World Development Perspectives最新文献_第10页

Exploring health insurance as a financial buffer in Maternal and Child Health in the Democratic Republic of Congo 探索医疗保险作为刚果民主共和国妇幼保健的财政缓冲

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100677

Alexis Nyamugira Biringanine , Steffen Flessa

This study investigates the low health insurance coverage among pregnant women and new mothers in selected health zones of DRC, aiming to identify underlying factors and associated implications. The results from the sociodemographic analysis show that only 3% of our respondents reported having insurance coverage. This low coverage is primarily attributed to financial constraints, lack of information, and perceived low value relative to premium costs. The study revealed significant barriers to health insurance uptake, including inadequate health and insurance literacy. Without insurance, households often resort to coping strategies such as family support, informal borrowing, and reduced investment in children’s education. The study also highlights that enhanced health insurance literacy is positively associated with health insurance adoption and better health outcomes. Addressing low health insurance coverage requires targeted interventions to improve financial access and health literacy, and disseminate transparent information about insurance benefits. Implementing health insurance schemes could alleviate financial burdens, minimize reliance on informal networks, and improve health outcomes. Enhanced health insurance coverage, through effective communication and education, could substantially benefit socioeconomic conditions, particularly for mothers and children in the DRC.

本研究调查了刚果民主共和国选定卫生区孕妇和新妈妈的低医疗保险覆盖率，旨在确定潜在因素和相关影响。社会人口统计分析的结果显示，只有3%的受访者报告有保险覆盖。这种低覆盖率主要归因于财政限制、信息缺乏以及相对于保费成本的感知低价值。该研究揭示了健康保险吸收方面的重大障碍，包括健康和保险知识不足。没有保险，家庭往往求助于家庭支持、非正式借贷和减少对儿童教育的投资等应对策略。该研究还强调，提高健康保险素养与健康保险的采用和更好的健康结果呈正相关。解决医疗保险覆盖率低的问题需要采取有针对性的干预措施，以改善获得金融服务的机会和卫生知识普及，并传播有关保险福利的透明信息。实施健康保险计划可以减轻财政负担，最大限度地减少对非正式网络的依赖，并改善健康结果。通过有效的沟通和教育，扩大医疗保险覆盖面，可以大大改善刚果民主共和国的社会经济状况，特别是对母亲和儿童。

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引用次数: 0

Community perceptions of potable water quality and public health implications in flood-affected areas of Nowshera District, Pakistan 巴基斯坦瑙谢拉区受洪水影响地区的社区对饮用水质量和公共卫生影响的看法

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100679

Muhammad Tufail , Muhammad Jamal Nasir , Atta-ur Rahman , Syed Ihtisham Kakakhel , Mehreen Ashraf , Aqil Tariq

Access to safe and affordable water is indispensable for human health. However, the challenges posed by climate change and its impacts seriously threaten water supply systems. Therefore, it is crucial to understand public perceptions of water quality and its impact on human health. The current research study aims to investigate community perceptions about the status of potable water quality and its effects on human health in flood-affected neighborhood councils (NCs) of the Nowshera district. Public perceptions were assessed via household surveys, community interviews, and focus group discussions with relevant officials and community members. Eleven NCs, representing 2% of households, were surveyed. Respondents were queried about their perception of water quality, satisfaction with municipal water services, climate change, changes in water quality after floods, and the impact of polluted water on human health. Data was meticulously recorded using the Kobo Collect tool for subsequent analysis. The results highlight that 97% of respondents in NC Mana Khel and 63% in Dagi Khel were not satisfied with the water quality after the flood. Similarly, in Khalil Abad, Mana Khel, and Allah-yar Khel, 100% of respondents, 96% in Behram Khan Khel, and 93% in Nawa Kalli reported significant changes in water quality after floods. The findings of this study can empower public health professionals and policymakers to effectively target public awareness initiatives and formulate policies related to potable water.

