从较富裕的男性农民最初采用的农业创新中受益。

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引用次数: 0

Welfare effect of rice outgrower scheme participation: empirical evidence from northern Ghana 参与水稻外延种植计划的福利效应：加纳北部的经验证据

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100640

Joshua Diedong , Benjamin Tetteh Anang , Gideon Danso-Abbeam

Outgrower schemes can improve farmers’ welfare by boosting farm productivity and increasing market participation. In this context, we examined the effect of participating in outgrower schemes on household welfare indicators while controlling for potential observed and unobserved biases that could influence the outcomes. To address this objective, we employed an endogenous switching regression model to analyze primary data from 555 rice farmers in northern Ghana who use irrigation. The results revealed significant effect of sex of household’s head, age, marital status, education, dependency ratio, non-farm work, extension contact, access to credit, membership of farmer group, proximity to commercial markets, distance to outgrower schemes, familiarity with scheme operations, and the geographical location of the farmer on the propensity to participate in outgrower schemes. Importantly, participation in outgrower schemes resulted in a 57.6%, 23.6%, and 48.1% increase in household consumption expenditure per capita, income per capita, and asset ownership, respectively, exceeding what participants could have gained if they had not participated. Similarly, the non-participants, would have experienced a 21.2%, 34.0%, and 26.1% increase in household consumption expenditure per capita, income per capita, and assets, respectively, if they had joined the scheme Therefore, strategies to improve farmer groups and extension services are required as they are critical channels for encouraging more farmers to participate in the schemes and thereby improving their welfare.

外延种植计划可以通过提高农业生产率和增加市场参与来改善农民的福利。在这种情况下，我们在控制可能影响结果的潜在观察和非观察偏差的同时，研究了参与外延种植计划对家庭福利指标的影响。为了实现这一目标，我们采用了内生转换回归模型来分析加纳北部 555 位使用灌溉系统的水稻种植农户的原始数据。结果显示，户主的性别、年龄、婚姻状况、教育程度、抚养比、非农工作、与推广机构的联系、获得信贷的机会、农民团体的成员资格、与商业市场的距离、与外围种植计划的距离、对计划运作的熟悉程度以及农民所在的地理位置对参与外围种植计划的倾向有明显影响。重要的是，参与外围种植者计划使家庭人均消费支出、人均收入和资产所有权分别增加了 57.6%、23.6% 和 48.1%，超过了参与者不参与计划所能获得的收益。因此，需要制定战略，改善农民团体和推广服务，因为它们是鼓励更多农民参与计划，从而改善其福利的重要渠道。

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引用次数: 0

The political economy of natural resource conflicts in Ghana: The case of the Songor 加纳自然资源冲突的政治经济学：松戈尔案例

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100641

Eric Tamatey Lawer , Pius Siakwah , Chika C. Mba , Kofi Takyi Asante

In contrast to studies that assume that self-interest is the primary factor motivating African leaders in natural resource conflicts, we argue that successive Ghanaian governments have intervened in these conflicts by attempting to balance the imperatives of national development, neoliberal reforms, and regime survival. This argument is based on an analysis of the struggles over access to the Songor – a salt-yielding lagoon in southeastern Ghana – as an outcome of the social contradiction engendered by the pursuit of high modernist development aspirations within a framework of neoliberal austerity. In Ghana, successive governments have deployed the coercive apparatus of the state on behalf of private investors in their struggles with community members over access to the Songor. Drawing on interviews, focus group discussions, policy documents and media reports, we argue that the fate of the communities around the Songor illustrates the infringement on economic and cultural rights of local communities when such rights clash with the developmental aspirations of national elites. The resulting economic and social dislocations experienced by the affected communities have been implicitly accepted by the government as the necessary price to pay for development of the salt industry in Ghana. The Songor case also illustrates a fundamental paradox of neoliberal development where the state is expected to abandon its economic role, but the private sector is incapable of filling the gap without substantial material support from the state.

与那些认为自身利益是促使非洲领导人参与自然资源冲突的主要因素的研究不同，我们认为历届加纳政府都试图在国家发展、新自由主义改革和政权生存之间取得平衡，从而对这些冲突进行干预。这一论点基于对加纳东南部产盐泻湖松戈尔河（Songor）获取权之争的分析，它是在新自由主义紧缩政策框架下追求高度现代主义发展愿望所引发的社会矛盾的结果。在加纳，历届政府在与社区成员争夺松戈尔河的使用权时，都代表私人投资者动用了国家的强制机器。通过访谈、焦点小组讨论、政策文件和媒体报道，我们认为，松戈尔河周边社区的命运表明，当当地社区的经济和文化权利与国家精英的发展愿望发生冲突时，这些权利就会受到侵犯。受影响社区由此经历的经济和社会混乱已被政府默认为发展加纳盐业的必要代价。松戈尔的案例还说明了新自由主义发展的一个基本悖论，即人们期望国家放弃其经济作用，但私营部门在没有国家大量物质支持的情况下无法填补空缺。