获得安全和负担得起的水对人类健康是必不可少的。然而，气候变化及其影响带来的挑战严重威胁着供水系统。因此，了解公众对水质的看法及其对人类健康的影响至关重要。目前的研究旨在调查社区对瑙谢拉地区受洪水影响的社区委员会（NCs）饮用水质量状况及其对人类健康的影响的看法。通过住户调查、社区访谈以及与相关官员和社区成员的焦点小组讨论来评估公众的看法。11个nc（占家庭总数的2%）接受了调查。受访者被问及他们对水质的看法、对市政供水服务的满意度、气候变化、洪水后水质的变化以及受污染的水对人类健康的影响。使用Kobo Collect工具仔细记录数据以供后续分析。结果显示，97%的北马纳克尔和63%的达吉克尔受访者对洪水后的水质不满意。同样，在Khalil Abad、Mana Khel和Allah-yar Khel， 100%的受访者、96%的Behram Khan Khel和93%的Nawa Kalli报告洪水后水质发生了显著变化。这项研究的结果可以授权公共卫生专业人员和政策制定者有效地针对公众意识倡议和制定与饮用水有关的政策。

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引用次数: 0

Managing two locations: Relocation, resettlement and negotiated immobility of climate-displaced communities in Zimbabwe 管理两个地点：津巴布韦气候流离失所社区的重新安置、重新安置和协商不流动

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100676

Tomy Ncube , Una Murray

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are often forgotten, with their views rarely sought or considered in discussions and decisions that directly impact their lives. This study adopts a mixed method approach to document lived experiences of IDPs in Zimbabwe. Using a case study methodology, and combining qualitative and quantitative methods, we contribute to the understanding of the socio-economic, cultural and institutional dynamics that shape the lives of Cyclone survivors in Tshino and Sawudweni villages-Tsholotsho, with findings offering insights into the challenges and resilience strategies of IDPs. Data was collected from sixty-seven household heads and six key informants; and thematically analysed. We find that there are gaps in achieving durable solutions for those relocated by the Government of Zimbabwe. These gaps are evidenced in the lack of sustainable livelihoods, restricted access to land use, and limited access to basic services and amenities associated with displacement. Our results demonstrate that the difficulties in securing long-term solutions arise from the lack of specific policies addressing the management of displacements and relocations. In response to post-relocation gaps, households demonstrate agency through managing two locations: their original marooned homes from 2017 where they keep their livestock and grow their crops, and the government relocated houses. Contrary to literature that paints immobility as ‘helpless’, our study challenges the notion of immobility as being ‘trapped’, instead presenting (im)mobility as an act of agency. Our findings present the underrepresented perspectives of IDPs in Zimbabwe, providing insights to inform both policy and practice in displacement contexts, noting the importance of promoting strategies to enhance livelihoods; and the need for participatory approaches and civic infrastructure to ensure accountability to affected populations. Implementing sector-specific policies for planned relocations and climate-induced displacement would benefit from prioritising livelihood or livelihood diversification approaches to help IDPs cope and thrive in their new circumstances.

国内流离失所者往往被遗忘，在直接影响其生活的讨论和决定中很少征求或考虑他们的意见。本研究采用混合方法来记录津巴布韦境内流离失所者的生活经历。通过案例研究方法，结合定性和定量方法，我们有助于了解影响Tshino和Sawudweni村- tsholotsho飓风幸存者生活的社会经济、文化和制度动态，并为国内流离失所者面临的挑战和恢复力战略提供见解。从67名户主和6名关键举报人那里收集了数据；并进行了主题分析。我们发现，在为被津巴布韦政府重新安置的人实现持久解决办法方面存在差距。这些差距体现在缺乏可持续生计、土地使用受限以及与流离失所相关的基本服务和便利设施受限等方面。我们的研究结果表明，确保长期解决方案的困难源于缺乏解决流离失所和重新安置管理的具体政策。为了应对搬迁后的缺口，家庭通过管理两个地点来展示自己的能动性：他们从2017年开始被困在家中，在那里饲养牲畜和种植作物，以及政府搬迁的房屋。与将不动描绘为“无助”的文献相反，我们的研究挑战了不动被“困住”的概念，而不是将不动呈现为一种代理行为。我们的研究结果展示了津巴布韦国内流离失所者未被充分代表的观点，为流离失所背景下的政策和实践提供了见解，并指出了促进改善生计战略的重要性；需要参与性方法和公民基础设施，以确保对受影响人口问责。实施针对计划搬迁和气候导致的流离失所的具体部门政策将受益于优先考虑生计或生计多样化方法，以帮助国内流离失所者在新环境中应对和发展。

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引用次数: 0

Perception and factors affecting farmers’ adoption of smart agriculture in Vietnam: Implications for extension strategies 感知和影响越南农民采用智慧农业的因素：对推广策略的影响

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100691

Duc Thanh Tran , My Thi Dieu Duong , Hung Gia Hoang

This research is designed to look at vegetable and crop farmers’ perception of smart agriculture and factors that influence farmers’ decision to adopt smart agriculture in Vietnam. The questionnaire was developed to randomly survey 211 vegetable and crop households from a total population of 477 vegetable and crop farming households. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found that vegetable and crop farmers who frequently communicate with agronomists/researchers were in a better position to adopt smart agricultural technologies including soil georeferenced sampling, auto pilot spraying, management software and application of variable-rate fertilizers and correctives than those who did not communicate with these people. Vegetable and crop farmers who often communicate with extension workers tend to be users of auto pilot spraying and application of variable-rate fertilizers and correctives. Younger vegetable and crop farmers who had higher levels of education are in a greater position to adopt soil georeferenced sampling, auto pilot spraying, management software and application of variable-rate fertilizers and correctives than older vegetable and crop farmers who had lower levels of education. Vegetable and crop farmers who engaged in rural credit/training programmes are better soil georeferenced sampling users than those who did not engage in these development programmes. Developing and promoting a new agricultural extension model that bases on high-quality farmer and scientist interaction and considers demographic and socio-economic characteristics of farmers is a suitable agricultural education and extension strategy, which can facilitate farmers’ adoption of smart agriculture.

本研究旨在了解蔬菜和作物农民对智能农业的看法，以及影响越南农民决定采用智能农业的因素。采用问卷调查的方法，对全国477户蔬菜种植户中的211户进行随机调查。收集的数据使用描述性和推断性统计进行分析。研究发现，经常与农学家/研究人员交流的蔬菜和作物农民比那些没有与这些人交流的农民更能采用智能农业技术，包括土壤地理参考采样、自动驾驶喷洒、管理软件和应用可变率肥料和改良剂。经常与推广人员交流的蔬菜和作物农民往往是自动驾驶喷洒和应用可变剂量肥料和改良剂的用户。与受教育程度较低的年龄较大的蔬菜和作物农民相比，受教育程度较高的年轻蔬菜和作物农民更容易采用土壤地理参考采样、自动驾驶喷洒、管理软件和使用可变比率肥料和改良剂。参加农村信贷/培训方案的蔬菜和作物农民比没有参加这些发展方案的农民更好地使用土壤地理参考抽样。开发和推广基于高质量农民与科学家互动，并考虑农民人口和社会经济特征的新型农业推广模式是一种合适的农业教育和推广策略，可以促进农民采用智慧农业。

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引用次数: 0

Perspectives from historical analyses of agri-food system transformations: A case study of Odisha, India 农业食品系统转型的历史分析视角：以印度奥里萨邦为例

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100686

Anindita Sarkar , Aditi Mukherji

Rural society in Odisha, India, has been associated with widespread poverty and low purchasing power since the British colonial times. Odisha has consistently reported lower yields of crops and input use in agriculture compared to the national Indian average since India’s independence in 1947. Poor agricultural growth and rural poverty could be traced to colonial, extractive land revenue administration and poor land management practices. Post-independence scholarship has ascribed the continuation of rural poverty and distress to high exposure to natural hazards and high societal vulnerability due to development deficits. By analysing the historical evolution of policies since the 1850s, the study finds that even though the political and economic contexts have changed, low investment in agriculture remains the primary challenge even today. The cycle of low capital investment in agriculture, lack of adoption of better farm technologies, and overall public sector neglect of the agriculture sector has perpetuated, leading to low productivity. Therefore, it is time for the present policies to break away from these historical path dependencies to create a just and sustainable future for Odisha’s agri-food system.