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引用次数: 0

Climate and security risks and their implications for sustainable livelihoods: The case of Maguindanao in conflict-ridden Philippine Bangsamoro 气候和安全风险及其对可持续生计的影响：冲突频发的菲律宾邦萨玛洛的马京达瑙岛案例

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100642

Laurence L. Delina , Jon H. Gaviola , Rufa Cagoco-Guiam

引用次数: 0

Is seed aid distribution still justified in South Sudan? 在南苏丹分发种子援助是否仍然合理？

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100638

Esther Smits , Rob Kuijpers , Justin Amos Miteng , David Deng Chol , Turo Thomas Mono , Nicola Francesconi

Seed aid—or free distribution of seeds to farmers—is a popular intervention to simultaneously reduce food insecurity and dependency on food aid in fragile countries. However, seed aid distribution also has the potential to hinder or distort the development of local seed markets. In this study we analyze the targeting and impact of seed aid across the green belt (cutting across the southern/equatorial states) of South Sudan. Using a primary and unique dataset on 1,990 farm households, we find that seed aid is widely rather than selectively distributed. Almost a third of farm households receive seed aid despite the general availability of locally recycled seed varieties. Seed aid distribution does not seem to favor particularly poor, vulnerable and food insecure households, but those that are embedded in community networks, organizations and institutions. Using a double robust methodology based on Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment (IPWRA), we also find that the adoption of seed aid by farm households does not result in increased maize production, as it is neither associated with agricultural intensification nor with the expansion of cultivated land. Seed aid seems to substitute rather than supplement local seed varieties. These findings emphasize a lack of intentionality in seed aid distribution. Still, it must be noted that the effectiveness of seed aid distribution may be greater outside our study area, above the green belt, where conflicts and natural disasters remain more frequent and intense, and where farmers are more likely to be seed insecure. But overall, this study supports the widespread perception that South Sudan is ready for a transition towards a market-based seed distribution system.

种子援助--即向农民免费发放种子--是一种广受欢迎的干预措施，可同时减少脆弱国家的粮食不安全和对粮食援助的依赖。然而，种子援助的发放也有可能阻碍或扭曲当地种子市场的发展。在本研究中，我们分析了南苏丹绿色地带（横跨南部/赤道各州）种子援助的针对性和影响。通过对 1,990 个农户的原始独特数据集进行分析，我们发现种子援助是广泛分配的，而不是有选择性地分配。尽管当地回收的种子品种普遍可用，但仍有近三分之一的农户接受了种子援助。种子援助的分配似乎并不偏向于特别贫困、弱势和粮食不安全的家庭，而是偏向于那些嵌入社区网络、组织和机构的家庭。利用基于反概率加权回归调整（IPWRA）的双重稳健方法，我们还发现，农户采用种子援助并不会导致玉米增产，因为它既与农业集约化无关，也与耕地扩大无关。种子援助似乎是对当地种子品种的替代而非补充。这些研究结果表明，种子援助的发放缺乏目的性。不过，必须指出的是，在我们的研究区域之外，即在绿化带之上，发放种子援助的效果可能会更好，因为那里的冲突和自然灾害更加频繁和严重，农民更有可能缺乏种子保障。但总的来说，这项研究支持了一种普遍的看法，即南苏丹已经准备好向以市场为基础的种子分配系统过渡。

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引用次数: 0

Crowding-out effect of tobacco consumption on household food expenditures in Cameroon 喀麦隆烟草消费对家庭食品支出的挤出效应

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100635

Paul Tadzong Mouafo , Armand Mboutchouang Kountchou , Roger Tsafack Nanfosso

This study delves into the critical issue of household budgets in Cameroon, specifically focusing on the impact of tobacco expenditure. Tobacco use often represents a significant portion of a household’s financial resources, potentially leading to a phenomenon known as the “crowding-out effect.” This effect describes a situation where increased tobacco spending leads to a decrease in the budget allocated to other essential goods and services. To gain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon, this study employs a quantitative approach. The analysis utilizes data from a nationally representative household survey conducted in Cameroon during 2014 (ECAM4). A two-stage least squares (2SLS) technique is implemented to address a potential statistical issue known as endogeneity, which could otherwise skew the results. The study’s findings reveal a concerning trend: tobacco expenditure has a negative impact on the budget shares allocated to essential goods such as food, clothing, and household equipment. This negative impact appears to be particularly pronounced for male consumers within households. Based on these findings, the study suggested that implementing tobacco control policies could lead to significant improvements in household well-being and overall health status. These policies, by encouraging a reduction in tobacco use, could free up resources that could then be reallocated towards essential goods, ultimately improving household financial stability and health outcomes.