自英国殖民时代以来，印度奥里萨邦的农村社会一直与普遍的贫困和低购买力联系在一起。自1947年印度独立以来，奥里萨邦的农作物产量和农业投入一直低于印度全国平均水平。农业增长不佳和农村贫困可以追溯到殖民时期、掠夺性的土地收入管理和不良的土地管理做法。独立后的学者将农村贫困和痛苦的持续归因于自然灾害的高度暴露和发展赤字造成的高度社会脆弱性。通过分析自19世纪50年代以来政策的历史演变，该研究发现，即使政治和经济背景发生了变化，农业投资不足仍然是今天的主要挑战。农业的低资本投资、缺乏采用更好的农业技术以及公共部门对农业部门的整体忽视的循环一直存在，导致生产力低下。因此，现在是时候让现行政策摆脱对历史道路的依赖，为奥里萨邦的农业食品系统创造一个公正和可持续的未来。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Financing the basic income support in South Africa under fiscal constraints” [World Dev. Perspect. 37 (2025) 100657] “财政拮据下南非基本收入支持融资”的勘误表[世界发展展望，37 (2025)100657]

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100669

Margaret Chitiga-Mabugu , Martin Henseler , Helene Maisonnave , Ramos E. Mabugu

引用次数: 0

Understanding livelihood strategies and coping mechanisms adopted during COVID-19: A study on Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh 了解2019冠状病毒病期间采取的生计战略和应对机制：孟加拉国罗兴亚难民研究

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100672

Minakshi Keeni

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has disrupted the lives of people worldwide, severely impacting marginalized communities. Among marginalized communities, Rohingya refugees face numerous challenges, including limited access to education, healthcare, and livelihood opportunities. Therefore, this study seeks to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the various livelihood choices pursued by Rohingya refugees and the related coping mechanisms adopted. Additionally, the study also looks into the effectiveness of the various types of aid provided to the refugees. This study draws on quantitative data collected through face-to-face interviews conducted in September 2022. Using a cross-sectional dataset covering 339 households from Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh, we performed a regression analysis to find out the adoption of coping mechanisms based on livelihood choices. Results revealed that refugees who were self-employed were the most impacted by the pandemic, additionally, a rise in the shift of livelihoods of refugees from employment to self-employment during the pandemic was also recorded. Regarding the coping mechanisms adopted by the self-employed, the most popular coping mechanisms were the sale of breeding animals and the withdrawal of children from school. Additionally, the majority of self-employed refugees prioritized the change or recovery of their livelihoods. Hence, it is recommended that aid agencies and the host government provide additional non-monetary assistance to Rohingya refugees who have recently shifted their livelihood activities from employed to self-employed.

冠状病毒病（COVID-19）扰乱了全世界人民的生活，严重影响了边缘化社区。在边缘化社区，罗兴亚难民面临许多挑战，包括获得教育、医疗保健和谋生机会的机会有限。因此，本研究旨在了解COVID-19大流行对罗兴亚难民所追求的各种生计选择的影响以及所采取的相关应对机制。此外，该研究还调查了向难民提供的各种援助的有效性。本研究采用了2022年9月通过面对面访谈收集的定量数据。利用涵盖孟加拉国罗兴亚难民营339户家庭的横截面数据集，我们进行了回归分析，以找出基于生计选择的应对机制的采用情况。结果显示，自雇难民受疫情影响最大，此外，疫情期间难民从就业转为自雇的情况也有所增加。就个体经营者采取的应对机制而言，最常见的应对机制是出售养殖动物和让子女退学。此外，大多数自雇难民优先考虑改变或恢复生计。因此，建议援助机构和东道国政府向最近将生计活动从受雇转为自雇的罗兴亚难民提供额外的非货币援助。