本研究深入探讨了喀麦隆家庭预算的关键问题，特别关注烟草支出的影响。烟草使用往往占家庭财政资源的很大一部分，可能导致一种被称为 "挤出效应 "的现象。这种效应是指烟草支出的增加导致分配给其他必需品和服务的预算减少。为了深入了解这一现象，本研究采用了定量方法。分析采用了2014年在喀麦隆进行的一项具有全国代表性的家庭调查（ECAM4）的数据。研究采用了两阶段最小二乘法（2SLS）技术，以解决被称为内生性的潜在统计问题，否则该问题可能会扭曲研究结果。研究结果显示了一个令人担忧的趋势：烟草支出对分配给食品、服装和家庭设备等必需品的预算份额产生了负面影响。这种负面影响似乎对家庭中的男性消费者尤为明显。基于这些发现，研究建议，实施烟草控制政策可显著改善家庭福祉和整体健康状况。这些政策通过鼓励减少烟草使用，可以释放资源，然后重新分配给必需品，最终改善家庭经济稳定性和健康状况。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of the ‘Good’ performance indicators of Non-Governmental Development Organizations 非政府发展组织 "良好 "绩效指标分析

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100639

Susana Álvarez-Otero, Emma Álvarez-Valle, Mar Arenas-Parra, Raquel Quiroga-García

The current economic and political crisis has brought about a change in the environment in which Non-Governmental Development Organizations (NGDOs) have traditionally operated. This change can be summed up as a reduction in the funds received accompanied by an increase in the population they must serve. It is thus important to possess mechanisms that allow an analysis of the excellent work performed by NGDOs. A knowledge of the NGDOs’ efficiency in managing previous projects can contribute to improving their future achievements. This research aims to establish some objective indicators that permit an evaluation of the efficiency of these organizations. Firstly, a detailed analysis of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID) regulation is conducted. This allows us to synthesise the indicators of a good performance by an NGDO based on a study of the eligibility criteria of public donors. The study concludes that the internal good practices criteria of the NGDOs of the AECID can be grouped into four criteria: experience, transparency and internal operations, human resources, and financial resources. Subsequently, a global performance measure of the NGDOs is built using a multi-criteria decision-making approach that minimises the distance from an ideal point whilst maximising the distance from an anti-ideal point. Our approach has been applied in the evaluation of 20 Spanish NGDOs.

当前的经济和政治危机改变了非政府发展组织（NGDOs）传统的运作环境。这种变化可以概括为：获得的资金减少，而必须服务的人口增加。因此，拥有能够对 NGDOs 所做的出色工作进行分析的机制非常重要。了解非政府组织在管理以往项目方面的效率，有助于提高其未来的成就。本研究旨在建立一些客观指标，以便对这些组织的效率进行评估。首先，我们对西班牙国际发展合作署（AECID）的条例进行了详细分析。这使我们能够在对公共捐助者资格标准进行研究的基础上，归纳出 NGDO 良好业绩的指标。研究得出的结论是，西班牙国际合作发展署（AECID）非政府组织的内部良好做法标准可归纳为四项标准：经验、透明度和内部运作、人力资源和财政资源。随后，我们采用多标准决策方法建立了 NGDOs 的全球绩效衡量标准，该方法将与理想点的距离最小化，同时将与反理想点的距离最大化。我们的方法已应用于对 20 个西班牙国家性别发展组织的评估。

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引用次数: 0

Voluntary sustainability standards and technical efficiency of Honduran smallholder coffee producers 洪都拉斯小农咖啡生产者的自愿可持续性标准和技术效率

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100637

David Navichoc , Mengistu Alamneh , Paulo Mortara Batistic , Thomas Dietz , Bernard Kilian

Sustainable coffee production promises to improve production techniques and enhance the socioeconomic conditions of smallholder farmers. Using primary survey data from 659 coffee producers in Honduras, this study assesses the impact of voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) on the technical efficiency of smallholder coffee production. The article uses the Stochastic Production Frontier Analysis model to analyze and compare the technical efficiency (TE) of certified and non-certified coffee producers. To provide reliable comparability between groups, the dataset was balanced using Covariate Balancing Propensity Score (CBPS). The results show that the mean technical efficiency was 52.86% for pooled certified farmers and 55.56% for non-certified smallholder coffee producers. Specifically, the technical efficiency of 4C farmers was 51.58%, 53.82% for the Fairtrade group, 60.56% for RA farmers, and 60.15% for the UTZ group, indicating substantial inefficiencies in the coffee production of the different certified groups. Results from Tobit’s model for the determinants of TE indicated that variables such as the age of the household head, access to credit, and training attendance are among the main factors that significantly drive the technical efficiency of certified and non-certified farmers. Based on the findings, enhancing education opportunities, improving infrastructure for better market access and farm management, and expanding credit access are recommended to improve efficiency in the study area. Honduran smallholder coffee producers have considerable potential to increase output with existing technology by improving their technical efficiency. Therefore, stakeholders’ efforts should focus on enhancing efficiency levels and capitalizing on potential gains for both certified and non-certified farmers, to ultimately improve the farmers’ livelihoods.

可持续咖啡生产有望改进生产技术，改善小农的社会经济条件。本研究利用洪都拉斯 659 名咖啡生产者的原始调查数据，评估了自愿性可持续标准（VSS）对小农咖啡生产技术效率的影响。文章采用随机生产前沿分析模型，分析并比较了认证和非认证咖啡生产者的技术效率（TE）。为了提供组间可靠的可比性，数据集采用了共变平衡倾向评分法（CBPS）进行平衡。结果显示，集中认证农民的平均技术效率为 52.86%，非认证小农咖啡生产者的平均技术效率为 55.56%。具体而言，4C 农户的技术效率为 51.58%，公平贸易组为 53.82%，RA 农户为 60.56%，UTZ 组为 60.15%，这表明不同认证组的咖啡生产效率严重低下。关于技术效率决定因素的 Tobit 模型结果表明，户主年龄、获得信贷的机会和参加培训的情况等变量是显著影响认证和非认证农民技术效率的主要因素。根据研究结果，建议增加教育机会、改善基础设施以更好地进入市场和管理农场，以及扩大信贷渠道以提高研究地区的效率。洪都拉斯小农咖啡生产者通过提高技术效率，在利用现有技术增加产量方面具有相当大的潜力。因此，利益相关方的工作重点应是提高效率水平，利用认证和非认证农民的潜在收益，最终改善农民的生计。

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引用次数: 0

Colonial status and income inequality in developing countries 发展中国家的殖民地地位和收入不平等

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100634

Boniface Ngah Epo, Fabrice Mvomo, Henri Ngoa Tabi, Henri Atangana Ondoa

This paper assesses the effect of the colonial status of ex-colonies, settler’s mortality rate, and duration of colonization on income inequality using a dataset comprising 78 developing countries over the period 1990 to 2019. We run Ordinary Least Square regressions on the cross-sectional data and subsequently test for sensitivity of the baseline model to historical, geographical as well as sociocultural factors. For robustness checks, we re-estimate the baseline model on a panel data setting using the Hausman Taylor estimator and a GMM linear dynamic panel data model that factors-in time-invariant historical and cultural variables. Results suggest that: (a) average increase in Gini income inequality for ex-settler’s colonies was higher when compared to ex-peasant colonies; (b) an extra year of the duration of colonization augmented typical overall income inequality and (c) the middling rise in income inequality of ex-British colonies was less than the other ex-colonies whilst ex-Spanish colonies posted an average increase in inequality that was higher than the other former colonies. Results were unaltered when we undertake sensitivity and robustness tests. Furthermore, colonial status mediates the relationships between Gini income inequality and settler’s mortality rate as well as Gini income inequality and duration of colonization. Thus, institutions established since colonization and perpetuated after independence have been more or less prone to incorporating redistribution (inequality) issues.

本文利用 1990 年至 2019 年期间 78 个发展中国家的数据集，评估了前殖民地的殖民地位、定居者死亡率和殖民化持续时间对收入不平等的影响。我们对横截面数据进行了普通最小二乘法回归，随后检验了基线模型对历史、地理和社会文化因素的敏感性。为了进行稳健性检验，我们使用豪斯曼-泰勒估计器和 GMM 线性动态面板数据模型，在面板数据环境下对基线模型进行了重新估计，该模型将时间不变的历史和文化变量因素考虑在内。结果表明(a) 与前农民殖民地相比，前移民殖民地基尼收入不平等的平均增幅更高；(b) 殖民化时间每增加一年，典型的总体收入不平等就会增加；(c) 前英国殖民地收入不平等的中等增幅低于其他前殖民地，而前西班牙殖民地不平等的平均增幅高于其他前殖民地。我们进行了敏感性和稳健性测试，结果没有变化。此外，殖民地地位在基尼收入不平等和定居者死亡率以及基尼收入不平等和殖民化持续时间之间起到了中介作用。因此，自殖民化以来建立并在独立后延续下来的制度或多或少都会包含再分配（不平等）问题。

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引用次数: 0