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引用次数: 0

‘I feed my family but I own no land’: Understanding the complexities of women’s irrigable land access and wellbeing in northern Ghana “我养活家人，但我没有土地”：了解加纳北部妇女获得可灌溉土地和福祉的复杂性

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100659

Ibrahim Abu Abdulai

Community irrigation schemes play a key role in the sustenance of rural women farmers. However, the literature on how women’s irrigable land access is intertwined with wellbeing under community irrigation schemes is still evolving. There is a need to deepen knowledge of the contemporary dynamics of irrigable land access, given its priority in promoting women’s empowerment. This study draws evidence from the Wa West District, Ghana, to unravel the nuance of women’s irrigable land accessibility under community irrigation schemes using a qualitative research approach involving 59 participants. Thematic analysis of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions revealed that women have access to irrigable land, albeit under implicit and explicit conditions like shouldering household feeding responsibilities and household irrigable land size. Women’s access to irrigable land for irrigation farming helped improve their welfare through supplementary income, a step towards the first Sustainable Development Goal. However, the underdevelopment of irrigation infrastructure limited production efforts. Constructing canals and fences and providing water-pumping machines will help boost production.

社区灌溉计划在维持农村妇女农民的生计方面发挥关键作用。然而，关于妇女获得可灌溉土地与社区灌溉计划下的福祉如何交织在一起的文献仍在不断发展。有必要加深对当代可灌溉土地获取动态的认识，因为这是促进赋予妇女权力的优先事项。本研究利用来自加纳Wa West地区的证据，利用涉及59名参与者的定性研究方法，揭示了社区灌溉计划下妇女可获得灌溉土地的细微差别。深入访谈和焦点小组讨论的专题分析显示，尽管有隐性和显性条件，如承担家庭喂养责任和家庭灌溉土地规模，但妇女可以获得灌溉土地。妇女获得可灌溉的土地用于灌溉农业，通过补充收入帮助改善了她们的福利，这是实现第一个可持续发展目标的一步。然而，灌溉基础设施的不发达限制了生产努力。修建运河和围栏以及提供水泵将有助于提高产量。

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引用次数: 0

Financing the Basic income support in South Africa under fiscal constraints 在财政紧张的情况下为南非的基本收入支助提供资金

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100657

Margaret Chitiga-Mabugu , Martin Henseler , Helene Maisonnave , Ramos E. Mabugu

The lingering effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, exacerbated by the Russia-Ukraine war and climate change-induced disasters that have led to worldwide poverty increases, have re-ignited discussions about the urgency of pro-poor support programs. South Africa offers a current and topical example to this discourse with the government’s intention to introduce a basic income support covering everyone in the age group 18–59 years who is neither disabled nor employed. Expanding social protection to reach those currently receiving no support within a severely constrained fiscal environment raises affordability and developmental challenges relevant to many other developing countries grappling with similar issues. It raises questions such as whether the planned support grant effectively reduces inequality and poverty. How does the grant impact the entire economy? What are the best funding options to create fiscal space? Model-based assessments like the one implemented in this research provide information to contribute to these questions and, therefore to a policy discussion. This study develops a micro–macro modelling approach with alternative fiscal financing options to address these developmental and affordability issues simultaneously and systematically. The analysis suggests that the government could address growing poverty and inequality in the short term with benign impacts on macroeconomic and fiscal outcomes while the country looks for other initiatives to achieve higher growth and employment in the long run.

俄罗斯-乌克兰战争和气候变化引发的灾害导致全球贫困人口增加，加剧了Covid-19大流行的挥之不去的影响，重新引发了关于扶贫支持计划紧迫性的讨论。南非为这一讨论提供了一个当前和热门的例子，政府打算引入基本收入支持，覆盖18-59岁年龄组中既没有残疾也没有就业的每个人。在严重紧缩的财政环境下，扩大社会保护以覆盖目前没有得到支持的人，会增加负担能力和发展挑战，这与许多其他正在努力解决类似问题的发展中国家有关。它提出了一些问题，比如计划中的支持拨款是否有效地减少了不平等和贫困。补助金如何影响整个经济？创造财政空间的最佳融资选择是什么？本研究中实施的基于模型的评估提供了有助于解决这些问题的信息，从而有助于政策讨论。本研究开发了一种微观宏观建模方法，采用替代财政融资方案，同时系统地解决这些发展和负担能力问题。分析表明，政府可以在短期内解决日益严重的贫困和不平等问题，对宏观经济和财政结果产生良性影响，同时该国寻求其他举措，以实现更高的长期增长和就业。

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引用次数: 0

When does new information encourage adoption, and where can we observe it: A synthesis of 3ie’s thematic window on agricultural innovation 什么时候新信息会鼓励采用，我们在哪里可以观察到：3ie关于农业创新的主题窗口的综合

IF 2.2 Q2 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development Perspectives

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100647

Andrew Reid Bell , Mark Engelbert

We present a synthesis of 3ie’s Thematic Window on Agricultural Innovations − 13 evaluations of interventions to improve smallholder innovation and technology adoption, largely through improved access to and information about inputs, techniques, and markets. We ask 1) under what conditions does information about a technology improve understanding, adoption, and further downstream impacts; and 2) how do conditions of the evaluation (as a project) constrain our ability to observe impacts? Most of the 13 interventions involved information treatments (SMS text messaging, demonstration plots, farmer field days, and farmer field schools). While most information interventions lead to greater reported awareness of the focal technique or input, we observe fewer impacts further down the impact pathways – on adoption, yield gains, or improvements to wellbeing, with several possible explanations. First, more complicated techniques like integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) require deeper engagement, so that (for example) farmer field schools have greater effect than farmer field days. This highlights the tension between scalability and effective learning in improving extension. Second, many of the interventions were short (1–2 years), whereas diffusion of knowledge around the intervention (as well as benefits from adoption) can take longer to be realized. Third, all agricultural interventions are at the whims of a variable climate, where improved weather conditions from baseline to endline can mask possible benefits of an encouraged practice. We consider these three findings jointly to discuss how to better fold climate variation and information diffusion into consideration of validity and appropriate time scales for evaluation.

我们综合了3ie的农业创新专题窗口- 13对改善小农创新和技术采用的干预措施的评估，主要是通过改善对投入物、技术和市场的获取和信息。我们的问题是：1)关于一项技术的信息在什么条件下能够提高理解、采用和进一步的下游影响；2)评估的条件（作为一个项目）如何限制我们观察影响的能力？13项干预措施中的大多数涉及信息处理（短信、示范地块、农民田间日和农民田间学校）。虽然大多数信息干预导致了对重点技术或投入的更大认识，但我们观察到，在影响途径的下游，对采用、产量增加或福祉改善的影响较小，并有几种可能的解释。首先，像综合土壤肥力管理（ISFM）这样更复杂的技术需要更深入的参与，因此（例如）农民田间学校比农民田间日有更大的效果。这突出了可扩展性和有效学习之间的紧张关系。其次，许多干预措施都是短期的（1-2年），而围绕干预措施的知识传播（以及采用干预措施带来的好处）可能需要更长的时间才能实现。第三，所有的农业干预措施都受到气候变化的影响，从基线到终点的天气条件改善可能会掩盖鼓励实践的可能好处。我们将这三个发现结合起来讨论如何更好地将气候变化和信息扩散纳入有效性和适当的时间尺度进行评估。

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引用次数: 0